International Journal of Development Issues最新文献

{"title":"The more the merrier the wealthier? Multi-dimensional taxonomy of demography and development in Indonesia","authors":"D. Wardhana","doi":"10.1108/ijdi-05-2023-0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-05-2023-0115","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This paper aims to unpack the nexus of development and demography controlling for three important variables to represent the meaning of development, that is, poverty rate, unemployment rate and human development index (HDI). Demographic variables are proxied with total fertility rate (TFR) and net migration rate (NMR).\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This research applies cluster analysis at the provincial level using INDO-DAPOER and 2015 Intercensal Population Survey data sets.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Demographic and development status of Indonesian provinces can be classified into four clusters, and members of these clusters are mostly dissimilar with those of previous groupings on demographic dividends (Adioetomo, 2018). With only less than 50% matching rate, the author argues that there is no simple linear relationship between demographic and development variables.\u0000\u0000\u0000Research limitations/implications\u0000The most recent data set on Population Census Year 2020 has not been made available at the time of the writing. Also sometimes known as unsupervised classification, cluster analysis is about finding groups in a set of objects characterised only by certain measurements; therefore, findings of this study need to be positioned solely within the context of development and demography.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000Taxonomy in this study offers a more nuanced and contextual understanding of the diverse challenges at the local and regional levels. Recommendations from this study lead to asymmetrical design in development policies and budget proportions at local levels.\u0000\u0000\u0000Social implications\u0000It is expected that the findings are relevant to the input of policymaking process within the sphere of development and demography, especially for countries with significant size of populations and grappling with development issues.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000To the author’s understanding, this paper is the first to discuss the impact of “demographic dividend” to economic development in Indonesia using the approach of cluster analysis. The expected contribution of this work is twofold: Firstly, the author would like to ignite a discourse on the nexus of development and demography using the most recent data set and cutting-edge method. Secondly, the findings are relevant to the input of policymaking process within the sphere of development and demography, especially for countries with significant size of populations and grappling with development issues.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37830,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Development Issues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42028408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetric new Keynesian Phillips curve for Mexico, 2005Q1–2022Q4","authors":"Eduardo Loría, Raúl Antonio Tirado Cossío","doi":"10.1108/ijdi-04-2023-0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-04-2023-0106","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The labor market responds in a differentiated manner during recessions and expansions, and it is of vital importance to know the magnitude asymmetries. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of the disinflationary monetary policy (2005Q1–2022Q4) through the sacrifice rate measured in terms of unemployment and rate of critical labor conditions (RCLC) with nonlinear auto regressive distributed lag (NLARDL; Shin et al., 2014), which allows to efficiently estimate asymmetric effects in short and long terms in the presence of variables of different integration orders.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The authors estimate an asymmetric accelerationist Phillips curve, augmented with labor precariousness for Mexico (2005Q1–2022Q4) following the NLARDL approach (Shin et al., 2014).\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The authors prove that the increase in the unemployment gap has greater disinflationary effects than the RCLC in both the short and the long term; the expansionary phases of the business cycle, which reduce UGap, do not have inflationary effects either in the short or in the long run, but improvements in the labor market do, when RCLC is reduced; raising RCLC appears to have been the companies’ main survival strategy since 2015; and these asymmetries can generate a low unemployment trap with high and growing precariousness, with huge dynamic costs for well-being, economic growth, inequality and poverty.\u0000\u0000\u0000Social implications\u0000As labor precariousness grows, the implications are several both in the short and long run. In the short run, the most notorious example of the effects on workers has to do with unstable and insecure situations, that disrupt all their life planning options, and health issues. Bohle et al. (2004) found in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries that casual employees had less desirable and predictable working hours, greater work–life conflict and more associated health complaints than people with permanent jobs.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The approach includes the labor precariousness variable, which describes a new phenomenon in the labor market. Nowadays, workers are facing a new threat since firms are employing a new labor cost reduction strategy in which they do not lay off workers but rather paying them less, working them more hours, or reducing benefits. The asymmetries between the effects of precarity and unemployment can generate a poverty trap in the long run. This problem is, once again, of great relevance in the context of global high inflation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37830,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Development Issues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48779263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissemination of climate smart agricultural knowledge through farmer field schools (FFS): analyzing the application CAS knowledge by smallholder farmers","authors":"C. Gichuki, Maurice Osewe, S. Ndiritu","doi":"10.1108/ijdi-04-2023-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-04-2023-0109","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of climate smart agriculture knowledge transfers. As well as to examine the application of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) knowledge such as conservation agriculture, irrigation systems, integrated soil fertility management, bioenergy and agroforestry by smallholder farmers in Kenya.