Journal of Power Sources最新文献

{"title":"The heterogeneous stacking ensemble learning model for cross-cell capacity estimation by using discharging segments","authors":"Yujie Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongguang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yonghong Xu ,&nbsp;Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Yinlian Yan ,&nbsp;Nanqiao Wang ,&nbsp;Fubin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and robust capacity estimation is crucial for battery management systems to avoid failures and ensure reliable operation for lithium-ion batteries. This paper proposes a cross-cell capacity estimation method based on feature extraction of discharging voltage segments and a heterogeneous Stacking ensemble learning model. First, a voltage partition strategy is adopted to extract features from discharging segments, and the most important voltage range (4.0 V–3.3 V) is identified through correlation analysis. Next, a novel Stacking ensemble learning model is constructed, integrating the complementary advantages of eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), and Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM). Moreover, a battery group-fold cross-validation strategy and one-hot encoding of cell ID are proposed to enhance the cross-cell generalization ability of the model. Finally, a case study is implemented to verify the effectiveness, and the results show that the proposed capacity estimation method achieves a root mean square error within 0.0085 Ah and a mean absolute percentage error ≤0.67 % for 1.1 Ah cells. Compared with single models, the proposed method demonstrates the lowest error. The results highlight its superior accuracy, robustness, and adaptability to different degradation patterns, enabling cross-cell capacity estimation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 238560"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust state of charge estimation for lithium-ion batteries using a fully entangled temporal convolutional network with particle swarm optimization","authors":"Md Shahriar Nazim,&nbsp;Md Minhazur Rahman,&nbsp;Rafat Bin Mofidul,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahdi Biswas Rimu,&nbsp;Yeong Min Jang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries are central to modern transportation, particularly electric vehicles (EVs). Accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation is vital for safety, efficiency, and extended battery life. While many methods exist, few address the challenges of SOC estimation at low temperatures, where battery behavior becomes highly nonlinear and measurement noise increases. To overcome this, we propose a fully entangled temporal convolutional network (FE-TCN) for SOC estimation across a wide temperature range, including low-temperature conditions. The model integrates the sequence learning ability of temporal convolutional networks with a quantum-inspired entanglement mechanism. Four parallel data flow paths, connected through Kronecker-product-based skip connections, enable effective information exchange and capture complex feature interactions. To ensure stable training under temperature-induced noise, the log-cosh loss function is employed, while particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to optimize hyperparameters such as block depth, kernel size, and learning rate. Experimental validation demonstrates that the FE-TCN achieves high accuracy across -20<!--> <!-->°C to 25<!--> <!-->°C and under four driving cycles, with minimum mean absolute error and root mean squared error of 0.14% and 0.21%, respectively. Furthermore, the model maintains stable performance under different initial SOC conditions, demonstrating strong robustness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 238456"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced energy storage properties of Cd-doped (Pb, La)(Sn, Zr, Ti)O3 ceramics for pulsed power capacitors","authors":"Muhammad Nasir Rafiq ,&nbsp;Zhonghua Dai ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Zheng ,&nbsp;Xujun Li ,&nbsp;Chenxi Liu ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Yu Cong ,&nbsp;Shuitao Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lead-based ceramics with high energy storage and electrical capabilities are developed as high-performance materials for pulsed power systems. The (Pb, Cd, La)(Zr, Sn, Ti)O₃ (PCLZST) anti-ferroelectric ceramics attract significant attention as energy storage materials. In this work, ceramics (Pb_{0.97-<em>x</em>} Cd_<em>x</em> La_0.02)(Zr_0.93Sn_0.05Ti_0.02)O₃ (<em>x</em> = 0.01, 0.015, 0.02 and 0.025) have been prepared using a solid-state method, and their dielectric and energy