Iranian Rehabilitation Journal最新文献

{"title":"Study and Assessment of Motor Abilities of Older Children of Pre-school Age With Speech Disorders","authors":"K. E. Panasenko, L. Shinkareva, Tatiana A. Altukhova, E. A. Nikolaeva, Elena V. Shatalova","doi":"10.32598/irj.21.1.1695.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/irj.21.1.1695.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The urgency of the given study is in the lack of knowledge of various types of motor abilities of older pre-school children with speech disorders and the need to realize an individually differentiated approach to provide the environment for their development. In the current study, it was tried to identify and assess the level of development of motor abilities in older pre-school children with speech disorders. Methods: The study included 200 older pre-school children, 100 children with a healthy level of speech development, and 100 with a speech disorder in the Belgorod and Belgorod region (Russian Federation). The study looked at scientific sources using motor abilities testing (motor coordination, speed, strength, strength, plasticity, and stamina). Methods of mathematical statistics (student's t-test) using the SPSS software, version 26 were used to calculate the statistic problems. Results: The study and assessment of motor abilities of older pre-school children showed the predominance of an insufficient level of development of motor and coordination abilities in both neurotypical children and those with a language disorder. In both groups, children performed the worse left-hand task (the insufficient level was noted in children with speech disorders in 100% of boys and girls; in the group of children with a healthy level of speech development – in 84.1% of boys and 81.5 % of girls). When performing the right task hand, an insufficient level was noticed in children with speech disorders in 95.5% of boys and 96.4% of girls; in the group of children with a healthy level of speech development–in 77.3% of boys and 74.1% of girls. Diagnosis of other motor abilities states the dominance of the insufficient level only in children with speech disorders: strength abilities (70.5% of boys and 72.3% of girls), speed and strength abilities (68.2 % of boys and 67.9 % of girls), stamina (77.3% of boys and 75% of girls), and plasticity (65.9% of boys and 62.5% of girls). The veracity of the results was confirmed through the student's t-test. The observed differences were statistically significant. Discussion: The obtained findings and assessment of motor abilities confirm developmental lag in older pre-school children with speech disorders. In children, low indicators in the level of development of motor-coordination abilities and stamina prevailed.","PeriodicalId":37644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46022364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated With Resilience Among People With Spinal Cord Injury in the Community Setting","authors":"Meenakshi Mohan, R. Deb","doi":"10.32598/irj.21.1.1808.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/irj.21.1.1808.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The present cross-sectional study was done to acknowledge the level of resilience, its association with quality of life (QoL), community integration, and demographic/injury-related variables, and identify the determinants that affect resilience among spinal cord injury individuals living in the community. Methods: The data were collected from 108 participants using the convenience sampling method. A demographic/injury-related questionnaire was used to identify the characteristics of the participants. The CD-RISC10, World Health Organization quality of life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), and community integration questionnaire-revised (CIQ-R) were used to measure resilience, QoL, and community integration. Association between resilience and independent variables was examined through Pearson’s correlation and Point-Biserial correlation, whereas, univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were applied to identify the influence of the demographic/injury-related factors that contribute to resilience, and independent t-test and ANOVA were employed to identify the determinants that affect resilience. Results: Almost 78% of participants had a moderate-to-high level of resilience. In multivariate analysis, gender, marital status, and profession were found to be statistically significant. Among these predictors, employment had a higher beta value (β=0.684, P=0.026), which signifies its importance in evaluating resilience. Significant associations were established between resilience, QoL domains, community integration, and demographic variables, which included marital status, duration since the injury, and frequency of going out. Discussion: The present research brings attention to the significance of using appropriate interventions, such as vocational rehabilitation support as well as awareness about the injury to help strengthen resilience and reintegration amongst SCI individuals into their communities. A further longitudinal study is recommended to determine predictive factors of the dynamic nature of resilience over time.","PeriodicalId":37644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47966680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women, Sexual Harassment, and Coping Strategies: A Descriptive Analysis","authors":"Z. Mirhosseini, P. Pakdel, Marzieh Ebrahimi","doi":"10.32598/irj.21.1.1797.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/irj.21.1.1797.