Organic Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment","authors":"Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh, S. Rathilal","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84556","url":null,"abstract":"Coagulation is an essential mechanism that occurs in most conventional water and wastewater treatment plants. This occurs in a physical purification unit involving transport processes and the addition of coagulants for chemical reactions, charge neutralization, and formation of smaller flocs to agglomerate into larger flocs. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However, poor treatment of wastewater might have a high negative impact on biodiversity and the environment in general. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH, coagulant type and dosage to ease the high sludge production and discharge of residual metals into the downstream waters is addressed. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.","PeriodicalId":374968,"journal":{"name":"Organic Polymers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125461275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Methods in the Synthesis of (Meth)Acrylates","authors":"C. Soykan","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89767","url":null,"abstract":"Generally, the words “reactive polymers” and “functional polymers” mean the same thing and are used interchangeably in most studies and describe cross-linked (insoluble) bead-structured resins containing chemically reactive functional groups. In this way, reactive polymers are widely used as polymeric reagents or polymer supports in biochemical and chemical applications. Functional (meth) acrylates referred here to supply “functional esters” ruins as a general reactive group precursor. In other sense, the leaving (activating) groups of these monomers may easily react with the alcohols and amines carrying the desired reactive groups and therefore, in general, provide a single reaction step for the synthesis of reactive polymers. In this paper, we suggest new routes for a new (meth)acrylate-based monomers and polymers. Also, the synthesis of a serial new (meth)acrylate esters including amide, dioxolane, benzofuran, and chalcone groups is described.","PeriodicalId":374968,"journal":{"name":"Organic Polymers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130842269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process","authors":"Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, N. Zhu, Tao-Hsuan Yang","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.84468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84468","url":null,"abstract":"By introducing the heterogeneous nucleation concept to directed self-assembly of block copolymers, the ordering of dynamical process and defect pattern design in thin films of binary blend, AB diblock/C homopolymer (AB/C), are investigated by the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory and simulated by the cell dynamics simulations. The detailed annealing process of a few isolated defects occurring in AB/C blend under triangular and hexagonal confinements is presented, and it indicates that angle-matched confinement of triangular and hexagonal potential well is favorable conditions for generating defect-free ordered structures. Mean-while, we gave a model which composed of many double-spot potentials with controllable position and orientation to investigate the relationship between defect spacing and mismatched angle, and we found the relationship is similar to hard crystals. Additionally, as an example, the design of defect pattern of “ NXU ” for abbreviation of Ningxia University is proposed and tested. In this chapter, the feasibility of directed self-assembly of block copolymers based on the heterogeneous nucleation process is systematically confirmed.","PeriodicalId":374968,"journal":{"name":"Organic Polymers","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116616320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradable Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges","authors":"M. Rosseto, C. Rigueto, D. Krein, N. P. Balbé, L. A. Massuda, A. Dettmer","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88146","url":null,"abstract":"The overuse of polymer materials from fossil sources has generated a large volume of waste that causes environmental impacts due to the degradation time. The technological advance has stimulated the search for alternatives that can contribute to sustainability. In this context, the use of biodegradable polymers, that use raw materials from renewable sources stand out because they have that ability to form films and come from abundant sources. Also, in the expectation of optimizing the environmental benefits in this process, it is possible to value the agroindustrial residues, using them as raw material in the synthesis of the polymer, the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of these polymers are important to evaluate the possible applications. The proposal of this chapter is to present current research on renewable sources, including agricultural and industrial residues, to obtain biodegradable polymers, highlighting their properties and possibilities of application. Evaluation of the effects of the silicone liquid rubber to formulations of chitosan and alginate membranes both with and without silver-containing antimicrobial agent, to improve the overall mechanical properties of the dressings. It found that membranes containing the silicone rubber had a more homogeneous appearance and adequate flexibility and adhesiveness, increasing in tensile strength, both with and without the antimicrobial agent. In addition, the membranes without the antimicrobial agent resulted in a decrease in absorption of all physiological solutions tested. Development chitosan/gelatin composite films embedded with various amounts of wool nanoparticles. In conclusion, it was found that incorporation of wool nanoparticles into chitosan/gelatin composite led to a reduction in swelling, moisture content, dissolution degree and degradation rate of the films. However, tensile strength and elongation at break decreased upon loading the films with wool nanoparticles. films the biodegradable synthetic polymer poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), concluding that the incorporation of saturated fatty acids until 12 carbon atoms reduces the permeability to water vapor and improves the mechanical properties of films made of starch, glycerol, and PBAT produced by extrusion, contributing to the formation of a cohesive