IF 0.9 4区社会学

社会 Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20957457

Qinzhi Jiang

{"title":"Civil and Military Examination participation of the Que lineage in Shicang village in the Qing Dynasty","authors":"Qinzhi Jiang","doi":"10.1177/2057150X20957457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X20957457","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on social stratification and mobility in Imperial China reveals that the academic tracking system was one important source of educational inequality. The Imperial Examinations system in Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty China was a dual-track structure formed of Civil (wen) and Military (wu) Examinations. Earlier scholars have focused on the provincial and national levels of the system, paying little attention to the lowest, county-level shengyuan examination, the starting point of the wen and wu system. This study looks into the Account Books for Imperial Examination participation in Qing Dynasty Shicang, Songyang County, Zhejiang Province, focusing particularly on examination records of the Que lineage. After making a fortune in the iron-smelting business, the Ques first purchased an Imperial Academy studentship (jiansheng), then later married into local gentry families and began to participate in the Imperial Examinations. The Taiping Rebellion (1851–1865) brought a high mortality rate to the region, which increased the chances of success in the Imperial wu-track, the Military Examination. The Ques made use of this opportunity to participate in both the Civil and Military Examinations. This paper compares two common motivations for taking the examinations—protection of family wealth and status, and pursuit of the highest degree. This study shows that each motivation had a different outcome. Those only interested in safeguarding and enhancing family wealth were able to maintain a balance between pursuit of their degree and the family business, while those aiming at the highest degrees often fell into the trap of repeated attempts and eventual bankruptcy. The dominance of the first motivation among ordinary Chinese demonstrates the self-adjustment of local society to the Imperial Examination tracking system.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"6 1","pages":"547 - 570"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2057150X20957457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45939819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An achievement test for Chinese preschool children: Validity and social correlates 中国学龄前儿童成就测验:效度与社会相关

IF 0.9 4区社会学

社会 Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20950507

W. J. Yeung, Xue-bin Chen, X. Ding, M. Cheung

{"title":"An achievement test for Chinese preschool children: Validity and social correlates","authors":"W. J. Yeung, Xue-bin Chen, X. Ding, M. Cheung","doi":"10.1177/2057150X20950507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X20950507","url":null,"abstract":"Early childhood is a crucial period for human development that has long-term implications for one’s life trajectories. During the years before formal schooling, brain size and structures, as well as cognitive abilities, undergo rapid development. Children’s cognitive abilities develop by leaps and bounds and show great malleability. Cognitive development during early childhood exerts a long-lasting influence on children’s life chances in adulthood. In China, however, there is no established reliable early childhood achievement test that can be used in a study. This study validates an achievement test for Chinese preschoolers. We analyze data from a nationally representative sample of children aged three to six who participated in the Zhang-Yeung Test of Achievement for Chinese Children (ZY-TACC) in 2012. The instrument consists of a 28-item verbal test and a 24-item numeracy test. Our evaluations indicate a satisfactory level of difficulty, as well as high internal consistency and reliability. This instrument exhibits ample ability to distinguish among children of different ages and varying family backgrounds in ways consistent with previous literature. Children’s test scores are also found to correlate in the expected direction with their behavioral indicators. We demonstrate that the ZY-TACC is a psychometrically robust, culturally and contextually appropriate instrument for assessing Chinese preschool children’s achievement. The instrument can make a significant contribution to research on early childhood development in China.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"6 1","pages":"497 - 520"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2057150X20950507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47266453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The formation of ‘gong-yi’ in modern China: A philological perspective 从文献学角度看中国近代“巩义”的形成

IF 0.9 4区社会学

社会 Pub Date : 2020-09-20 DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20956835