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The study applied comparative research methodology to compare climate smart agriculture knowledge application between smallholder participants in farmer field schools (FFS) and no FFS participation. This study used household data from 759 randomly selected rural agricultural households in three counties in Kenya. The study applied multivariate probit model to estimate CSA knowledge application by farmers who participated in field trainings and non-FFS participation farmers.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000This study established that climate smart agriculture knowledge transfer through FFS increases farmers’ application of critical aspects of climate smart agriculture knowledge practices such as irrigation system, conservation agriculture and soil and water conservation. Such aspects have been noted as effective interventions against adverse climate change effects such as persistent droughts and flooding and soil infertility. Further findings illustrated that farmers who received CSA knowledge transfers applied agricultural insurance to mitigate rising climatic risks on their farms. Knowledge transfer interventions targeting affordability through subsidizing agricultural insurance are probable and more cost-effective measures that can be used to reduce smallholder farmers’ exposure to climate change-related risks.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study provides information that was previously unknown about climate smart agriculture knowledge transfers and application among farmers who participated in field trainings and non-FFS participation farmers by using empirical data.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37830,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Development Issues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43168653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The global market upsurge in web traffic and revenues during the epidemic: an exploratory research of e-learning companies","authors":"Himanshu Bagdi, Seshu Vardhan Pothabathula, Latika Sharma, Hemantkumar P. Bulsara Bulsara","doi":"10.1108/ijdi-06-2023-0147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-06-2023-0147","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to understand the market for various e-learning platforms existing globally. The global pandemic transformed the traditional education sector into an e-learning industry and impacted the digital education sector proportionally. The wide impact on people to maintain a social distance shortened the space and enhanced student engagement with digital screens. The merchandise of electronic gadgets and e-learning platforms boosted global revenues ever before.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000A digital data analytical tool retrieved the data for e-learning companies. While screening companies, the authors came up with more than 150 and later narrowed it to 71. Furthermore, revenues and market capitalisation data were collected from open-source websites of respective e-learning platforms at national and international stock exchanges. The data from the year 2018 to 2021 was used to predict the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of the 2022–2027 market value of e-learning companies. The demographics of the statistical data were plotted using GraphPad Prism and Python Plotly. Also, the study attempted to underpin the association of annual revenue with market capitalisation for e-learning companies using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The financials of the e-learning platforms were compared from 2018 to 2021 based on the stock market exchange, which showed a gradual increase in revenues and influenced the market capitalisation by the 2022 financial year. Also, simultaneously validating the CAGR of 13.16%, the expected revenues from 2022 to 2027 were $830bn. The data plotted on the atlas choropleth exhibiting the e-learning users increased globally by 2022. The Web traffic data validated by the browsing gadget helped to validate the increase in revenues of the electronic gadget companies.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the pioneer studies postulating the study of e-learning demographics comparing the e-learning influence on the global digital market, Web user traffic and the education sector. The demographics of e-learning users by age, gender and gadget distribution validate the e-learning induction globally.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37830,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Development Issues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46457397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An exploration of drivers of livelihoods of documented but low-skilled return migrant workers in Vietnam during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis","authors":"Thanh Nguyen Thi Ngoc","doi":"10.1108/ijdi-02-2023-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-02-2023-0039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This paper aims to explore the determinants of the livelihoods of return migrant workers in Vietnam. The findings will help authorities updating their regulations on migration, thus grasping the economic benefit from documented but low-skilled return migrant workers.