REACH最新文献

{"title":"A roadmap for incorporating space medicine into the strategic plans of the Saudi space commission","authors":"Bader H. Shirah,&nbsp;Yousef M. Al Talhi","doi":"10.1016/j.reach.2021.100039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reach.2021.100039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The establishment of the Saudi Space Commission in 2018 marked a breakthrough for Saudi Arabia, in which the nation expressed its capacity for space exploration. In this context, space medicine is a subspecialty of focus that aims to maintain human health and performance in the extreme environment of outer space based on scientific knowledge concerning the aerodynamic effects on the human body. The field is not widely common and is only now established in a few countries with advanced research capabilities in the field of space exploration. However, there is great potential in space medicine with a multitude of strong research opportunities. This advancing field may result in knowledge that far exceeds the currently known and well-investigated aspects of human health. Nevertheless, progress has been hindered by some challenges, including a limited number of institutions, human resources, and research funding. This article provides a roadmap for the creation, development, and improvement of space medicine in Saudi Arabia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37501,"journal":{"name":"REACH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.reach.2021.100039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41555572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for studying bone loss in microgravity","authors":"Roxanne Fournier,&nbsp;Rene E. Harrison","doi":"10.1016/j.reach.2020.100036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reach.2020.100036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Astronauts are prone to a condition known as disuse osteoporosis as the </span>microgravity environment negates the need for skeletal weight bearing. Recently, the development of new strategies to study </span>bone loss in microgravity has been advancing at a rapid pace. As a result, several emerging technologies have paved the way for new research into the cellular and physiological mechanisms involved in disuse osteoporosis. In this review, we discuss the most impactful and current methodologies and technologies for both </span><em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em><span><span> studies of bone loss in space and with simulators on Earth from the past decade. We cover research performed on the International Space Station, uncrewed satellites, head-down tilt bed rest, rodent hindlimb unloading, and 2D/3D clinorotation for cell culture which are all established methods to mechanically unload the </span>skeleton<span> and/or bone cells. We also summarize the experimental findings documenting the changes that occur following exposure to unloading on a macroscopic scale, such as morphometric<span><span> changes to the bone structure, and on the microscopic scale, such as effects on bone-forming osteoblasts, bone-resorbing </span>osteoclasts<span>, and mechanical stress-sensing osteocytes.</span></span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37501,"journal":{"name":"REACH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.reach.2020.100036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41452333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piloted space flight and post-genomic technologies","authors":"I.M. Larina ,&nbsp;L.Kh. Pastushkova ,&nbsp;A.S. Kononikhin ,&nbsp;E.N. Nikolaev ,&nbsp;O.I. Orlov","doi":"10.1016/j.reach.2020.100034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reach.2020.100034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Space flight is an aggregation of the most extreme conditions that can be faced by humans. At present, space crews live and work aboard orbital stations in low Earth's orbits; however, controlled missions to the Moon and Mars planned for the near future will necessitate an extended autonomous existence of crews in the outer space. Although humanity seeks to explore deep space, space flight factors still pose a serious barrier to long-range missions. It is widely known that spaceflight factors disturb homeostatic systems of organism and impact functioning of the majority of physiological systems. According to the current concept, all changes occurring in the physiological systems during space flight are reversible. However, recovery of some systems after exposure in microgravity can be longer than actual mission duration. Nowadays the leading space agencies initiate research programs focused on molecular mechanisms of the spaceflight effects on human organism. It is believed that proteome remodeling in microgravity will shed light on molecular mechanisms and, specifically, signaling networks involved in the adaptive response of organism to the spaceflight environment. However none of the existing post-genomic technologies is applicable onboard spacecraft because of dimensions and mass of instruments, liquid behavior in microgravity and power constraints. Purpose of the review was to systemize the available proteomic data on the effects of spaceflight factors on the human organism obtained after real space flights and in ground simulation experiments. New molecular data will contribute to new physiotherapeutic methods and drugs development preventing undesirable changes in crew health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37501,"journal":{"name":"REACH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.reach.2020.100034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45029555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circadian regulation of physiology: Relevance for space medicine","authors":"Rosario Astaburuaga ,&nbsp;Alireza Basti ,&nbsp;Yin Li ,&nbsp;David Herms ,&nbsp;Angela Relógio","doi":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The circadian clock is an endogenous time-generating system accountable for the synchrony between the internal and the geophysical time. In recent years, chronobiology research has demonstrated that the circadian regulation of numerous molecular and cellular processes leads to a temporal control of physiology and behaviour. These findings alert to the negative impact on health caused by a disrupted internal timing.