Conservation and Society最新文献_第9页

Violent Entanglements: The Pittman-Robertson Act, Firearms, and the Financing of Conservation 暴力纠葛:皮特曼-罗伯逊法案、枪支和保护资金

Conservation and Society Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/cs.cs_82_21

John P. Casellas Connors, Christopher G. Rea

{"title":"Violent Entanglements: The Pittman-Robertson Act, Firearms, and the Financing of Conservation","authors":"John P. Casellas Connors, Christopher G. Rea","doi":"10.4103/cs.cs_82_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_82_21","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental politics in the United States have become inseparable from the politics of guns. The Pittman-Robertson Act of 1937 transformed conservation policy and funding in the United States, establishing the Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Account, which generates public revenue for conservation through a tax on firearms, ammunition, and archery equipment. As the manufacture and purchase of firearms and ammunition have increased rapidly in recent years, the funds flowing to conservation have also grown. Despite allotting more than USD750 million to states in 2020 alone, the Pittman-Robertson Act has been overlooked in discussions of the political economy of conservation. Here, we compare the four largest sources of revenue for state wildlife and conservation agencies and demonstrate the growing importance of Pittman-Robertson as gun sales increase. We argue that the position of firearms in conservation has shifted, disrupting widely held ideals of conservation and undermining the 'user pays’ model that is argued to undergird conservation activities in the United States. We explore the ethical concerns produced by this emerging relationship and the ways Pittman-Robertson entangles conservation with guns and violence.","PeriodicalId":376207,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Society","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128690375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

From Bourgeois Environmentalism to a Just Urban Commons: Despair and Hope in Amita Baviskar's Uncivil City 从资产阶级环保主义到公正的城市公地:阿米塔·巴维斯卡《不文明的城市》中的绝望与希望

Conservation and Society Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/cs.cs_130_21

T. Crowley

引用次数: 0

The Power of Dissonance: Inconsistent Relations Between Travelling Ideas And Local Realities in Community Conservation in Namibia's Zambezi Region 不和谐的力量:纳米比亚赞比西地区社区保护中旅行理念与当地现实之间的不一致关系

Conservation and Society Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/cs.cs_32_21

Hauke-Peter Vehrs, Linus Kalvelage, R. Nghitevelekwa

{"title":"The Power of Dissonance: Inconsistent Relations Between Travelling Ideas And Local Realities in Community Conservation in Namibia's Zambezi Region","authors":"Hauke-Peter Vehrs, Linus Kalvelage, R. Nghitevelekwa","doi":"10.4103/cs.cs_32_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_32_21","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental conservation is presented as a success story in Namibia's Zambezi Region where conservation measures have led to an enormous increase in many wildlife populations. Complementary to historically exclusive fortress-conservation strategies, inclusive projects have gained prominence in the past few decades aiming to integrate local populations into conservation projects. Perhaps the most salient approach is community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), which sets ambitious goals of more participation, empowerment, and stewardship of local residents in the process of conservation. Despite its popularity in southern Africa, the CBNRM concept has met with criticism, especially with regard to the situations of many conservancy members. We aim to show that the idea of conservation, and the concept of CBNRM in particular, are in some respects detached from the lives of the conservancy members who are confronted with the effects and regulations of conservation measures. We therefore employ the notion of 'dissonance’ to describe the inconsistencies between the intended effects of the CBNRM concept and how it is perceived by conservancy members. Three aspects of dissonance are identified here. First, we draw attention to the limited opportunities conservancy members have to benefit from the thriving safari- and hunting-tourism industry. Second, despite successful conservation leading to increased wildlife populations, impacts of human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) and their repercussions for farming and livestock husbandry aggravate the dissonant relationship between conservancy members and the CBNRM concept. Third, we illustrate the discrepancies between the notion of the 'community’ in conservancies and the actual social organisation. Altogether, the inconsistencies between the travelling idea of conservation and its impact on local livelihoods will be demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":376207,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Society","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121793563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Smart, Commodified and Encoded: Blockchain Technology for Environmental Sustainability and Nature Conservation 智能、商品化和编码:用于环境可持续性和自然保护的区块链技术

Conservation and Society Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/cs.cs_41_21

