Frontiers of Biogeography最新文献

{"title":"Water inputs across the Namib Desert: implications for dryland edaphic microbiology","authors":"Jason Bosch, E. Marais, G. Maggs-Kölling, J. Ramond, P. Lebre, F. Eckardt, D. Cowan","doi":"10.21425/f5fbg55302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg55302","url":null,"abstract":"Microbes have a dominant role in nutrient cycling processes in the world’s deserts, where growth and activity are limited by the availability of water. In order to understand the dynamics of water availability in a desert system and how it may affect the soil microbiome, we analysed soil temperature and relative humidity fluctuations recorded between April 2018 and April 2020 across a precipitation gradient in the Namib Desert and compared them with recorded data from satellites and nearby weather stations. This allowed us to assess the possible impact of fog and rain events in terms of biologically-available water. Using published literature on the water activity limits for various physiological processes in microorganisms, we were able to infer the annual ‘metabolic windows’ for desert microbial communities across the longitudinal precipitation gradient. Specifically, soil surface microbial communities were estimated to have the capacity for active growth for an average of 184-363 hours per year with the duration heavily dependent on intermittent rainfall events. During the relatively wet period of April 2018 - March 2019, the maximum growth window was found in the hyper-arid central region of the transect (approximately 100 km from the coast). During the dryer 2019-2020 period, there was almost no predicted growth capacity in the hyper-arid region but substantial metabolic windows both near the coast and for the eastern inland areas, where water input comes in the form of fog and moist coastal air, and higher rainfall, respectively. As the first detailed study of the temperature and relative humidity characteristics of Namib Desert near-surface soils, this study provides valuable insights into the biogeography of microbial communities. In addition, the estimates for organismal functionality calculated in this study offer a baseline for future quantitation of the impacts of climate change on the functional capacity of desert soil microbiomes","PeriodicalId":37788,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Biogeography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45515082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to assess the absence of a species? A revision of the geographical range of the horned sea star, Protoreaster nodosus (Echinodermata; Asteroidea)","authors":"Frédéric Ducarme","doi":"10.21425/f5fbg56187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg56187","url":null,"abstract":"Demonstrating the absence of a species has always been a challenge for natural sciences, which are more used to documenting their presence; however, both forms of data are of equal scientific significance. The horned sea star Protoreaster nodosus is said, in the scientific literature, to be present throughout the whole Indo-Pacific region, from eastern Africa to the Pacific Ocean islands. However, a review of the scientific literature, along with a critical bibliographical study, citizen science surveys, web-based pictures analyses, and field studies suggests that the presence of this species could instead be restricted to the western Pacific Ocean, from Thailand to Samoa and from Japan to New Caledonia, with no reliable record in the Indian Ocean. Such a huge and long-running mistake on a very common and conspicuous species exemplifies the importance of a critical approach towards species distribution data, which appears too often based on layers of reproduction of never-reassessed data, turning hypotheses into commonly shared truth.","PeriodicalId":37788,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Biogeography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48177705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which is the richest of them all? Comparing area-adjusted plant diversities of Mediterranean- and tropical-climate regions","authors":"Adriaan Grobler, R. Cowling","doi":"10.21425/f5fbg56241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg56241","url":null,"abstract":"Mediterranean- and tropical-climate regions harbour the richest regional-scale floras globally. Until recently, however, comparisons of their diversities have been hindered by a lack of comprehensive inventories of tropical floras. Using taxonomically verified floras, we analyse area-adjusted plant diversities of five Mediterranean- and 35 tropical-climate regions to determine which are the most species-rich regions on Earth. On average, the Neotropics and tropical Southeast Asia support the most diverse floras globally. However, the area-adjusted diversities of the richest floras in these tropical regions are matched by those of two Mediterranean-climate floras, namely the Cape (second richest) and Mediterranean Basin (sixth richest). Except for Madagascar and Burundi, the Afrotropical regions were substantially less diverse than other tropical floras and half of the Afrotropical floras were poorer than the least diverse Mediterranean-climate region, namely Central Chile. We evaluate the likely ecological and evolutionary drivers of these plant diversity patterns in terms of three hypotheses that are apposite for global scale comparisons, namely water-energy dynamics, biome stability, and ecological heterogeneity. Water-energy dynamics appear to have little influence in explaining these diversity patterns: nodes of high global plant diversity are associated with climates that support year-round plant production (tropical climates) and those where the growing season is constrained by a winter rainfall regime (Mediterranean-type climates). Moreover, while the Afrotropics have higher primary production than the Neotropics and Southeast Asian tropics, they have markedly lower plant diversity. Instead, these patterns appear to be consistent with the hypothesis that the synergy of historical biome stability (reducing extinction rates) and high ecological heterogeneity (promoting speciation rates) better explain global patterns of regional-scale plant