</p><p>In this review we address the relation between atypical external factors in long-term space flights (or other extreme environments) and circadian clock misalignment, stressing the need of establishing preventive measures to minimize the effect on human health and performance. For this purpose, daily activities of astronauts (or humans living in extreme environments) could be planned according to the individual’s internal biological time, which can be achieved through the synergy between the molecular characterization of the circadian clock and computational predictive mathematical models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37501,"journal":{"name":"REACH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.reach.2019.100029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41547990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropeptide Y – Its role in human performance and extreme environments","authors":"Camilla Kienast,&nbsp;Hanns-Christian Gunga,&nbsp;Mathias Steinach","doi":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Neuropeptide tyrosine (neuropeptide Y or NPY) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the mammalian central nervous system and also widely distributed in the peripheral nervous system. Among the many mediators involved in important physiological and psychological systems, NPY in particular appears to be a multisignaling key peptide. The biological actions of NPY are vast and mediated via the Y₁, Y₂, Y₄, and Y₅ receptors, which are involved in both essential physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here, we discuss various roles of NPY in seven systems: a) regulation of energy homeostasis, b) thermoregulation, c) circadian system, d) sleep, e) nociception, f) emotional behavior, and g) the autonomic nervous system.</p><p>NPY regulates a) energy homeostasis with actions at different sites (central and peripheral), via different receptors in various neuronal tissues. Due to its prominent actions in the brain, including stimulating appetite, NPY function has gained importance. However, NPY is more than just an orexigenic peptide. Food intake and decrease in energy expenditure are exerted together by the Y₁ and Y₅ receptors. While the Y₄ receptor exerts anorexigenic effects, the Y₂ receptor has central anorexigenic and peripheral orexigenic properties. The involvement of NPY in b) thermoregulation remains unclear. Although it has been reported that cold exposure activates NPY. Increased or decreased thermogenesis has been observed as a result of NPY administration to different central sites. Central Y₁ and Y₅ receptors inhibit sympatho-adrenal transmitted thermogenesis in peripheral brown adipose tissue. NPY functions as a chemical messenger autonomous of the light-dark-cycle in the c) circadian rhythm and exerts similar phase-shifting effects to those of light. NPY leads to a shortened d) sleep onset and reduced REM latency, but its role in the circadian rhythm seems to be elusive and has not been established. NPY is implicated in e) pain perception and modulates nociception. It has been shown to cause both nociceptive and anti-nociceptive responses.</p><p>Moreover, Y receptors are thought to form heterodimers with those of galanin and glutamate to enhance their nociceptive modulatory effects. Especially the role of the Y₂ receptor within this system and all the other systems reveals opposite properties. The different effects of Y₂ receptors are dependent on their central or peripheral location.These opposing effects can be observed in other receptors as well and are likely explained by tissue-specific differences in receptor expression (number and distribution of receptors). Differences in cell type-specific second messenger coupling also play a role. Therefore, centrally located receptors can have a completely different function than peripherally located receptors. The regulation of f) emotional beh","PeriodicalId":37501,"journal":{"name":"REACH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.reach.2019.100032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45792781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The fascia: Continuum linking bone and myofascial bag for global and local body movement control on Earth and in Space. A scoping review","authors":"D. Blottner ,&nbsp;Y. Huang ,&nbsp;G. Trautmann ,&nbsp;L. Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The fascia receives more and more attention as functional component of the body in fundamental and applied human life sciences on Earth. As shaping element of the human body movement apparatus the fascia comprises a multicellular three dimensional layer of connective tissue components (collagens, fibrocytes/-blasts, extracellular matrix), more specialized fibroblast-derived cells (fascia-, telocytes), contracting myofibroblasts, mechano- and propriosensors, and nociceptors. Fascia is a multicellular/multicomponent biological material for human body structural and functional integration as well as serving as a sensation organ in terms of movement and performance adjustment, body awareness and control.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The present scoping review elaborates on structure, function and biomechanical properties (tone, stiffness, viscoelasticity) of fascia mainly selected from recent literature data in order to highlight the role of the loading-sensitive i.e. structural and biomechanical support mechanisms of this ensheathment structure that can influence shape, body motions and performance on Earth.