storage characteristics are investigated. The results indicate that Cd²⁺ doping at the A-site effectively suppresses grain growth, leading to a minimum average grain size of 1.24 μm in PCLZST ceramics. The PCLZST ceramics exhibit orthorhombic phases and high relaxation factors, confirming their excellent antiferroelectric nature. Notably, the energy storage density of PCLZST ceramics is 10.09 J/cm³, the recoverable energy storage density is 7.79 J/cm³, and the discharge time is 0.102 μs reflecting optimal comprehensive performance. These findings emphasize the efficacy of Cd-doped PLZST ceramics in advanced energy storage and pulse power systems, underscoring their potential to drive future technological advancements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 238563"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyvinylidene fluoride/barium titanate composites with separation structure for improved energy storage density at a low field strength","authors":"Junhang Tang ,&nbsp;Ran Wang ,&nbsp;Yuqi Shi ,&nbsp;Zepeng Mao ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymer-based dielectric composites exhibit substantial potential for utilization in electrostatic energy storage. Through structural design, controlling the spatial distribution of functional fillers within a polymer matrix can effectively enhance the dielectric constant (<em>ε</em>′) and polarization of composites. In this study, the innovative application of a 3D separation structure, prepared through water vapor induced phase separation combined with hot-pressing technique, achieves a significant enhancement of polarization performance at relatively low electric fields in polyvinylidene fluoride/barium titanate (PVDF/BT) dielectric composites. The continuous distribution of BT in PVDF matrix effectively enhances the local electric field and helps to achieve consistent polarization direction and remarkable dipole moment enhancement. Consequently, the <em>ε</em>′, maximum electrical displacement (<em>D</em>_max), and discharge energy density (<em>U</em>_d) of PVDF/BT are effectively enhanced. The addition of 10 vol% BT results in PVDF/BT composites exhibiting a <em>ε</em>′ exceeding 20 (10³ Hz) and a <em>D</em>_max of 9 μC/cm² (180 MV/m). The <em>U</em>_d of PVDF/BT with 10 vol% BT added is 5.08 J/cm³ (at 180 MV/m), representing a 52.1 % growth in comparison to pure PVDF (3.34 J/cm³, 180 MV/m), and exceeding 2.5 times that of biaxially oriented polypropylene (2 J/cm³, &gt;600 MV/m).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 238564"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High precision modeling and targeted thermal management for lithium-ion batteries using array technique","authors":"Zhihua Li ,&nbsp;Yanan Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Sun ,&nbsp;Lujiang Wang ,&nbsp;Chengming Li ,&nbsp;Zhijie Cheng ,&nbsp;Shangsheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries tend to generate a considerable amount of heat during operation, which presents a serious challenge to both their life and safety. A detailed comprehension of the heat production distribution and temperature distribution within the battery is necessary for effective thermal management to realize precise temperature control. However, in order to reduce the computational effort, most of the commonly used modeling methods to acquire the thermal characteristics of batteries are simplified to different extents, thereby inevitably compromising the computational accuracy. To this end, this paper presents a high-precision modeling method for lithium-ion batteries using array technique. This method employs an innovative array technique to achieve complete three-dimensional coupling of the electrochemical field and the thermal field at the battery unit level. It allows the precise determination of the current density distributions, heat production rate distributions and temperature distributions of all stacked battery units in the battery cell, as well as their variations with time, while maintaining superior computational efficiency. The modeling process is described in detail using a commercial lithium-ion battery, and the accuracy and validity of the model are verified through experiments. Taking the charging process as an example, the electrochemical and thermal characteristics of the battery unit and the battery cell are analyzed and discussed in detail. Based on this modeling method, a strategy of partitioning the battery and accurately applying targeted heat sources is further proposed. Using thermal inhomogeneity to resist overpotential inhomogeneity, this strategy greatly improves the lithium precipitation uniformity and reduces the lithium precipitation degree in the battery