Huanyu Wu

{"title":"The formation of ‘gong-yi’ in modern China: A philological perspective","authors":"Huanyu Wu","doi":"10.1177/2057150X20956835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X20956835","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese term ‘gong-yi’ (公益), which is usually translated as ‘philanthropy’ or ‘public interest’ in English, has long been regarded as a new modern concept which originated from Japan in the early 20th century. This study, however, finds that it appeared in China no later than the middle of the Qing Dynasty. At that time, its usage had three major meanings: economic benefits; national interests; and local public affairs. The ‘national interest’ meaning of the term was most likely introduced into Japan and was brought back into China in the late 19th century along with the new thinking of the Meiji Restoration. ‘Gong-yi’, with its newly coined meaning, was used as an ideological term to express ideas about reformation in early 20th century China. It was in this capacity that the Chinese ‘gong-yi’ was swiftly popularized and often referred to the reformation as national interest. At the same time, the denotation of ‘gong-yi’ was sometimes ambiguous, wavering between ‘the nation’ and ‘the local’. It reflected the volatile conflict between the state and the local over legitimate control of ‘public’ resources in a transitional period. In my view, the question of to what extent this interlock between the emergence of modern ‘gong-yi’ and the nation’s modern transition might have shaped the historical formation of Chinese citizenship yields insights for the investigation of the nature of Chinese philanthropy and its essence in the public spirit.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"6 1","pages":"571 - 614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2057150X20956835","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49596976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Self-preservation and sociology’s modern moral personality: Dual structure in Durkheim’s Suicide 自我保护与社会学的现代道德人格:迪尔凯姆《自杀》的双重结构

IF 0.9 4区社会学

社会 Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20932718

Feiyu Sun

{"title":"Self-preservation and sociology’s modern moral personality: Dual structure in Durkheim’s Suicide","authors":"Feiyu Sun","doi":"10.1177/2057150X20932718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X20932718","url":null,"abstract":"According to Durkheim, suicide means a conscious choice of death. The only opposite of death is being, and there is no middle ground in between. Therefore, when Durkheim discusses suicide, he certainly touches on the issue of living, or a choice of self-preservation, in a cryptical way, as well. This veiled discussion has been unacknowledged by Chinese mainland sociology because the widely adopted Chinese version of Durkheim’s Suicide loses most of the textual evidence of this clue in its translation. This paper offers a textual analysis of Durkheim’s Suicide based on that textual evidence. Durkheim treats different types of suicide as extreme forms of different types of morals, and, in many places, he asks under what kind of moral condition one can achieve self-preservation. This paper argues that there is an inner connection between Durkheim’s definitions of three types of suicide and his definition of sociology. As a social scientist who studies morality, he sees sociology as the expression of a particular modern morality, the same kind of moral condition that he calls for in his book. This paper shows that for Durkheim, this moral entity signifies for self-preservation both for the modern individual and for sociology.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"6 1","pages":"427 - 456"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2057150X20932718","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47938319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The only-child premium and moderation by social origin: Educational stratification in post-reform China 独生子女溢价与社会出身的调节——改革后中国的教育分层

IF 0.9 4区社会学

社会 Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20934066

Haowen Zheng

引用次数: 0

Confronting puzzles in understanding Chinese family change: A personal reflection 理解中国家庭变迁的困惑：个人反思

IF 0.9 4区社会学

社会 Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20941363

M. Whyte

{"title":"Confronting puzzles in understanding Chinese family change: A personal reflection","authors":"M. Whyte","doi":"10.1177/2057150X20941363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X20941363","url":null,"abstract":"I present an overview of selected findings from four major research projects I conducted earlier in my career that were designed to describe and explain the patterns of continuity and change in family patterns in the People’s Republic of China: an examination of rural family patterns carried out through refugee interviewing in Hong Kong in 1972–1974; a parallel examination of urban family patterns carried out through Hong Kong refugee interviews in 1977–1978; an examination of the transformation from arranged to free-choice marriages conducted through a survey in Chengdu, Sichuan, in 1987; and an examination of patterns of intergenerational relationships carried out through a 1994 survey in Baoding, Hebei. The latter two projects included comparisons with the findings of earlier surveys of family behavior in urban Taiwan. Each project yielded findings that did not fit prevailing theories of family change, and in my efforts to explain puzzling findings, I ended up emphasizing the impact on families of the specific local institutions produced by China’s socialist transformation in the 1950s. Even though many of these institutional arrangements have been altered in the reform era, I argue that in certain realms of family life, the impact of pre-reform decades can still be seen in family patterns in recent times.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"6 1","pages":"339 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2057150X20941363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45720042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Case studies towards the analysis of total social construction 个案研究，以分析整体社会建构