Andrea Stuit, D. Brockington, E. Corbera

{"title":"Smart, Commodified and Encoded: Blockchain Technology for Environmental Sustainability and Nature Conservation","authors":"Andrea Stuit, D. Brockington, E. Corbera","doi":"10.4103/cs.cs_41_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_41_21","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the implications of blockchain technology for conservation and environmental policy. Drawing on an analysis of 27 initiatives, we examine their goals, assumptions, visions and workings. We find that these initiatives do not yet form a coherent approach, there is too much variety in their environmental focus, and the role of blockchain technology in achieving their goals. However, they share a faith in environmental-commodity markets, a penchant for surveillance and upward accountability, and lack a critical analysis of the main causes of environmental problems. Blockchain initiatives are forming a growing community of praxis and deepen ongoing trends in neoliberal environmental governance, characterised by the increased commodification and global accounting, surveillance and marketisation of environmental goods, services and outcomes. We suggest these services and outcomes fail to challenge the actual root causes of environmental degradation. At the same time, they are not all necessarily flawed by these characteristics. They can render information held by communities financially valuable in ways those communities may find useful. Future research should focus on exploring whether blockchain initiatives may at least translate in concrete environmental outcomes and contribute to the well-being of natural resource managers.","PeriodicalId":376207,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Society","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122209918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Retraction: Conservation and Care among the Cofán in the Ecuadorian Amazon 撤稿:厄瓜多尔亚马逊河Cofán的保护和护理

Conservation and Society Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4103/0972-4923.337519

引用次数: 0

Understanding the Market Drivers Behind the Reduced Demand for Ivory Products in Japan 了解日本象牙制品需求减少背后的市场驱动因素

Conservation and Society Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.31235/osf.io/mbh5r

Laura Thomas‐Walters, Benoit Morkel, T. Kubo, Michael ’t Sas‐Rolfes, Robert J. Smith, D. Veríssimo

{"title":"Understanding the Market Drivers Behind the Reduced Demand for Ivory Products in Japan","authors":"Laura Thomas‐Walters, Benoit Morkel, T. Kubo, Michael ’t Sas‐Rolfes, Robert J. Smith, D. Veríssimo","doi":"10.31235/osf.io/mbh5r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mbh5r","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing demand for wildlife products has been recognised as an important global priority. However, consumer demand is a complicated phenomenon involving numerous interacting biological and socio-economic factors, operating at a range of scales and time periods. The demand for elephant ivory is an excellent illustration of the gaps in our current knowledge. Although it is well-documented that Japan is no longer a significant destination consumer market for ivory products, we have little insight into the market drivers behind this change. This is partly because post-hoc evaluations are difficult when relying on traditional quantitative methods. We used General Elimination Methodology and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders to understand the consumer changes in Japan. We identified the two biggest market drivers—the CITES international trade ban and economic recession—as well as a range of minor drivers and enabling conditions. These included respect for government authority, the passive nature of demand for ivory, and a general cultural shift away from conspicuous consumption. This case study highlights the role of theory-based qualitative evaluations in conservation, which recognises that specific outcomes are likely to be caused by multiple contributing factors driven by interactions between different actors.","PeriodicalId":376207,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Society","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114786631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of Pest Control Services by Vertebrates in Nigerian Subsistence Maize Farms 尼日利亚自给玉米农场脊椎动物病虫害防治服务评估

Conservation and Society Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/cs.cs_213_20

Murna Tela, W. Cresswell, H. Chapman

引用次数: 0

Poverty, Pandemics, and Wildlife Crime 贫困、流行病和野生动物犯罪

Conservation and Society Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/cs.cs_193_20