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The sample is collected when the COVID-19 pandemic hit the Vietnamese economy severely. The author considers six issues of income and employment, including total income, stable income, financial pressure experiences, unemployment, stable job and time to find a job. For this purpose, through a pre-structured questionnaire, the primary data is collected from 258 Vietnamese return migrant workers in various foreign countries. Notably, all respondents in the sample are documented but low-skilled return migrant workers. The author uses various empirical regression analyses to conclude that personal traits, family characteristics and their characteristics before and after migration play a critical role in determining the livelihood of migrants returning to Vietnam.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The author finds that personal traits, family characteristics and their characteristics before and after migration play a critical role in determining the livelihood of migrants returning to Vietnam.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000The findings are critical for Vietnamese authorities in finalizing and updating their regulations on migration, thus grasping the economic benefit from documented but low-skilled return migrant workers.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to exploit the drivers of the livelihoods of return migrants in Vietnam, a rich, two-wave panel survey of respondents in Vietnam aimed at characterizing the history of migration of low-skilled and documented migrants back to Vietnam and to use these histories to gain insight into Vietnamese return migrants’ economic status, access to financial, welfare and health insurance benefits and employment prospects.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37830,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Development Issues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42193717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tax and income inequality: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Theodora Aba Kwegyeba Brown, G. Bokpin, E. Sarpong-Kumankoma","doi":"10.1108/ijdi-12-2022-0277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-12-2022-0277","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to determine how taxes can be used to bridge income inequality gap in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000A panel data set of 36 SSA countries was analysed using generalised method of moments.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The results suggest that an increase in direct taxes relative to indirect taxes has a positive significant impact on income inequality. This is mostly due to the progressive nature of direct taxes as compared to indirect taxes.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This research contributes to the scant literature on how specific tax components affect income inequality, especially in developing countries.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37830,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Development Issues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47442184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy transition and pollution emissions in developing countries: are renewable energies guilty?","authors":"E. Achuo, Nathanael Ojong","doi":"10.1108/ijdi-05-2023-0114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-05-2023-0114","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to examine the effects of energy transition on pollution emissions in Africa. In addition, it explores the indirect channels through which energy consumption impacts environmental quality.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The study uses system Generalised Method of Moments approach for a panel of 51 developing African countries over the 1996–2020 period.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The results show that fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption increase pollution emissions. The environment-degrading effect of renewable energy in Africa is however counter-intuitive, though the results are robust across regional economic blocks and income groups except for upper-middle-income countries where energy consumption is environment enhancing. Moreover, the results show that the environmental impacts of non-renewable energy consumption are modulated through financial development and information and communication technology (ICT) adoption, leading to respective positive net effects of 0.04460796 and 0.07682873. This is up to respective policy thresholds of 203.265 and 137.105 of financial development and ICT adoption, respectively, when the positive net effects are nullified.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000Contingent on the results, the study suggests the need for African countries to develop sound financial systems and encourage the use of green technologies, to ensure that energy transition effectively contributes to emissions reduction. Policymakers in Africa should also be aware of the critical levels of financial development and ICT, beyond which complementary policies are required for non-renewable energy consumption to maintain a negative impact on environmental degradation.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Firstly, extant studies on the nexus between energy transition and environmental degradation in Africa are very sparse. Therefore, this study fills the existing research gap by comprehensively examining the effects of energy transition on pollution emissions across 51 African economies. Additionally, besides accounting for the direct environmental effects of energy transition, the current study accounts for the indirect channels through which the environmental impacts of energy transition are modulated. Hence, this study provides critical thresholds for the policy modulating variables, which enlighten policymakers on the necessity of designing complementary policies once the modulating variables attain the established thresholds.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37830,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Development Issues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49536872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural resource abundance and income inequality: a case study of Algeria","authors":"Sidi Mohamed Chekouri","doi":"10.1108/ijdi-02-2023-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-02-2023-0027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to present an empirical investigation on the effect of natural resource rent on income inequality in Algeria over the period 1980–2020.