IF 0.9 4区社会学

社会 Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20942969

Jingdong Qu

{"title":"Case studies towards the analysis of total social construction","authors":"Jingdong Qu","doi":"10.1177/2057150X20942969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X20942969","url":null,"abstract":"Case study is an irreplaceable sociological strategy for research on social construction. Different from either hypothesis tests or descriptive accounts of social life, case study aims to make a long chain of interpretations from a typical case to the construction of the whole society, by linkages of concrete people, conditions, and situations in a case with other related social, political, and cultural elements all the way through. In other words, the case is not only influenced by the policies made by central or local governments at different levels, but also located in grassroots customs and mores at the bottom. To find these multiple relations horizontally and vertically clustered in a case study, various methods of -graphy must be used, such as geography, cartography, demography, historiography, biography, autobiography, lexicography, and, finally, ethnography. At the same time, however, all these elements and their relations should be activated by eventalization having happened in daily life. Through the types of stimulation of abnormal processes or sublimation of normal rituals in eventalization, the complicated, correlative, and sustainable relationships among social elements are presented as many social mechanisms in different dimensions. On all accounts, the whole scene of society will be opened out as a solid structure by the various points (events), lines (linkages), and plane (mechanism) in three dimensions. As Max Weber said, ‘The causal relations in sociological research would be satisfied as a special explanatory demonstration’.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"6 1","pages":"457 - 493"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2057150X20942969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43882490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Rural–urban migration and childrearing values of rural migrants in contemporary China 当代中国农民工的城乡迁移与子女养育价值

IF 0.9 4区社会学

社会 Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20929480

Yuling Wu, Hongan Xiao

引用次数: 2

The measure of Chinese religions: Denomination-based or deity-based? 中国宗教的衡量:教派本位还是神本位?

IF 0.9 4区社会学

社会 Pub Date : 2020-05-28 DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20925312

Chunni Zhang, Yunfeng Lu

{"title":"The measure of Chinese religions: Denomination-based or deity-based?","authors":"Chunni Zhang, Yunfeng Lu","doi":"10.1177/2057150X20925312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X20925312","url":null,"abstract":"In the past two decades, scholars have devoted much attention to the measure of Chinese religions, mainly using the scheme based on denominational affiliation, which is the most common approach to religious classification in western societies. However, the denomination-based scheme cannot capture the actual religious life of China. We point out four challenges this scheme encounters in survey research in China: the foreignness of the Chinese term ‘religion’ (Zongjiao); the misconception of denominational affiliation; the inapplicability of compulsory, one-single-choice religion; and the social or political sensitivity of specific religions, especially Protestantism. After critiquing the traditional scheme used to measure Chinese religions, we offer a new approach that addresses its shortcomings. Our revised approach attempts to research belief without using the term ‘religion’, focuses on belief in deities rather than on denominational affiliation, and allows multiple answers to the question about religious beliefs. In order to compare the denomination-based scheme with the deity-based scheme, we conducted experiments in the three waves of the China Family Panel Studies in 2012, 2014, and 2016. Our results show that the deity-based scheme yields more meaningful interpretations and more accuracy in religious classification than the denomination-based scheme in China. This article ends with some suggestions for improving the measurement of Chinese religion in future survey research studies.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"6 1","pages":"410 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2057150X20925312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43133603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Gender differences in educational outcomes and the effect of family background: A comparative perspective from East Asia 教育成果中的性别差异和家庭背景的影响：东亚的比较视角

IF 0.9 4区社会学

社会 Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20912581

Hideo Akabayashi, Kayo Nozaki, S. Yukawa, Wangyang Li

引用次数: 12

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