diversity.","PeriodicalId":37788,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Biogeography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42673195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenology in adult and larval Lepidoptera from structured and unstructured surveys across eastern North America","authors":"Grace J. Di Cecco, M. Belitz, R. Cooper, Elise A. Larsen, William B. Lewis, L. Ries, R. Guralnick, A. Hurlbert","doi":"10.21425/f5fbg56346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg56346","url":null,"abstract":"and","PeriodicalId":37788,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Biogeography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43779418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tramps in transition: genetic differentiation between populations of an iconic \"supertramp\" taxon in the Central Indo-Pacific","authors":"Fionn Ó Marcaigh, Darren P. O’Connell, Kangkuso Analuddin, Adi Karya, Naomi Lawless, Caroline M. McKeon, Niamh Doyle, N. Marples, D. Kelly","doi":"10.21425/f5fbg54512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg54512","url":null,"abstract":"The island monarch ( Monarcha cinerascens ) was an original example of the “supertramp strategy”. This involves well-developed dispersal specialisation, enabling a species to colonise remote islands but leaving it competitively inferior. Supertramps are hypothesised to be excluded from larger islands by superior competitors. It is the only original Melanesian supertramp to occur in Wallacea, home also to the sedentary pale-blue monarch ( Hypothymis puella ) . We interrogate the supertramp strategy and its biogeographical underpinnings by assessing the population structure of these two monarchs. We sampled island and pale-blue monarchs in Wallacea, collecting DNA and morphological data. We investigated monarch population structure by applying ABGD and Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods to their ND2 and ND3 genes. We constructed linear models to investigate the relationships between genetic divergence, dispersal ability, and island area, elevation, and isolation. Wallacea’s deep waters restrict gene flow even in a supertramp, as the Wallacean and Melanesian island monarchs are likely separate species (mean genetic distance: 2.7%). This mirrors the split of the pale-blue monarch from Asia’s black-naped monarch ( Hypothymis azurea ). We found further population structure within Wallacean and Melanesian island monarch populations. Their genetic divergence was related to elevation, area, and isolation of islands, as well as dispersal ability of birds. However, dispersal ability was independent of island elevation and area. Rather than being r -selected on small, disturbance-prone islands, our results support the view that the island monarch’s supertramp lifestyle is a temporary stage of the taxon cycle, i.e. supertramps may transition into resident species after colonisation. Our models suggest that more dispersive monarchs reach more distant islands, and divergence is promoted on islands that are more distant or larger or more permanent, without selection against dispersal ability per se . We suggest that supertramp lifestyle helps determine the distribution of species across islands, not necessarily the divergence occurring thereafter.","PeriodicalId":37788,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Biogeography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43850462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The macroecology of community energy use in terrestrial vertebrates","authors":"Benjamin E. Carter, J. Alroy","doi":"10.21425/f5fbg56553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg56553","url":null,"abstract":"Energy is a fundamental macroecological property as it governs all ecological processes and interactions. Understanding variation in community energy use and its correlations is crucial to knowing how communities function across the globe. As an organism’s metabolic rate equates to its rate of energy flow, individual rates can predict community-level functioning. Here, daily rates of community energy flow are calculated for 118 bat, 109 bird, and 196 non-volant small mammal inventories from around the world. These were scaled up from individual metabolic rates that were obtained for the 416 bat, 1880 bird, and 562 small mammal species present in the samples. While controlling for spatial autocorrelation, rates were contrasted and compared to various ecological, environmental, geographic, and anthropogenic variables, using a method of sequential regression that renders the variables orthogonal to each other, thus addressing the issue of collinearity. In all groups, there is a strong positive correlation between community energy use and community mass, with biomass being the primary determinant of community energy flow. More surprisingly, there are strong biogeographic differences within and between groups. Bat communities energy the Neotropics, while small mammal communities have higher rates relative to mass in Holarctic realms. Investigations of individual-level patterns reveal that these differences are a direct result of contrasting patterns of abundance, average individual mass, and metabolic rates. These results indicate that community energy use is strongly linked to differences in ecology and evolutionary history within and among groups.","PeriodicalId":37788,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Biogeography","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41837508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative biogeography of North American turtle faunas: Neogene regionalization","authors":"C. Hoagstrom, V. Ung, S. C. Sweat, Wilfredo A. Matamoros, J. Ennen","doi":"10.21425/f5fbg57618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg57618","url":null,"abstract":"North America harbors substantial species diversity in non-marine turtles (includes tortoises and terrapins), much of which arose in the Neogene Period (Miocene and Pliocene epochs) within Kinosternon , Emydinae, Trachemys , Pseudemys , Graptemys , and Gopherus . This diversity is distributed among 16 biogeographical provinces, but natural, hierarchical relations among provinces are unresolved. We used three-item