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Sexual harassment is one of the most common workplace issues that female employees may experience. The issue is especially severe for women working in a healthcare setting due to factors, such as unequal hierarchical power, night shifts, and a significant volume of visitors, etc. This study sought to characterize and categorize responses to and causes of acute sexual harassment. Methods: Thirty-nine hospital employees who had experienced sexual harassment were selected for in-depth interviews as part of a qualitative study designed to collect data. Results: The responses were categorized chronologically as pre-, during-, and post-harassment. Preventive strategies were the most notable pre-harassment responses, whereas, during harassment, diffusion, denial, avoidance, and behavioral changes were the most significant responses. Nonetheless, since diffusion, avoidance, non-disclosure, and non-reporting could result in the persistence of the harassment, the post-harassment strategies shed light on the factors that determined the victims' failure to disclose sexual harassment. Discussion: Although women experience sexual harassment in healthcare settings, they typically refrain from reporting it and respond passively to such situations. Formal and informal organizational support for the harassed women can empower them to resist harassers and report their conduct in hospital settings.","PeriodicalId":37644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46588611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Pre-operative Physical Therapy on Functional Capacity, Kinesiophobia, and Post-operative ICU Stay in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Candidates","authors":"Kiran Khushnood, N. Sultan, Malik Muhammad Ali Awan, Shafaq Altaf, Riafat Mehmood, S. Qureshi","doi":"10.32598/irj.21.1.1673.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/irj.21.1.1673.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study was done to find out the impact of a pre-operative physical therapy plan with inspiratory muscle training on functional capacity, kinesiophobia, and post-operative intensive care unit (ICU) stay in subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD) candidates for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: Fifty subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited and randomly distributed into the intervention and control group by concealed envelop method. Participants in the experimental group were provided with inspiratory muscle training (IMT) with breathing exercises and chest clearance techniques, while the control group received breathing exercises and chest clearance techniques. Both groups received three treatment sessions before their scheduled surgery. The assessment was done at three-time intervals: At baseline, after three sessions, and after surgery. The outcome measures were oxygen saturation, heart rate, respiratory rate, Borg scale of perceived exertion (Borg PRE), Tampa scale of kinesiophobia for the heart (TSKH), and days spent at ICU after CABG. Results: Oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, functional capacity, and pulmonary endurance improved significantly among the treatment groups with a P<0.001 and a large effect size. The pulse rate showed no significant improvement; P and effect size were 0.38 and 0.60, respectively. Kinesiophobia and ICU stay also showed significant changes with a P<0.001. The effect size was large for both kinesiophobia and ICU stay. Discussion: IMT as a component of a pre-operative physical therapy plan can improve oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, functional capacity, and pulmonary endurance in CAD patients going for CABG. IMT reduces the level of kinesiophobia and duration of ICU stay after CABG.","PeriodicalId":37644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47513791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric Features of the Patient Evaluation Measure in Iranian Individuals With Wrist Disorders","authors":"Mahsa Meimandi, A. Azad, Golara Niketeghad, Laleh Lajevardi","doi":"10.32598/irj.21.1.1800.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/irj.21.1.1800.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The patient evaluation measure (PEM) evaluates the hand health profile. Having an appropriate measurement tool for the assessment of hand outcomes in Iranian individuals with wrist disorders is essential for clinical and research settings. The objective of the present study was to examine the psychometric features of the PEM in Iranian individuals with wrist disorders. Methods: Ninety individuals with wrist disorders were recruited. Hand outcome was evaluated with the PEM, quick-disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (Q-DASH), visual analogue scale-pain (VAS-P), and JAMAR hand-grip dynamometer. The PEM was translated into Persian. Face, content, and convergent validity was examined. Also, acceptability, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and absolute reliability were calculated. Results: All questions had an item impact score and CVR score of >1.5 and >0.42, respectively. All questions except for question 1 (CVI=0.76) and 10 (CVI=0.73) of section B had a CVI score of <0.79. After changes were applied, the CVI score for these questions (question 1=0.83; question 10=0.87) reached acceptable criteria. The total score of the PEM showed a significant moderate correlation with Q-DASH (ρ=0.51; P<0.001) and VAS-P (ρ=0.55; P<0.001) and an insignificant weak correlation with grip strength (ρ=-0.11; P>0.05). Floor and ceiling effects were 0% for the total PEM score. The Cronbach’s α and intra-class correlation values were 0.72-0.87 and 0.96-0.98, respectively. Discussion: The present study suggests that the PEM has acceptable validity and reliability for measuring performance and satisfaction in individuals with wrist disorders. This measure might contribute as an outcome measure in research and routine assessments in clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":37644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48029504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Anxiety Among Pregnant Mothers","authors":"Maha Ahmed Kadim, Zainab Abdulameer Abdulrasol, Ali Fadhil Obaid, Huda Ahmed Hamid, Nada Hamid Hamdi, Noor Ali Mousa","doi":"10.32598/irj.21.1.1621.