Zaloa Fernández, I. Val, M. Mendicute, E. Uhlemann
{"title":"Analysis and Evaluation of Self-Organizing TDMA for Industrial Applications","authors":"Zaloa Fernández, I. Val, M. Mendicute, E. Uhlemann","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2019.8758039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2019.8758039","url":null,"abstract":"With the Industry 4.0 revolution, the inclusion of wireless communications with real-time requirements has been gaining popularity in industrial applications. As existing wireless technologies do not fully satisfy the stringent requirements of the most critical industrial applications, wired, centralized networks are often used. However, when the application requires mobility, there is no other way than to use wireless communications. Further, in applications where the topology changes dynamically and a large number of devices are mobile, centralized protocols are less suitable. Unfortunately, most decentralized medium access protocols are not predictable, and thereby not able to fulfil the real-time requirements. To address these challenges, in this paper Self-Organizing Time Division Multiple Access (STDMA) is analysed to assess its suitability for use in industrial applications. The analysis has been carried out through simulations under a multipath dispersed time-variant industrial channel while subject to a variable Doppler shift. To this end, several metrics such as channel access delay, slot occupation distribution (SOD), packet losses and packet inter-arrival time (PIAT) have been evaluated, using OMNeT++ in combination with the VEINS framework.","PeriodicalId":373657,"journal":{"name":"2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127812183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Bosi, Antonio Corradi, L. Foschini, S. Monti, Lorenzo Patera, Luca Poli, M. Solimando
{"title":"Cloud-enabled Smart Data Collection in Shop Floor Environments for Industry 4.0","authors":"F. Bosi, Antonio Corradi, L. Foschini, S. Monti, Lorenzo Patera, Luca Poli, M. Solimando","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2019.8757952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2019.8757952","url":null,"abstract":"Industry 4.0 transition is producing a remarkable change in the Smart Factories management. Modern companies can provide new services following products inside the shop floors along the entire production chain. To achieve the goal of servitization that the Industry 4.0 world requires, a modernization of current production chains is needed. This common demand comes mostly from manufacturing sector, where complex work machines collaborate with human workers. The data produced by the machines must be processed quickly, to allow the implementation of reactive services such as predictive maintenance, and remote control, always taking care of the safety of nearby people. This paper proposes a multi-layer architecture to monitor legacy production machines during their operations inside customers plants. The platform provides near real-time delivery of data collected from the machines with a high grade of customization according to customer needs. The performed tests show the scalability of the platform for a productive ecosystem with many machines at work, confirming its feasibility within different production facilities with different needs.","PeriodicalId":373657,"journal":{"name":"2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"357 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114657599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comparative Study on Virtual Private Networks for Future Industrial Communication Systems","authors":"Tim Lackorzynski, S. Köpsell, T. Strufe","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2019.8758010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2019.8758010","url":null,"abstract":"The future industrial networks will not be created from scratch. Rather, they will grow from existing installations without displacing legacy components. The secure integration of these legacy machines and networks will become an important building block in order to realize the vision of Industry 4.0. Secure and high performance virtual private networks (VPNs) will be necessary for that purpose.Therefore, we investigated and compared various VPN solutions. Their performance was tested on multiple hardware platforms ranging from very resource constrained to very powerful. Non-functional aspects, relating around security, manageability and ease of use, were discussed in order to assess their suitability for future use cases.We arrive at clear recommendations on which software VPN solutions to choose for future industrial setups.","PeriodicalId":373657,"journal":{"name":"2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128452440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic User Authentication Protocol for Industrial IoT without Timestamping","authors":"M. Eldefrawy, Nico Ferrari, M. Gidlund","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2019.8757984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2019.8757984","url":null,"abstract":"Internet of Things (IoT) technology has drawn the attention of the industry, where it has been able to, and still can, solve many industrial intractable issues. However, the emerging technology suffers from severe security shortcomings. Authentication is a cornerstone of IoT security, as it presents the measures of checking the legitimacy of communication entities. The Industrial IoT (IIoT) technology has special conditions, resulting from a lack of resources and a shortage of security skills. As far as we can tell, from the literature, IIoT user authentication has not been studied extensively. In 2017 Tai et al. presented an authenticated key agreement for IoT networks. Here we prove that Tai et al. scheme is susceptible to sever security weaknesses, such as; i. unknown key share attacks, ii. node capturing attacks, iii node information secrecy. In this research article, we offer an innovative IIoT user authentication protocol that can achieve secure remote user authentication without timestamping requiring precise synchronization, our protocol only needs Hashing and Xor-ing. We examine the efficiency of the presented protocol using Tmote Sky node over an MSP430 microcontroller using a COOJA simulator. we also show its correctness using the Scyther verification tool.","PeriodicalId":373657,"journal":{"name":"2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129976629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcelo V. García, A. Armentia, F. Pérez, M. Marcos
