Critical Military Studies最新文献_第10页

Probabilities towards death: bugsplat, algorithmic assassinations, and ethical due care 死亡的可能性:窃听器，算法暗杀和道德上的谨慎

Critical Military Studies Pub Date : 2020-10-09 DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2020.1809251

John R. Emery

{"title":"Probabilities towards death: bugsplat, algorithmic assassinations, and ethical due care","authors":"John R. Emery","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2020.1809251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2020.1809251","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the principle of due care in war and the myth that improved battlefield technology makes Western warfare inherently more ethical. The discursive construction – which I term virtuous chaoplexic militarism – of the US as ethical by virtue of its utilization of technologically advanced modes of killing, seeks to dissolve the ethico-political dilemmas of war into quantifiable problems to-be-solved. This article illustrates this dissolution by outlining the transformation within US military decision-making from an ethics of practical judgement to a computational techno-ethics. To do this, I evaluate two concrete cases of US algorithms of militarism. The first case traces the rise of collateral damage estimation algorithms, colloquially known as bugsplat. I examine how bugsplat is programmed, its fundamental design flaws, and its practical exploitation by commanders to erroneously tick the box of ethical due care. The second case explores the SKYNET machine-learning algorithm that was designed to construct ‘legitimate targets’ for US drone strikes via heterogeneous correlations of SIM card metadata. While drone strikes are widely praised for their capacity to individualize targeting, the algorithmic process of SKYNET ultimately erodes the individual subjectivity that is foundational for ethics of war through data constructions of ‘terroristness.’ As both cases demonstrate, the ultimate goal of this virtuous chaoplexic militarism is to render the ethico-political dilemmas of killing quantifiable, predictable, and solvable. There exists an urgent need to interrogate socio-technical interactions in the military setting; and specifically, the degree to which practical judgement has been outsourced to a morally problematic computational techno-ethics.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2020.1809251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41750089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Making sense of militarism through antimilitarists’ resistance strategies 从反军事分子的抵抗策略看军国主义

Critical Military Studies Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2020.1809253

Demet Aslı Çaltekin

引用次数: 0

Cosmopolitanism and individual ethical reflection – the embodied experiences of Swedish veterans 世界主义与个人伦理反思——瑞典退伍军人的经验体现

Critical Military Studies Pub Date : 2020-08-04 DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2020.1784639

Annika Bergman Rosamond, Annica Kronsell

{"title":"Cosmopolitanism and individual ethical reflection – the embodied experiences of Swedish veterans","authors":"Annika Bergman Rosamond, Annica Kronsell","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2020.1784639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2020.1784639","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article aims to enable a conversation between cosmopolitan thought, with focus on individual ethical experiences and reflections, and research on embodied military experiences. While we derive our ethical reasoning from cosmopolitanism, we concede that it lacks sensitivity to individuals’ other-regarding reflections and acts. Moreover, it does not sufficiently problematize the ways in which cosmopolitan deliberations are mediated in consideration of other desires and interests – what we define as mediated cosmopolitanism. To illustrate and substantiate our theoretical claims we draw on a selection of interviews and other material. We provide a two-step analysis, first by identifying the key themes in Sweden’s cosmopolitan military self-narrative, enabling us to determine the extent to which it intersects with individual veterans’ ethical reflections. Second, we conduct a discursive analysis of veterans’ embodied ethical reflections, that have emerged from their participation in international operations. We identify a cosmopolitan sense of obligation amongst Swedish veterans across our material, with such individuals articulating a wish to do good beyond borders. Notions of cosmopolitan responsibility, moreover, arise from veterans’ actual human encounters with civilians on the ground and through support for small-scale aid projects. However, veterans’ ethical reflections are rarely purely cosmopolitan, rather mediated through their wish to serve the nation, support fellow soldiers as a key part of the operation, acquiring new professional skills and the desire to seek new adventures. We argue that the concept of mediated cosmopolitanism captures such mixed ethical sentiments and embodied experiences. We conclude by summarizing our key arguments.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2020.1784639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42501090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Wounding poppies: hyper-commemoration and aesthetic interventions 受伤的罂粟花：超纪念和美学干预

Critical Military Studies Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2019.1575123

D. Withers

引用次数: 3

Who Curates Recent American Wars? Looking in Arlington Cemetery and at The Wall That Heals 谁策划了最近的美国战争？看看阿灵顿公墓和治愈之墙

Critical Military Studies Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2019.1585653

Christine Sylvester

{"title":"Who Curates Recent American Wars? Looking in Arlington Cemetery and at The Wall That Heals","authors":"Christine Sylvester","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2019.1585653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2019.1585653","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT War, a central research topic in international relations, has traditionally been studied through the portal of states trying to manage an anarchic environment through war and diplomacy. Certain categories of individuals and groups routinely feature as war authorities while others do not at all. Ordinary people called on to execute state-led wars, made to suffer wars, grieve them, and die in them, are not usually credited with war authority. This article compares two American sites of war memorialization – Arlington National Cemetery and the (Vietnam Veterans) Wall That Heals – on the question of war authority. It finds that in struggles with the Arlington Cemetery management, civilians have gained the authority to present graves of soldiers deceased in America’s wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Section 60) in ways that challenge state ownership of soldier bodies and histories. At the traveling Wall That Heals, a facsimile of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC, the current cultural tendency to heroize members of the military is on view in an extreme form that elevates ordinary soldiers to the status of Everyman executive authorities. Both sites show the importance of studying war as a decentralized site of authoritative war knowledge that encompasses civilian experiences with war.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2019.1585653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44536562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Designing the Pentagon Memorial: gendered statecraft, heroic victimhood and site authenticity in War on Terror commemoration 设计五角大楼纪念馆:反恐战争纪念活动中的性别治国之道、英雄受害者和遗址真实性