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Superficial and deep fascia of skeletal musculature is a continuum structure thus linking muscle, tendon and bone to provide a unique tensional support system that stores about 20 percent of total muscle force production. First own studies on the normal healthy human body showed that equally to muscle and tendon fascia is susceptible to disuse conditions on Earth. Like muscle, fascia can be re-enforced by high-load physical exercise as countermeasure in laboratory set-ups (i.e. bed rest) on the ground. If and to what magnitude fascia structure and property are affected in microgravity is an open issue that warrants further investigations on fascial adaptation in real spaceflight.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Elucidation of the fascia conundrum in human performance requires improved assessment tool development for interdisciplinary investigations under normal conditions, in clinical rehabilitation on Earth, and following de-/reconditioning of astronaut́s performance in environmental and space medicine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37501,"journal":{"name":"REACH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.reach.2019.100030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48004610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anabolic signaling and response in sarcopenia as a model for microgravity induced muscle deconditioning: A systematic review","authors":"L.C. Rundfeldt,&nbsp;H.C. Gunga,&nbsp;M. Steinach","doi":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Muscle mass, sustained through buildup exceeding constant parallel breakdown, is mainly regulated through amino acid availability and mechanic stimulation and conveyed through the key mediator mTORC1. Sarcopenia, as age- and immobilization related loss of muscle mass, strength and function, may serve as an analog to muscle deconditioning in space travel. Optimal countermeasures to muscle deconditioning syndromes may be impacted by impaired anabolic response. This review assesses the pathophysiological contribution of anabolic resistance to muscle deconditioning, and its influence on adequate interventions applied in aging and immobilization as an analog for detrimental effects of space travel.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A systematic search of the MEDLINE database identified relevant publications. Selection criteria included clinical trials assessing markers of anabolic resistance in aged or disused muscle, as well as modulation of synthetic activity through adequate interventions.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Increased protein intake and resistance training, especially combined, show the greatest potential for counteracting sarcopenia as an analog for microgravity-induced muscle deconditioning. However, elderly display partly attenuated responses to anabolic stimulation, which is reflected in decreased synthetic activity and muscle mass gain or absence of beneficial effects at all. Amongst other targets and dysregulations in anabolic signaling, there is an emerging role of REDD1 as a downstream inhibitor of mTORC1.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Findings on anabolic resistance and underlying effectors, such as REDD1, are partly controversial regarding its exclusively inhibitory role. Further detailed investigation on the exact mechanisms, the extent of occurrence, and subsequent impact of anabolic resistance on therapeutic approaches in analogs for microgravity-induced muscle deconditioning is needed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37501,"journal":{"name":"REACH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.reach.2019.100025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49291054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commercial lunar propellant architecture: A collaborative study of lunar propellant production","authors":"David Kornuta ,&nbsp;Angel Abbud-Madrid ,&nbsp;Jared Atkinson ,&nbsp;Jonathan Barr ,&nbsp;Gary Barnhard ,&nbsp;Dallas Bienhoff ,&nbsp;Brad Blair ,&nbsp;Vanessa Clark ,&nbsp;Justin Cyrus ,&nbsp;Blair DeWitt ,&nbsp;Chris Dreyer ,&nbsp;Barry Finger ,&nbsp;Jonathan Goff ,&nbsp;Koki Ho ,&nbsp;Laura Kelsey ,&nbsp;Jim Keravala ,&nbsp;Bernard Kutter ,&nbsp;Philip Metzger ,&nbsp;Laura Montgomery ,&nbsp;Phillip Morrison ,&nbsp;Guangdong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aside<span>²</span><span> from Earth, the inner solar system is like a vast desert where water and other volatiles are scarce. An old saying is, “In the desert, gold is useless and water is priceless.” While water is common on Earth, it is of very high value in space. Science missions to the Moon<span> have provided direct evidence that regions near the lunar poles, which are permanently in shadow, contain substantial concentrations of water ice. On the lunar surface, water itself is critical for human consumption and radiation shielding, but water can also be decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen via electrolysis. The oxygen thus produced can be used for life support, and hydrogen and oxygen can be combusted for rocket propulsion. Due to the Moon’s shallow gravity well, its water-derived products can be exported to fuel entirely new economic opportunities in space.</span></span></p><p>This paper is the result of an examination by industry, government, and academic experts of the approach, challenges, and payoffs of a private business that harvests and processes lunar ice as the foundation of a lunar, cislunar (between the Earth and the Moon), and Earth-orbiting economy. A key assumption of this analysis is that all work—construction, operation, transport, maintenance and repair—is done by robotic systems. No human presence is required.