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The “Common Social and Economic Space” Agreement Between Abkhazia and Russia: A Path to Russia? 阿布哈兹与俄罗斯的“共同社会经济空间”协议:通往俄罗斯的道路?
Caucasus Survey Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.30965/23761202-bja10021
Badri Belkania
{"title":"The “Common Social and Economic Space” Agreement Between Abkhazia and Russia: A Path to Russia?","authors":"Badri Belkania","doi":"10.30965/23761202-bja10021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/23761202-bja10021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the “Common Social and Economic Space” agreement signed between the de facto state Abkhazia and its patron, the Russian Federation, in November 2020 and its potential implications for the further development of Abkhaz- Russian affairs. Based on a careful assessment of the gradual development of Abkhaz- Russian relations, the content of the new agreement, and the geopolitical context surrounding it, the article argues that Russia is using the agreement, which obliges Abkhazia to adapt to Russian legislation in vital social, political, and economic sectors, to eliminate a crucial legal barrier against Moscow’s further inroads into the de facto republic. The article concludes that this so-called “harmonization agreement” constitutes an important preparatory step towards a potential full integration of Abkhazia into the Russian Federation.","PeriodicalId":37506,"journal":{"name":"Caucasus Survey","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135485676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Georgia’s Strategic Path: Economic Integration as a Strategic Pathway 格鲁吉亚的战略路径:作为战略路径的经济一体化
Caucasus Survey Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.30965/23761202-bja10022
Clark Webber
{"title":"Georgia’s Strategic Path: Economic Integration as a Strategic Pathway","authors":"Clark Webber","doi":"10.30965/23761202-bja10022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/23761202-bja10022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since achieving independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the Republic of Georgia has balanced its aspirations to Westernize with its pre-existing and continuing bonds with Russia. Much of the research looking at this dynamic has focused on security and political issues; this article instead focuses on the economic sphere and examines whether Georgia’s economic ties with Europe and Russia have created closer strategic relations. To determine if Georgia is pursuing economic integration with the European Union (EU) and Russia, the article draws on economic data from the National Statistics Office of Georgia on exports, imports, foreign direct investment ( FDI ), and tourism. It examines the academic literature on Georgia’s strategy of political integration with the EU and its policy of “normalization” with Russia since 2012. Trade and investment have increased with Europe, while tourism from Russia increased substantially between 2015 and 2019. Still, the article finds that Georgia’s economic relations have not created strategic integration with either polity.","PeriodicalId":37506,"journal":{"name":"Caucasus Survey","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135485677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strategic Triangles, Actors and Agency: Georgia and Abkhazia in a Changing Regional Context 战略三角、行动者和机构:不断变化的区域背景下的格鲁吉亚和阿布哈兹
Caucasus Survey Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.30965/23761202-20230003
Helge Blakkisrud, Nino Kemoklidze
{"title":"Strategic Triangles, Actors and Agency: Georgia and Abkhazia in a Changing Regional Context","authors":"Helge Blakkisrud, Nino Kemoklidze","doi":"10.30965/23761202-20230003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/23761202-20230003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In scholarly debates as well as in public discourse, Georgia is often reduced to being one of the states “in-between” Russia and the European Union (EU), and part of a “contested neighbourhood”. The breakaway region of Abkhazia is usually not even credited with that, being treated as a mere appendage to Russia. In this special issue we challenge such approaches by analyzing the forging of Georgia’s and Abkhazia’s strategic paths as much more complex processes than are often assumed. In a context defined by the crisis in Russia–West relations, we explore actorness and agency – in the case of Georgia, within the strategic triangle of Georgia, the EU and Russia; in the case of Abkhazia, within the Abkhazia–Georgia–Russia triangle. Our aim is to expand the scope of analysis in two directions: first, by exploring what actors are shaping Georgia’s and Abkhazia’s strategic orientation, and second, by examining how these actors operate and interact in forging these entities’ strategic paths.","PeriodicalId":37506,"journal":{"name":"Caucasus Survey","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135485680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Small Nation in a Big World: Geopolitical Visions in President Mikheil Saakashvili’s Rhetoric 大世界中的小国:萨卡什维利总统言辞中的地缘政治愿景