during the fast charging process. Therefore, the lithium precipitation phenomenon could be significantly suppressed, and the battery life and safety can be remarkably improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 238557"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of dual-phase MoO3-MoO2@N-doped carbon nanopetal spheres to achieve quick ion transport for Li/Na storage","authors":"Nabilah Al-Ansi ,&nbsp;Abdulwahab Salah ,&nbsp;Xin Ji ,&nbsp;Qasem Ahmed Drmosh ,&nbsp;Xin-Yao Huang ,&nbsp;Hai-Zhu Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of cost-effective anode materials with high capacity and long-term stability is crucial for advancing lithium-ion (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In this work, we introduce a dual-phase molybdenum trioxide–molybdenum dioxide nitrogen-doped carbon (MoO₃-MoO₂@NC) nanopetal composite, synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal process and calcination at 400 °C. This heterostructure combines the high theoretical capacity of MoO₃ with the superior conductivity and structural durability of MoO₂, while NC enhances electron transport and mechanical stability. The MoO₃-MoO₂ interface promotes fast redox kinetics and ion diffusion, leading to exceptional electrochemical performance. The composite achieves 1652.1 mAh g⁻¹ at 500 mA g⁻¹ after 700 cycles in LIBs and retains 737.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 1000 mA g⁻¹ over 2000 cycles, surpassing conventional Mo-based anodes. In SIBs, it maintains 313 mAh g⁻¹ after 900 cycles at 500 mA g⁻¹, demonstrating excellent stability. In full-cell (LIBs/SIBs) configurations, it delivers good stability, proving its real-world applicability. The integration of dual-phase engineering, pseudocapacitive charge storage, and tailored nanostructure establishes MoO₃-MoO₂@NC as a promising anode for next-generation energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 238527"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redox cascade engineering in urea-crystallized manganese-integrated nickel-iron metal-organic frameworks for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors","authors":"Shen-Fa Dong ,&nbsp;Hamed Cheshideh ,&nbsp;Subbiramaniyan Kubendhiran ,&nbsp;Chutima Kongvarhodom ,&nbsp;Muhammad Saukani ,&nbsp;Sibidou Yougbaré ,&nbsp;Hung-Ming Chen ,&nbsp;Yung-Fu Wu ,&nbsp;Lu-Yin Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing need for hybrid energy storage systems that merge the advantages of batteries and supercapacitors has sparked considerable interest. As a result, researchers have begun to explore advanced electrode materials that offer both strong redox activity and long-term structural stability. Our study proposes a dual-modification approach to engineer a highly porous and redox-enriched NiFe-based metal organic framework (NiFe-MOF) through urea-assisted synthesis and in situ integration of MnO₂. The final Mn/NiFeMOF-U hybrid shows a hierarchically porous structure with abundant faradaic sites that facilitate fast ion transport and enhanced multivalent redox coupling across Ni, Fe, and Mn centers. The results indicate surface-controlled charge storage dominated by reversible Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺, Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺, and Mn²⁺/Mn⁴⁺ transitions. Furthermore, electron hopping and a robust electron cascade are identified as the main electron transfer pathways in this system. By pairing Mn/NiFeMOF-U with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), the assembled battery-supercapacitor hybrid (BSH) demonstrates an outstanding energy density of 1.7 mWh/cm² at 6.4 mW/cm², while maintaining 91% capacitance retention and 99% Coulombic efficiency after 10,000 cycles. Overall, we believe this study not only presents a new strategy for designing redox-modulated MOF hybrids but also confirms their practical potential for next-generation electrochemical energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 238566"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lattice engineering of Zn-doped Na3V2(PO4)2F3 for high-rate, wide-temperature sodium-ion batteries","authors":"Ramon Alberto Paredes Camacho ,&nbsp;Yiming Zhao ,&nbsp;Xinyu Wang ,&nbsp;Qiang Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Shen ,&nbsp;Jianmin Gu ,&nbsp;Mingxia Gao ,&nbsp;Li Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc-doped Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ emerges as a promising high-performance cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. In this work, we highlight the critical role of lattice fine-tuning, which was often overlooked in favor of improving electronic conductivity, as a key factor in