and homogeneous polymer matrix. plasticizer sorbitol maltitol plasticize polyol","PeriodicalId":374968,"journal":{"name":"Organic Polymers","volume":"64 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132753743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lignin as Sustainable Antimicrobial Fillers to Develop PET Multifilaments by Melting Process","authors":"J. Minet, A. Cayla, C. Campagne","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86634","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, textiles functionalization is developing increasingly, fabrics are not only defined by the intrinsic properties of the fiber but some properties are also brought to provide them added value. Among the desired properties, antibacterial activity is targeted to improve the comfort and durability of textiles but many commercial products use chemical substances which are harmful for the environment (regulation 528/2012). The goal of this study was to use bio-based biocide which can be incorporated in the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by melt spinning for the development of functional PET. This biocide had to resist to the PET processing temperature up to 264°C which was the maximum temperature of implementation. Two kinds of Kraft lignin and titanium dioxide as reference were added by melting way. The antimicrobial activity was characterized at low concentration (1 and 2 wt.%), to avoid a significant decrease in mechanical strength for the multifilaments and to maintain optimal rheological properties of the polymer for the melt spinning process. Filled PET pellets were obtained by twin screw extrusion step and the multifilaments by melt spinning step. Finally, knitting structures were developed for the evaluation of the antibacterial activity. The mechanical (tensile test) and thermal (DSC and TGA) properties of the filaments were characterized.","PeriodicalId":374968,"journal":{"name":"Organic Polymers","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126655986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Evaluation of the Properties of Natural Rubber Latex and Its Products Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy","authors":"P. Sirisomboon, C. H. Lim","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84549","url":null,"abstract":"The parameters including physico-chemical properties such as dry rubber content (DRC), total solids content (TSC), volatile fatty acid (VFA) number, alkalinity (ammonia content) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) number and physical properties such as viscosity and cross-link density are important to the trading and processing of natural rubber latex and its products. Traditionally these properties of field and concentrated latices and their products including thin and thick films are evaluated with chemicals and time-consuming methods and with the need of technical experts. The near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a nondestructive, rapid, accurate and environment-friendly technique. It needs no chemical. This chapter describes the application of NIR spectroscopy on evaluation of the properties of natural rubber latex and its products. latex The PLSR models were developed using original and pretreated absorbance spectra. The model developed from smoothing and range normalization pretreated spectra in the wavelength range of 700–950 nm the best prediction accuracy for DRC, and the models using raw spectra in the same wavelength range gave the best results for TSC. The slope, offset, r 2 , SEP and bias were 1.0154, − 0.6286, 0.992, 1.1092 and 0.0321%, respectively, for the DRC prediction and 1.0084, − 0.2332, 0.991, 1.3611 and 0.1456%, respectively, for the TSC prediction. The best models were validated using new unknown sample sets of 50 and 35 samples for DRC and TSC, respectively. The models provided an r 2 , SEP, RPD and bias of 0.988 and 0.974, of 1.4296 and 2.1255, of 10.0 and 6.2 and of − 0.6191 and 0.5476% for DRC and TSC, respectively. This work showed that the SW-NIR spectroscopy in the evaluation TSC for quality assurance process control latex the factory","PeriodicalId":374968,"journal":{"name":"Organic Polymers","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125699477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electron Donor-Acceptor Organic Polymers by “Click” Type Cycloaddition/Retroelectrocyclization Reaction","authors":"Wenyi Huang","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85775","url":null,"abstract":"The “click” type cycloaddition/retroelectrocyclization reaction is an intriguing approach for synthesizing electron donor-acceptor organic polymers. This chapter covers the fundamental reaction mechanism and the basic principles of applying this reaction to the synthesis of organic polymers via postfunctionalization or step-growth polymerization. The electron donor-acceptor moieties can be incorporated into the main-chain and/or side-chain of both conjugated and nonconjugated polymers. These polymers feature attractive properties including intramolecular charge-transfer bands, nonlinear optical properties, redox activities, third-order nonlinear optical properties, and enhanced thermal stability. Because of this, these polymers have found a variety of applications such as colorimetric chemosensors of metal ions, nonlinear optics, and solar cells. This novel “click” chemistry paves a unique path toward the synthesis of next-generation functional materials that cannot be accomplished by the incumbent synthetic methods. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of N,N-didodecyl-4-[(4-vinylphenyl)ethynyl]aniline was conducted with bromine-terminated polystyrene to synthesize block copolymers composed of unsubstituted polystyrene and electron-rich alkyne functionalized polystyrene segments. These block copolymers were then reacted with TCNE to introduce electron donor-acceptor chromophores into the side chains of polymers to produce TCNE-adducted polymers ( P29 ). P29 exhibited intense charge-transfer bands, well-defined redox activities, and good thermal stability. In addition, polymer thin films based on P29 were prepared by spin coating on a glass slide. The second harmonic genera-tion (SHG) of these thin films was measured before and after electric poling. The results showed that the SHG coefficient (d 33 ) of the poled thin film was as high as 3.0 pm/V [70].","PeriodicalId":374968,"journal":{"name":"Organic Polymers","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116753861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}