Caucasus Survey Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.30965/23761202-bja10019
Tornike Zurabashvili
{"title":"Small Nation in a Big World: Geopolitical Visions in President Mikheil Saakashvili’s Rhetoric","authors":"Tornike Zurabashvili","doi":"10.30965/23761202-bja10019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/23761202-bja10019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the interplay of Georgian national identity and foreign policy in the rhetoric of Mikheil Saakashvili, President of Georgia in 2004–13, and offers a theoretical framework that captures the complex nature of these interactions. Drawing on the scholarly tradition of critical geopolitics, the article examines perceptions and images of the role of Georgia and its position vis-à-vis the external world in the annual addresses delivered to the Parliament of Georgia. More specifically, the article explores four constitutive areas for Georgia’s geopolitical identity – the world, Europe, the United States and Russia – as well as the meanings attached to these spaces. By uncovering how these external spaces have been framed and communicated by President Saakashvili, the article adds to our understanding of the reasoning and ideational determinants of the foreign policy orientation of modern-day Georgia, as well as of the major tenets of its geopolitical identity.","PeriodicalId":37506,"journal":{"name":"Caucasus Survey","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135485682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Juxtapositions and Inventions: Sergei Parajanov, Ispoved’, and Armenian Identity 并置与发明:谢尔盖·帕拉亚诺夫，《被证明》和亚美尼亚身份
Caucasus Survey Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.30965/23761202-bja10025
Steven Usitalo
{"title":"Juxtapositions and Inventions: Sergei Parajanov, Ispoved’, and Armenian Identity","authors":"Steven Usitalo","doi":"10.30965/23761202-bja10025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/23761202-bja10025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sergei Parajanov, famously and sardonically, noted in various ways that he was an Armenian, born in Georgia, educated in Moscow, and arrested in Kiev for Ukrainian nationalism. He was also the quintessential idealized Soviet subject of the Caucasus. Parajanov directed a series of highly experimental films that are impossible to categorize. He began work on his Confession ( Ispoved’ ) an autobiographical script exploring his upbringing, as an Armenian, in Tiflis/Tbilisi. Parajanov began to film Confession in 1989, but became ill before more than a fragment was filmed. This essay examines Confession in an effort to decipher Parajanov’s self-image as an Armenian/Soviet director from Tbilisi.","PeriodicalId":37506,"journal":{"name":"Caucasus Survey","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135485683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
“Tit-for-Tat:” Understanding Russia – NATO Interactions in Eastern Europe 《以牙还牙:了解俄罗斯与北约在东欧的互动》
Caucasus Survey Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.30965/23761202-bja10015
Nino Imedashvili, David S. Siroky
{"title":"“Tit-for-Tat:” Understanding Russia – NATO Interactions in Eastern Europe","authors":"Nino Imedashvili, David S. Siroky","doi":"10.30965/23761202-bja10015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/23761202-bja10015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article analyzes North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) – Russia dynamics in Eastern Europe, focusing on the competition for influence in Georgia and Montenegro with comparisons to Moldova and Ukraine. Whereas all four countries have expressed a desire to join NATO – and Russia has consistently communicated its disapproval – Moscow has pursued divergent means to curb NATO expansion and escalated with tit-for-tat strategies. We argue that whether Russia deployed military strategies, economic levers, political tactics or covert actions has varied according to its relative power projection capacity along with the responses of NATO and the target countries. Where power projection capacity is greater due to its contiguous geography (Georgia, Ukraine), Russia staged military interventions, and where it was weaker, in non-contiguous countries (Montenegro, Moldova), it resorted to non-military means. Russia may be uniformly opposed to NATO expansion, but its strategies to keep its neighbours out of NATO and in Russia’s orbit are contingent upon its relative power.","PeriodicalId":37506,"journal":{"name":"Caucasus Survey","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135485673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Euro-optimism Intertwined with Pragmatism: Elite and Popular Discourses on Georgia’s Europeanization through Q Methodology 与实用主义交织在一起的欧洲乐观主义:从Q方法论看格鲁吉亚欧洲化的精英与大众话语
Caucasus Survey Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.30965/23761202-bja10013
Lia Tsuladze