enhancing sodium-ion mobility and ensuring long-term structural stability. This insight introduces a new design paradigm for robust cathode materials that can operate at high rates across a wide temperature range. Zn-doped NVPF (NVZ_0.03PF@C) demonstrates that subtle lattice modifications can significantly boost electrochemical performance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the material design strategy, with a reduction in bandgap, which correlates with enhanced electronic conductivity and improved ion transport. The lattice expansion and the Zn²⁺-induced “pillar effect” reinforce the crystal structure, enabling superior rate capability and cycling performance, even under ultra-high current densities. Notably, the material exhibits almost 100 % capacity retention after 1000 and 2000 cycles at 10C and 20C, respectively, at room temperature. Furthermore, a full-cell composed of NVP//NVZ_0.03PF@C demonstrates excellent capacity retention, achieving 88 % at room temperature and 94 % at −20 °C, confirming its robustness across a wide temperature range. These findings position Zn-doped NVPF as an up-and-coming cathode candidate for high-rate, wide-temperature-range sodium-ion battery applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 238519"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complete conversion of Ni foam to Ni3S2 using diverse sulfur sources with a freestanding PPy binder-free hybrid electrode for asymmetric supercapacitors","authors":"T. Arun,&nbsp;K. Aravinth,&nbsp;P. Balaji Bhargav","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors with enhanced energy density remains a critical challenge in energy storage research. In this work, we present, for the first time, a novel binder-free Ni₃S₂ hybrid composite electrode with incorporation of polypyrrole (PPy) synthesized via a straightforward hydrothermal method. This unique composite architecture effectively shortens ion diffusion pathways and tuning the morphology, resulting in superior electrochemical performance. The optimized PPy@Ni₃S₂ electrode exhibits primarily pseudocapacitive behavior driven by synergistic redox reactions between multiple oxidation states within the composite. It achieves a remarkable specific capacitance of 1860 F/g at 1 A/g, outperforming many previously reported Ni₃S₂-based materials. When assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor device, it delivers a specific capacitance of 63 F/g at 1 A/g, with an energy density of 23 Wh/kg at a power density of 798 W/kg, alongside excellent cycling stability with ∼119 % capacitance retention over 6000 cycles. These results demonstrate a significant advancement in electrode design and provide a promising route toward efficient, durable energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"660 ","pages":"Article 238518"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ce, Co co-doped LaMnO3 perovskite activating oxygen reduction reaction in Zn-air and Mg-air batteries","authors":"Jiaxin Huang ,&nbsp;Huanbin Gou ,&nbsp;Jinming Pan ,&nbsp;Yuping Liu ,&nbsp;Ming Nie ,&nbsp;Bo Shang ,&nbsp;Danmei Yu ,&nbsp;Guangsheng Huang ,&nbsp;Dingfei Zhang ,&nbsp;Fusheng Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within the domain of metal-air battery systems, developing the non - precious metal catalysts featuring extraordinary catalytic activity in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial to the air-cathode. This work unveils a sol-gel engineered synthesis of La_0.9Ce_0.1Co_0.1Mn_0.9O₃ perovskite via the co-doping strategy, with targeted exploration of its electrochemical behavior and underlying mechanism in Zn-air and Mg-air battery systems. The perovskite La_0.9Ce_0.1Co_0.1Mn_0.9O₃ has a wealth of catalytically active ORR sites and a mesoporous architecture. The diffusion-limited current density of La_0.9Ce_0.1Co_0.1Mn_0.9O₃ successfully achieves a 1.2-fold enhancement relative to commercial Pt/C with a low H₂O₂ yield of &lt;0.27 %, underscoring its superior mass transport kinetics. The maximum power densities of La_0.9Ce_0.1Co_0.1Mn_0.9O₃-based primary/secondary zinc - air batteries are 130 and 83 mW cm⁻², respectively, which are on a par with those of Pt/C - based Zinc - air batteries. Whereas, the open - circuit voltage and maximum power density of the primary magnesium - air battery fabricated with 10 wt% KCl as the electrolyte are 1.85 V and 52 mW cm⁻², respectively, which exhibit superiority over Pt/C catalysts. In combination with DFT analyses, the La_0.9Ce_0.1Co_0.1Mn_0.9O₃ perovskite emerges as a prospective ORR catalyst for metal-air battery realization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 238328"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}