M. Anagnostou, William D. Moreto, C. Gardner, B. Doberstein

{"title":"Poverty, Pandemics, and Wildlife Crime","authors":"M. Anagnostou, William D. Moreto, C. Gardner, B. Doberstein","doi":"10.4103/cs.cs_193_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_193_20","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global recession and mass unemployment. Through reductions in trade and international tourism, the pandemic has particularly affected rural economies of tropical low- and middle-income countries where biodiversity is concentrated. As this adversity is exacerbating poverty in these regions, it is important to examine the relationship between poverty and wildlife crime in order to better anticipate and respond to the impact of the pandemic on biodiversity. To that end, we explore the relationship between poverty and wildlife crime, and its relevance in the context of a global pandemic. We examine literature from conservation, criminology, criminal justice, and social psychology to piece together how the various dimensions of poverty relate directly and indirectly to general criminal offending and the challenges this poses to conservation. We provide a theoretical framework and a road map for understanding how poverty alleviation relates to reduced wildlife crime through improved economic, human, socio-cultural, political, and protective capabilities. We also discuss the implications of this research for policy in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude that multidimensional poverty and wildlife crime are intricately linked, and that initiatives to enhance each of the five dimensions can reduce the poverty-related risks of wildlife crime.","PeriodicalId":376207,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Society","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126682374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Making Decentralisation Work: A Comparative Ethnographic Analysis of Forest Conservation and Village Governance in West Bengal, India 使权力下放发挥作用:印度西孟加拉邦森林保护和村庄治理的比较民族志分析

Conservation and Society Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/cs.cs_20_81

S. Datta

{"title":"Making Decentralisation Work: A Comparative Ethnographic Analysis of Forest Conservation and Village Governance in West Bengal, India","authors":"S. Datta","doi":"10.4103/cs.cs_20_81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_20_81","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on forest conservation lacks comparative analyses of decentralisation across different sectors to understand their relative advantages and limitations. This article adopts an ethnographic approach to compare the functioning of two decentralised village-level institutions in the state of West Bengal, India: the forest protection committees created under joint forest management and the gram panchayat, the lowest tier of the panchayati raj institution. The comparative analysis shows that despite their decentralised structure, the village forest protection committees have very little discretionary power relative to the powers exercised by gram panchayats. Gram panchayats have been effective in developing an inclusive and transparent decentralised governance system which retains the support of diverse interest groups within communities and other layers of the state. The study shows that style of decentralisation under joint forest management in West Bengal has been alienating forest-based communities from conservation because their voices remain symbolic in local, state, and national-level policy decisions. The study provides new theoretical and methodological insights for analysing decentralisation by underscoring the importance of criteria such as discretionary power for local decision-making and accountability; local bureaucratic and infrastructure support; and designated physical space in the everyday working of decentralised governance at the village level.","PeriodicalId":376207,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Society","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123084922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Science-based Stakeholder Dialogue for Environmental Policy Implementation 以科学为基础的环境政策实施利益相关者对话

Conservation and Society Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/cs.cs_20_134

A. Brites, Kaline de Mello, P. Tavares, J. Metzger, Ricardo Rodrigues, P. Molin, Luís Fernando Guedes Pinto, C. Joly, João Adrien Fernandes, Frederico Machado, Eduardo Trani, G. Sparovek

{"title":"Science-based Stakeholder Dialogue for Environmental Policy Implementation","authors":"A. Brites, Kaline de Mello, P. Tavares, J. Metzger, Ricardo Rodrigues, P. Molin, Luís Fernando Guedes Pinto, C. Joly, João Adrien Fernandes, Frederico Machado, Eduardo Trani, G. Sparovek","doi":"10.4103/cs.cs_20_134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_20_134","url":null,"abstract":"Science-based stakeholder dialogue is a strategy to bring science closer to decision-making with increasing importance for the design of environmental policies. The need for such an approximation has been stressed, but documented implementations are rare. We present our experience of developing a science-based dialogue for the Brazilian Forest Code implementation and share the lessons learned. We departed from a mix of participatory methods to conduct six meetings with stakeholders. During the process, we were able to reduce the gap between science and practice, meeting stakeholders' expectations and increasing the accessibility of scientific information. Avoiding falling back to top-down science and keeping stakeholders' participation constancy were challenges faced. Despite the project achievements, important scientific outcomes were disregarded by higher instances of decision-making. Thus, although we were able to start the dialogue successfully, we also come across the fact that external political factors impaired its reach. By reporting our experience, we expect to help to establish science-based dialogues applied to environmental policy implementation, narrowing the science-practice gap and contributing to more effective environmental policies.","PeriodicalId":376207,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Society","volume":"302 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128623405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1