analysis to identify such relations among provinces for these clades, following a recent, relatively complete phylogenetic reconstruction. The final three-item analysis identified 53,353 taxon-area cladograms — free of paralogy and multiple areas on a single branch. The final intersection tree has a retention index of 73.6% and a completeness index of 75.4%, both indicating moderately strong congruence in patterns among turtle clades. All six turtle clades support some nodes on the intersection tree, which is divided into eastern and western forks. The crown group on the eastern fork includes four provinces almost entirely east of the Mississippi River drainage, whereas the western fork is split into wet tropics and aridlands sub-forks. The east-west transition zone spans the Mississippi River drainage and Great Plains. Our summary of divergence estimates and geological history suggests that although phylogenetic synchrony existed between select taxa, there was general asynchrony because provincial turtle faunas developed over an extended period (Neogene). Temperature-sensitive distributions of various taxa responded to climatic cycles by expanding during periods of warming, but contracting during periods of cooling. Grassland expansion and geomorphic change in the Neogene created provincial boundaries that, although sometimes crossed under favorable climates, more commonly acted as dispersal barriers. Despite asynchrony in faunal assembly, existence of shared patterns reveals natural relations among provinces, producing a regionalization for North American turtles, useful for understanding their evolution as well as the biogeography of North America.","PeriodicalId":37788,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Biogeography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43880840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogeographic and β-diversity patterns for southern Africa’s native freshwater fishes: a synthesis","authors":"J. Makaure, D. J. Stewart","doi":"10.21425/f5fbg56220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg56220","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater habitats are some of the most imperilled ecosystems in the world as they harbour numerous species threatened with extinction. In tropical Africa, acute deficiency of scientific data on the distribution patterns of freshwater biodiversity hampers successful conservation interventions. The number of newly described and resurrected freshwater fish species in southern Africa has increased considerably since the last bioregionalization effort, nearly three decades ago. Here, we utilize an updated matrix of catchment-scale native freshwater fish distributions to re-evaluate earlier biogeographic zonation patterns and examine the relative contribution of beta diversity to observed spatial distribution patterns in the subregion. Cluster analysis applied to an incidence data matrix of 259 native freshwater fish species from 17 drainage basins resulted in three major biogeographic zones, which generally corresponded to patterns shown in earlier studies. However, our analysis further revealed a split of the Eastern zone into two sub-clusters -- Northeast and Southeast. We decomposed the overall beta diversity (β SOR ), of southern Africa’s native freshwater fishes into its nestedness (β SNE ) and turnover (β SIM ) components. In all three zones, the proportion of the nestedness resultant component (βratio) was less than 0.5, implying that the compositional variation in overall beta diversity was mainly driven by species turnover. The dominance of the turnover component to overall β-diversity suggests that conservation initiatives targeting multiple sites across broad spatial scales are likely to provide better outcomes for southern Africa’s native ichthyofauna than a few large, protected areas. We discuss the relative contribution of environmental heterogeneity and dispersal limitation on observed bioregionalization and β-diversity patterns of native freshwater fishes in southern Africa. Incomplete knowledge of the taxonomic diversity of southern Africa’s ichthyofauna affects the mapping of distribution patterns, stressing the need for increased sampling efforts, especially in high diversity drainages that border the Congo basin.","PeriodicalId":37788,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Biogeography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46119480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The past as a prologue to the frontiers of ecology: informative and engaging lessons from ancient mammals.","authors":"Mark V. Lomolino","doi":"10.21425/f5fbg55506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg55506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37788,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Biogeography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49517627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different levels of disturbance influence the distributional patterns of native but not exotic plant species on New Zealand small islands","authors":"F. Mologni","doi":"10.21425/f5fbg54598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21425/f5fbg54598","url":null,"abstract":"Disturbances of oceanic origin can severely affect plant communities on islands, but it is unclear whether they promote or deter biological invasions. Here, I collected floristic data from 97 small islands subject to different levels of ocean-borne disturbances (i.e. inside and outside Wellington Harbour, New Zealand). First, I tested how relationships between the richness of native and exotic species and island characteristics (e.g. area, isolation, height, distance from nearest dwelling) changed depending on island location. Next, I assessed compositional differences on inner and outer islands for both native and exotic species, and • While results for natives might reflect differences in disturbance levels, those for exotics may be related to lack of coastal specialists in the species pool, invasion time-lags and non-equilibrium dynamics.","PeriodicalId":37788,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Biogeography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48776721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}