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/irj.21.1.1621.5","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: We aimed to assess anxiety in pregnant women. We also investigated the probably associated factors in anxiety in pregnant women. Methods: This research is a descriptive correlational study. The samples (209 pregnant women) were recruited by non-probability (purposive) sampling, and the study instrument consisted of the Hamilton anxiety rating scale and interviews with mothers. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS softwer, version 25. Results: Most respondents were 17-26 years old, and around half were satisfied with their income. Studies show a significant positive correlation between anxiety and gestational age, watching TV, sleeping, and drinking tea. Discussion: Anxiety increased with mothers working and with mothers with low socioeconomic status. About 26.3% of pregnant mothers had severe anxiety. Some habits like drinking tea, sleeping, and watching TV increase when anxiety increases.","PeriodicalId":37644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46237043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) Administration Workshop and Its Effects on Job Motivation and Burnout of Pediatric Occupational Therapists","authors":"Yalda Sadeghi, N. Hatamizadeh, S. Shahshahani, S. Hosseinzadeh","doi":"10.32598/irj.21.1.417.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/irj.21.1.417.2","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The presence of skilled, motivated therapists is critical to meet the rehabilitation needs of children with disability. This study aimed to determine whether on-the-job training on applying goal attainment scaling (GAS) affects pediatric occupational therapists' burnout and job motivation. Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. After signing the informed consent, 35 pediatric occupational therapists at a child rehabilitation center attended a course of five 1.5-2 h workshop sessions during 5 consequent weeks on applying GAS in their workplace. Through the workshop, the trainees practiced setting goals and making 5-point scales to measure the degree of reaching those goals. The participant asked to bring some of their client's descriptions (anonymous) to the workshop as samples to talk about them. Afterward, they were asked to fill in the GAS documentation form as part of their rehabilitation records. Participants' job motivation and burnout scores were measured by the Maslach questionnaire and Loudahel Kitchener's Job Motivation Scale, respectively, before the workshop and 30 and 60 days later. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were used for comparisons. Results: The Mean±SD job motivation scores, which were 42.37±6.73 before the intervention, rose to 52.82±8.51 and 56±7.59 at the end of the workshop (day 30) and on follow-up measurement (day 60), respectively (P<0.001). The effect size was 0.556. The burnout scores slightly decreased from 58±12.86 before the intervention to 55.37±12.07, with an effect size of 0.117 on day 60 measurements. Discussion: A short on-the-job training workshop on applying GAS in the formal assessment of achievements in different aspects of child life by rehabilitation practices could help in enhancing therapists' job motivation. Positive effects of GAS administration on motivation and burnout in therapists should take into account along with the client benefits for judging the usefulness of the GAS.","PeriodicalId":37644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47535124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Duration for Supervised Pelvic Floor Muscle Training in Stress Urinary Incontinence Women: A Prospective Study","authors":"S. Hakim, I. Mistivani, David Tambunan, B. Santoso, Sushkan Djusad, Tyas Priyatini, F. Moegni, A. Meutia, Andrew Pratama Kurniawan","doi":"10.32598/irj.21.1.1774.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/irj.21.1.1774.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: We evaluated the optimal duration of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in stress urinary incontinence (SUI) patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from November 2018 to June 2019. We recruited 55 subjects diagnosed with SUI based on the questionnaire for urinary incontinence diagnosis (QUID) score >4 and more than 2 grams of 1-hour pad test. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we taught and supervised them for PFMT and evaluated them every four weeks to observe the urogenital distress inventory-6 (UDI-6), incontinence impact questionnaire-7 (IIQ-7), 1-hour pad test, and perineometer score. We used the Wilcoxon test to evaluate the improvement at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: Our subjects were mostly obese (65%), 30-55 years old (60%), and had >2 children (90%). There were improvements in UDI-6 and IIQ-7 for every four weeks up to 12 weeks of PFMT (P<0.05, 95% CI). Pelvic floor muscle strength only improved significantly (P=0.001 and P=0.006, respectively) after eight weeks of PFMT. Also, the 1-hour pad test score decreased significantly after four weeks of training (P<0.001). Discussion: SUI distress and symptoms decrease after four weeks of Kegel exercises and continue to improve until 12 weeks of therapy. However, the 1-hour pad test reaches clinical and statistical significance during the first month of exercise with no further improvement clinically. Pelvic floor muscle strength increased significantly after eight weeks of training.","PeriodicalId":37644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46163231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iatrogenic-induced Peripheral Gangrene: From Multiple Limb Amputations to Prosthetic Restoration","authors":"Linda Joehari, Fatimah Ahmedy, Vanessa Chua, Farhana Harzila Mohd Bahar, Jamie Joseph, Syahiskandar Sybil Shah, Kang Bee Lee","doi":"10.32598/irj.21.1.900.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/irj.21.1.900.2","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Multiple limb amputations are an uncommon complication from inotrope-induced peripheral gangrene. Case Presentation: A 20-year-old lady with valvular heart disease had septic shock secondary to infective endocarditis and required prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Despite aggressive fluid resuscitation, the patient had triple strength intravenous noradrenaline to maintain hemodynamic stability. On day 5 of post-shock, dry gangrene occurred in distal parts of all limbs, and inotrope was stopped. Although the gangrenous changes were non-progressive, she required a significant degree of assistance with mobility and daily function performance. The patient was counseled for multiple limb amputations to promote walking and hand function through prosthetic restoration. Five months after the event, she had a right transtibial amputation, left Chopart amputation, left wrist disarticulation, and right second, third, fourth, and fifth fingers amputation. Three specific goals for inpatient rehabilitation were independent short-distance ambulation with prostheses, performing basic activities of daily living with adaptive devices, and independent wheelchair propulsion for long-distance mobility using a right-sided transtibial prosthesis, left-sided Syme's prosthesis with Kingsley's foot, right-sided silicone-based cosmetic glove and left-sided body-powered transradial prosthesis. Discussion: Although an uncommon complication, inotrope may lead to multiple limb amputations secondary to peripheral gangrene. Following amputation, the ultimate rehabilitative goal is to restore the mobility and capacity to perform daily functions through prosthetic restoration, whether walking for lower amputees or functioning hand for upper limb amputees. Prescribing prosthesis in a single limb loss is relatively straightforward, but restoring multiple limb amputations bears many challenges toward successful recovery of walking and functions.","PeriodicalId":37644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135423773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Cervical Radiculopathy and Quality of Life in Patients With Cervical Spondylosis","authors":"Rafia Sultana, Zohaib Shahid, Faryal Safdar, Hafiz Sheraz Arshad","doi":"10.32598/irj.21.1.1548.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/irj.21.1.1548.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To determine the association between cervical radiculopathy and quality of life (QoL) in patients with cervical spondylosis. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 273 patients in five hospitals in Lahore within 3 months from April to June 2021. The Spurling test was used to measure cervical radiculopathy. The participants were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The Spurling test was used to measure cervical radiculopathy and its symptoms. The World Health Organization quality of life scale (WHOQoL) was used to evaluate the QoL of patients suffering from cervical spondylosis. Results: Of 273 patients, 42.9% were male and 57.1% female. Their Mean±SD age was 42±11.9 years. Also, 70.3% had positive Spurling test, and 29.7% had negative results. Their Mean±SD physical health score was 11.70±1.74 (out of a total of 20), and their Mean±SD psychological health score was 11.75±1.78 (out of a total of 20). The Mean±SD social relationships score was 11.19±2.98 (out of a total of 20), and their Mean±SD environment health score was 11.13±3.08 out of a total of 20. P indicates a significant difference in the QoL between patients with positive and negative Spurling tests. Patients with negative Spurling tests had higher QoL scores. Greater scores denote a higher QoL Discussion: There is a significant association between cervical radiculopathy and QoL in patients with cervical spondylosis. These results will help us in the future to design educational programs or modify the lifestyle of those patients with cervical radiculopathy. This research concluded that there is a significant difference in the QoL among patients with positive and negative Spurling tests. Patients with negative Spurling tests have higher QoL scores. Hence there is a significant association between diagnosed cervical radiculopathy and QoL.","PeriodicalId":37644,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43161611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}