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The analysis is carried out by using the novel developed method dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) simulation technique alongside the Kernel-based regularized least squares.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The bounds test revealed a long-run relationship between natural resource rent and income inequality. Our estimation results suggest that natural resource rent, GDP per capita and government expenditures are all associated with lower income inequality in the short and long term. Moreover, the author found that better institutional quality is more likely to reduce income inequality in Algeria. This empirical finding is further validated by the counterfactual shocks from the dynamic ARDL simulation, which reveal a significant decrease in predicted income inequality following a positive change in resource rents and a gradual, significant increase in inequality after a negative change in resource rents.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The present study is the first to use the dynamic ARDL model to investigate the impact of positive and negative changes in natural resource rent on income inequality in Algeria.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37830,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Development Issues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48027671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovation and export: evidence from manufacturing SMEs in a developing economy","authors":"Cong Duc Tran, Pham Tien Thanh, Duong The Duy","doi":"10.1108/ijdi-02-2023-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-02-2023-0051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000Innovation allows firms to gain or maintain their competitive advantages in both domestic and international markets. However, the findings on the association between innovation and export vary depending on countries, samples, time, variables and methods used for empirical analysis. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of different types of innovation on export in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in a developing economy in the context of global integration.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000For empirical analysis, the authors use a sample of manufacturing SMEs in Vietnam in 2013 and 2015. Because the firms do not engage in innovation at random in the research sample, the authors use propensity score matching to account for self-selection bias. The authors also use different matching estimators to ensure robust results.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Innovation activities are found to be positively associated with the probability of engaging in export activities. The effects are mainly contributed by the adoption of new technology or process.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000This research underscores the importance of public interventions and policies designed to promote innovation and export in the SMEs.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is one of the early attempts to examine the association between different types of innovation and export in SMEs in a developing economy.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37830,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Development Issues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46838658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of sustainability initiatives on African Continental Free Trade adoption by firms under environmental uncertainty","authors":"M. Appiah, Evelyn Toseafa, A. Sam, F. Danso, Alex Nsowah","doi":"10.1108/ijdi-01-2023-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-01-2023-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose\u0000Despite the enormous expectant opportunities from the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), including creating a single continental market for goods and services, trade and investment, one key deterrent has remained fiercely unresolved due to failed trajectories with similar regional markets initiatives in the continent, and that is environmental uncertainty. To address this concern, this paper aims to develop a sustainability enabled-model to facilitate the adoption of AfCFTA under uncertain environment conditions to guide prospective investors and facilitators.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This study is anchored on quantitative research approach and positivists’ paradigm. Survey strategy has been used to collect data from 520 medium-sized firms across Ghana. Data analyses have been conducted with the using smart partial least squares version 3.3.3 analytical tool and structural equation modeling modality.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The findings have showed that institutionalization, supply chain integration, supply chain resilience and innovativeness have positive effects on AfCFTA adoption under uncertainty. Moreover, AfCFTA adoption provides mechanisms through which to attain sustainable supply chain performance. Meanwhile, environmental uncertainty negatively influences AfCFTA adoption, and weakens the relationships between the adoption and sustainability performance.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This paper has developed an integrated investment decision model to facilitate AfCFTA adoption under environmental uncertainty. It provides new insights into the African free market to guide policymakers, practitioners, academics and promoters of AfCFTA on sustainability initiatives that influence its adoption under uncertainty. Moreover, the new model, which serves as a strategic tool for decision-making, could be used to stimulate the ratification and the trade facilitation measures to build strong confidence in current and prospective investors.","PeriodicalId":37830,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Development Issues","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41251880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}