{"title":"An Approach of Load Balancers for Low-cost CPPSs in Software-defined Networking Architecture","authors":"Marcelo V. García, A. Armentia, F. Pérez, M. Marcos","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2019.8758041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2019.8758041","url":null,"abstract":"Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) will improve the flexibility of the future production systems in the newest smart factories. In advanced manufacturing industries, a large number of machines, goods, control systems, and information systems will be interconnected. For this reason, it is necessary to implement load balancing technologies that improve responsiveness and increase the availability of applications, particularly when low-cost devices are used. This paper presents a novel architecture approach for load balancing using Software-Defined Networking (SDN). The proposal is based on IEC-61499 standard over OPC UA in industrial communications, and it is aimed at optimizing resources, maximizing throughput, minimizing response time, and avoiding overload in low-cost devices.","PeriodicalId":373657,"journal":{"name":"2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126201260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Suitability of Communication Technologies for Harvester-Powered IoT-Nodes","authors":"Silvia Krug, S. Bader, B. Oelmann, M. O’nils","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2019.8758042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2019.8758042","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things introduces Internet connectivity to things and objects in the physical world and thus enables them to communicate with other nodes via the Internet directly. This enables new applications that for example allow seamless process monitoring and control in industrial environments. One core requirement is that the nodes involved in the network have a long system lifetime, despite limited access to the power grid and potentially difficult propagation conditions. Energy harvesting can provide the required energy for this long lifetime if the node is able to send the data based on the available energy budget. In this paper, we therefore analyze and evaluate which common IoT communication technologies are suitable for nodes powered by energy harvesters. The comparison includes three different constraints from different energy sources and harvesting technologies besides several communication technologies. Besides identifying possible technologies in general, we evaluate the impact of duty-cycling and different data sizes. The results in this paper give a road map for combining energy harvesting technology with IoT communication technology to design industrial sensor nodes.","PeriodicalId":373657,"journal":{"name":"2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126584417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Panda, Mainak Majumder, Marco Ehrlich, Arne Neumann, Lukasz Wisniewski, J. Jasperneite
{"title":"Topology Detection as a Base for Efficient Management of Heterogeneous Industrial Network Systems Using Software-Defined Networking","authors":"S. Panda, Mainak Majumder, Marco Ehrlich, Arne Neumann, Lukasz Wisniewski, J. Jasperneite","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2019.8757933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2019.8757933","url":null,"abstract":"Network connectivity in the current industrial sector is becoming more and more complex with the widespread adoption of diverse technologies to fulfill technical requirements. A complete overview of the network is not readily available and often not up-to-date due to the complex topology and heterogeneity in multi-vendor networks. Constraints like these make the management of devices in such networks difficult and troublesome. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging network paradigm which decouples the control and data plane and provides a centralized logical controller for management of network operation by introducing the ability to program the network. However, the inclusion of all the information still remains a burden due to the heterogeneous nature of the network. This paper analyzes existing methods in order to obtain actual and detailed topology information of the network system and also analyzes the potential of SDN for legacy devices.","PeriodicalId":373657,"journal":{"name":"2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126402964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards End-to-End Latency of LoRaWAN: Experimental Analysis and IIoT Applicability","authors":"Albert Pötsch, F. Hammer","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2019.8758033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2019.8758033","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the components that contribute to the effective end-to-end latency of unconfirmed LoRaWAN class A data transmission are identified and measurements of two typical real-world LoRaWAN scenarios with different types of backhaul connection to the network and application server, namely localhost and an intermediate UMTS cellular network are presented. The paper introduces the instrumentation for the analysis of end-to-end latency seen by the end-user application. For two specific network scenarios performance evaluations with regard to latency using different parametrization of spreading factor and payload size are carried out. The analysis shows that LoRaWAN may be applicable for selected Industrial IoT use cases where lower Spreading Factors (SF) are adequate, resulting in an achievable end-to-end delay of below 400 ms. For long distance transmission up to 15km requiring a high SF, the end-to-end latency is well above one second and far beyond real-time availability of sensor data.","PeriodicalId":373657,"journal":{"name":"2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123822986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Applying OPC-UA for Factory-Wide Industrial Assistance Systems","authors":"Bjorn Barig, Kaja Balzereit, T. Hutschenreuther","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2019.8757868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2019.8757868","url":null,"abstract":"Condition monitoring of machines is a building block for efficient production chains. However, monitoring of a single machine does not cover complex faults that occur due to the interactions of different machines in the production chain. To identify these problems, possible causes and the actual defect location within the value chain, is a complex process. Assistance systems solve this by applying artificial intelligence to learn the system behaviour and provide detailed diagnostics and fault predictions covering the complete factory/plant. We aim for an Industry 4.0 compliant system. To achieve that, we use OPC UA to cover the communication between all parts of the assistance system and each assistance system carries an asset administration shell to share information within the network. In this paper, contrary to our previous work, we focus on the communication aspects required to integrate the assistance systems into the corresponding Industry 4.0 environment [1]. Besides that, we discuss options and challenges to extend our approach towards a system with multiple assistance systems in parallel to cover whole factories.","PeriodicalId":373657,"journal":{"name":"2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"13 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132870968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Kobzan, Sascha Heymann, S. Schriegel, J. Jasperneite
{"title":"Utilizing SDN Infrastructure to provide Smart Services from the Factory to the Cloud","authors":"Thomas Kobzan, Sascha Heymann, S. Schriegel, J. Jasperneite","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2019.8757935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2019.8757935","url":null,"abstract":"Smart Factory Web is an interconnection of factories all over the globe with the goal to form an easy-to-use manufacturing platform. To handle heterogeneous and changing demands of the participating users, the factory has not only to flexibilize its production assets but its network in regards to management and configuration as well. This contribution provides an insight into how this can be achieved by utilizing Software-defined networking for the concrete use case Smart Factory Web. An architecture proposal is given extending the current design of a factory which participates at Smart Factory Web. This proposal is furthermore discussed leading to a step-by-step process how a factory can transform its current traditional network infrastructure to a more flexible SDN based one.","PeriodicalId":373657,"journal":{"name":"2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134054550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}