Critical Military Studies Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2019.1677041

Charlotte Heath-Kelly

{"title":"Designing the Pentagon Memorial: gendered statecraft, heroic victimhood and site authenticity in War on Terror commemoration","authors":"Charlotte Heath-Kelly","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2019.1677041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2019.1677041","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How does a memorial curate an image of conflict when it is dwarfed by 6.5 million square feet of the Department of Defence, when it is tasked with commemorating simultaneous military and civilian deaths, and when its public access consists of a sliver cut through one of the most secure sites on earth? Given the uniquely inconvenient siting of the Pentagon Memorial, this article argues that the Pentagon Memorial was itself curated by two memorial grammars: contemporary expectations that disaster sites resonate with ‘authenticity’; and that civilians are incorporated into commemorative rhetoric of heroic victimhood, during the War on Terror. These memorial grammars constitute the Pentagon Memorial through gendered logics of statecraft. The memorial is crafted as a response to the sudden violation of the domestic realm on 9/11, as well as the violent entangling of civilian and military victims at the crash site. Its design encircles this moment of violation, where the bodies of ‘protectors’ were entangled with those of the ‘protected’. The memorial freezes time a moment prior to impact – so that the masculine, militarized agents of state defence might once again be distinguished from civilians, and the distinction of inside/outside re-established. The Pentagon Memorial encircles the disruption of gendered logics of statecraft on 9/11, and their restitution.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2019.1677041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45168280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

The significance of stitch as vehicle for visual testimony and metaphor for violence and healing 缝针作为视觉见证和隐喻暴力和治愈的载体的意义

Critical Military Studies Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2018.1559580

E. Harrisson

引用次数: 1

The ‘museumification’ of the Scottish soldier and the meaning-making of Britain’s wars 苏格兰士兵的“博物馆化”和英国战争的意义

Critical Military Studies Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2019.1677042

N. Danilova, Kandida Purnell

{"title":"The ‘museumification’ of the Scottish soldier and the meaning-making of Britain’s wars","authors":"N. Danilova, Kandida Purnell","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2019.1677042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2019.1677042","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drawing on interviews with curators of Scotland’s military museums and fieldwork ethnographies, this article explores how the Scottish Soldier is enacted through curation and how, through artefacts and stories, curators (re)produce the Scottish Soldier within and through their museums’ spaces. This article identifies three intertwining curatorial practices: (a) Production of a Scottish warrior ‘dreamscape’ through a dual technique of displaying symbolic representations of Scots-as-warriors while simultaneously reframing the controversies of Scotland’s contribution to British colonial wars and recent conflicts; (b) Construction of classed, raced, and gendered hierarchies through the curation of war-informing artefacts (uniforms, medals, and weaponry) – all of which sustain the dominance of warrior-like masculinity deployed in the service of the British state; and (c) Humanization of soldiers via the disruption of stereotypical warrior codes and the making visible of personalized and locally based war stories working towards decontextualisation and sentimentalization of war. We argue that these curatorial practices enable the reproduction of a sacrificial Scottish Soldier and through this process they assist in the normalization of Britain’s wars.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2019.1677042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48373064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Curating conflict: political violence in museums, memorials, and exhibitions 遏制冲突：博物馆、纪念馆和展览中的政治暴力

Critical Military Studies Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2020.1797328

Audrey Reeves, Charlotte Heath-Kelly

引用次数: 10

Curating against militarization: the politics of life in Rio de Janeiro’s Museu da Maré 策划反对军事化:巴西里约热内卢的马涅尔博物馆的生活政治

Critical Military Studies Pub Date : 2020-06-23 DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2020.1771940

Desirée Poets

{"title":"Curating against militarization: the politics of life in Rio de Janeiro’s Museu da Maré","authors":"Desirée Poets","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2020.1771940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2020.1771940","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since at least the 1980s, policy, research, and common-sense depictions have associated Rio de Janeiro’s favelas with problems of gang violence, governance vacuum (state absence), and crisis. Within this discourse, favelas are constructed as spaces of exception, whose racialized residents are stripped of legal status and marked by a politics of death. Such imageries also constitute an archive of fear that has discursively-affectively upheld the city’s growing militarization. This article turns to the counter-hegemonic community museum of Maré (Museu da Maré), a complex of 16 favelas in Rio’s North Zone, to demonstrate how it interrupts militarization’s affective-discursive underpinnings. I focus on two facets of this interruption. Firstly, the Museu da Maré embraces a politics of life that suspends the conditions of possibility for a militarized/necrophile knowledge production about favelas that reproduces the idea that favelas are over-determined by the state of exception and a politics of death. Secondly, the museum, in affectively curating how the community experiences fear, breaks with how fear circulates in the city, undoing how it ‘sticks’ to favelas and their residents as the always potential perpetrators of violence. Beyond a project of resistance, I argue that the Museu da Maré foregrounds a politics of the future.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2020.1771940","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47028087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3