</p><p>Obtaining more data on conditions within the shadowed regions is vital to the design of a lunar ice processing plant. How much water is actually present, and at what percentage in the lunar regolith? How firm or soft are the crater bottoms, and how will that affect surface transportation? How deep is the ice resource, and in what state is it deposited amongst the regolith? These and other questions must be answered by precursor prospecting and science missions.</p><p><span>A wide range of potential customers for the hydrogen and oxygen products has been identified. They can be used to fuel reusable landers going back and forth between the lunar surface and </span>lunar orbit. They can make travel to Mars less expensive if the interplanetary vehicle can be refueled in cislunar space prior to departure. Operations closer to Earth can also benefit from this new, inexpensive source of propellant. Refueling in Low Earth Orbit can greatly improve the size, type, and cost of missions to Geosynchronous Earth Orbit and beyond. This study has identified a near term annual demand of 450 metric tons of lunar derived propellant equating to 2450 metric tons of processed lunar water generating $2.4 billion of revenue annually.</p><p>Unlike terrestrial mining operations that utilize heavy machinery to move resources, the mass constraints of a lunar polar water mine are highly restrictive because of delivery cost. A revolutionary concept has been introduced that solves this issue. It has been discovered that instead of excavating, hauling, and processing, lightweight tents and/or heating augers can be used t","PeriodicalId":37501,"journal":{"name":"REACH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.reach.2019.100026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48470841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation and microgravity – Associated stress factors and carcinogensis","authors":"Maria Moreno-Villanueva ,&nbsp;Honglu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reach.2019.100027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Defects in signaling networks that regulate cellular activities, such as growth and survival can lead to cancer development. Space environment affects signal molecules and genes involve in DNA damage response, cell proliferation, cell metabolism, and cytoskeleton signaling among others. Reduced gravity and exposure to harmful radiation are the main stress factors encountered in space. While a potential risk of tumor initiation has been extensively investigated for space-radiation, research efforts on the effects of microgravity on cancer cells have focused mainly on tumor progression and migration. However, the space environment comprises both cosmic radiation and reduced gravity, and, therefore, potential additive or synergistic effects need to be considered. For instance, impaired DNA repair processes due to lack of gravity can compromise the cellular response to radiation, which in turn leads to accumulation of DNA damage and increase of the risk of tumor initiation and progression. In this review, recent research aiming at identifying the association between space radiation, microgravity or the combination of both with tumor development and the possible underlying cellular mechanisms is summarized. Furthermore, space-associated stress factors, such as psychological stress, sleep disturbances or the potential role of the immune system in tumor initiation and development in space are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37501,"journal":{"name":"REACH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.reach.2019.100027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42318002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microgravity: A paradigm to understand the stem cells behavior and function","authors":"Karanpal Singh ,&nbsp;Ashish Jain ,&nbsp;Veena Puri ,&nbsp;Sanjeev Puri","doi":"10.1016/j.reach.2018.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reach.2018.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The very thought of life on other planets has enticed the human minds to broaden horizon of his thoughts both out of shear curiosity, and to explore various life forms those may exist on these planets. While we look for these answers, human race is equally challenged at different levels by every space ventures that are being undertaken worldwide. Of these, the health and physiology is of prime importance, owing to potentially variable effects, the very stakeholder may experience at the helm of all explorations. Among many factors, the environment during space flight specifically due to the microgravity, astronauts experience many health difficulties. Understanding such health related issues necessitate knowing how does microgravity influence behavior of the functional unit of the human tissues, the cells. Present review focuses on analyzing the impact of microgravity on behavior of primitive cells types, the stem cells, present in almost all adult tissues providing much needed support against routine wear and tear of body by targeted differentiation. During space flights, it is believed that some of the cells are very sensitive to mechanical unloading which might be the potential cause of </span>health problems<span> faced by astronauts during and after space travel. To understand such intricacies and how stem cells are affected, the present review has been compiled to discuss the effects of microgravity on the stem cells and to understand pathophysiology associated during space travel.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37501,"journal":{"name":"REACH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.reach.2018.11.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43838946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}