{"title":"Euro-optimism Intertwined with Pragmatism: Elite and Popular Discourses on Georgia’s Europeanization through Q Methodology","authors":"Lia Tsuladze","doi":"10.30965/23761202-bja10013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/23761202-bja10013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article discusses Georgian political and intellectual elites’ and citizens’ discourses on the country’s Europeanization in the context of pragmatic and identity considerations. The research is based on Q methodology that, in contrast to its traditional use, has been integrated into in-depth interviews with political and intellectual elites and focus group discussions with citizens. Q analysis reveals that both elites and citizens are characterized by Euro-optimistic views perceiving Georgia’s Europeanization in light of pragmatic considerations. The major pragmatic factors are related to the improved protection of human rights and the safeguarding of the country’s security. Unlike previous studies, the current research shows that, at least at the rhetorical level, Georgia’s Europeanization is not perceived as a threat to the national identity.","PeriodicalId":37506,"journal":{"name":"Caucasus Survey","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135485678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Metro Girl: The Alliance of Art and Architecture in the Visual Aesthetics of the Modern Georgian City of the 1960s 都市女孩：20世纪60年代格鲁吉亚现代城市视觉美学中的艺术与建筑联盟
IF 1.1
Caucasus Survey Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.30965/23761202-bja10023
P. Manning
{"title":"Metro Girl: The Alliance of Art and Architecture in the Visual Aesthetics of the Modern Georgian City of the 1960s","authors":"P. Manning","doi":"10.30965/23761202-bja10023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/23761202-bja10023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article explores the way a new specifically Georgian post-Stalinist art form (cheduroba, metal engraving) that emerged in the 1960s became a commonly encountered emblematic feature of the equally new urban spaces of the rapidly changing modernist Tbilisi cityscape. This new, and yet seemingly old, art form, which frequently featured the face of a traditional Georgian girl, usually a Khevsur girl from the mountains, came to be a diagnostic part of the modern urban assemblage of Tbilisi in the 1960s. This traditional face from the Georgian past became a paradoxical figure for the alliance of art and architecture in the visual aesthetics of the modern Georgian city in the 1960s, and the art form became the stereotypical “face” of a specifically Georgian post-Stalinist “traditional-modernist” public urban art. This art form soon became diagnostic of modern Georgian urban spaces, like the Tbilisi metro, which also opened around the same time in the 1960s. The recurrent distribution of this face across newly-created modernist urban spaces together formed a Georgian version of “socialist modernism,” producing a visually-experienced “brand of socialism” for urban spaces, a procession of images traditional or national (in style or theme) in socialist modernist spaces connecting the traditional architecture of the city to the modernist architectural spaces of the new socialist city of the 1960s.","PeriodicalId":37506,"journal":{"name":"Caucasus Survey","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47674052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Turkey, the Karabakh Conflict and the Legacy of the Eastern Question 土耳其、卡拉巴赫冲突与东部问题的遗留问题
IF 1.1
Caucasus Survey Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.30965/23761202-bja10020
G. Yemelianova
{"title":"Turkey, the Karabakh Conflict and the Legacy of the Eastern Question","authors":"G. Yemelianova","doi":"10.30965/23761202-bja10020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/23761202-bja10020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article addresses the discursive, political and geopolitical evolution of the so-called Eastern Question by focusing on its Armenian dimension from the nineteenth century until the present. It examines major stages of the Question’s historical reconfiguration in terms of its key protagonists, beneficiaries and the ramifications for modern Turkey’s relations with Armenia and Azerbaijan. It contends that the legacy of the Eastern Question has continued to shape Turkey’s policy in the Caucasus in general and its positioning towards the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over Karabakh, in particular.","PeriodicalId":37506,"journal":{"name":"Caucasus Survey","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44626430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Interactive Peacemaking: A People-Centered Approach, written by Susan H. Allen 互动和平:以人为本的方法，Susan H. Allen著
IF 1.1
Caucasus Survey Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.30965/23761202-bja10016
A. Ohanyan
{"title":"Interactive Peacemaking: A People-Centered Approach, written by Susan H. Allen","authors":"A. Ohanyan","doi":"10.30965/23761202-bja10016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/23761202-bja10016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37506,"journal":{"name":"Caucasus Survey","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42162830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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