Primate Biology最新文献

{"title":"Fur-rubbing with <i>Piper</i> leaves in the San Martín titi monkey, <i>Callicebus oenanthe</i>.","authors":"Rosario Huashuayo-Llamocca,&nbsp;Eckhard W Heymann","doi":"10.5194/pb-4-127-2017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-127-2017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report observations on fur-rubbing with leaves from <i>Piper aduncum</i> by a San Martín titi monkey, <i>Callicebus oenanthe</i>. Fur-rubbing occurred during the transition from the dry to the rainy season in a titi monkey group living in a forest fragment in the Moyobamba region of Peru. Since <i>Piper</i> leaves include very potent compounds that may affect ectoparasites, we tentatively interpret the observed fur-rubbing as self-medication.</p>","PeriodicalId":37245,"journal":{"name":"Primate Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"127-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37688220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous endometriosis in rhesus macaques: evidence for a genetic association with specific <i>Mamu-A1</i> alleles.","authors":"Ivanela Kondova,&nbsp;Gerco Braskamp,&nbsp;Peter J Heidt,&nbsp;Wim Collignon,&nbsp;Tom Haaksma,&nbsp;Nanine de Groot,&nbsp;Nel Otting,&nbsp;Gaby Doxiadis,&nbsp;Susan V Westmoreland,&nbsp;Eric J Vallender,&nbsp;Ronald E Bontrop","doi":"10.5194/pb-4-117-2017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-117-2017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endometriosis is a poorly understood common debilitating women's reproductive disorder resulting from proliferative and ectopic endometrial tissue associated with variable clinical symptoms including dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual periods), dyspareunia (pain on intercourse), female infertility, and an increased risk of malignant transformation. The rhesus macaque (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) develops a spontaneous endometriosis that is very similar to that seen in women. We hypothesized that specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. As part of a collaboration between the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC) in the Netherlands and the New England Primate Research Center (NEPRC) in the United States, we analyzed DNA sequences of MHC class I (<i>Macaca mulatta, Mamu-A1</i>) and class II (<i>Mamu-DRB</i>) alleles from rhesus macaques with endometriosis and compared the allele frequencies with those of age-matched healthy macaques. We demonstrate that two MHC class I alleles are overrepresented in diseased macaques compared to controls: <i>Mamu-A1*001</i>, 33.3 % in BPRC animals with endometriosis vs. 11.6 % in healthy macaques ( <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo></mrow> </math>  0.007), and <i>Mamu-A1*007</i>, 21.9 % NEPRC rhesus macaques vs. 6.7 %, ( <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo></mrow> </math>  0.003). We provide evidence that select MHC class I alleles are associated with endometriosis in rhesus macaques and suggest that the disease pathogenesis contribution of MHC class I warrants further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":37245,"journal":{"name":"Primate Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"117-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37688292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting a quarter of a century of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-associated cardiovascular diseases at the German Primate Center.","authors":"Matthias Mietsch,&nbsp;Ulrike Sauermann,&nbsp;Kerstin Mätz-Rensing,&nbsp;Antonina Klippert,&nbsp;Maria Daskalaki,&nbsp;Nicole Stolte-Leeb,&nbsp;Christiane Stahl-Hennig","doi":"10.5194/pb-4-107-2017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-107-2017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) comorbidities have become clinically more important due to antiretroviral therapy. Although therapy increases life expectancy, it does not completely suppress immune activation and its associated complications. The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) represents a valuable model for the investigation of SIV-associated diseases. Although cardiovascular (CV) changes are common in HIV-infected patients, there are only a few reports on the incidence of CV findings in SIV-infected animals. In addition, potential associations between pathohistological findings and hematological parameters are still unclear. We therefore conducted a retrospective analysis of 195 SIV-infected rhesus macaques that were euthanized with AIDS-related symptoms at the German Primate Center, Goettingen, over a 25-year period. Pathological findings were correlated with hematological data. The main findings included myocarditis (12.8 %), endocarditis (9.7 %), and arteriopathy (10.3 %) in various organs. Thrombocytopenia occurred more frequently in macaques with endocarditis or arteriopathy than in macaques without CV disease (80 % in animals with endocarditis, 60 % in animals with arteriopathy, <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.0001</mn></mrow> </math> and <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.0016</mn></mrow> </math> , respectively). Further investigations of the interaction between coagulation markers, proinflammatory cytokines, and biomarkers associated with endothelial dysfunction (e.g., D-dimers) and histological data (vascular wall structure) may unravel the mechanisms underlying HIV/SIV-associated CV comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":37245,"journal":{"name":"Primate Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"107-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041533/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37688291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olive baboons' (<i>Papio anubis</i>) response towards crowned eagles (<i>Stephanoaetus coronatus</i>) at Lake Manyara National Park.","authors":"Filipa M D Paciência, Deusdedith Baluya, Pay Mbaryo, Sascha Knauf, Dietmar Zinner","doi":"10.5194/pb-4-101-2017","DOIUrl":"10.5194/pb-4-101-2017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper we report on two encounters between olive baboons (<i>Papio anubis</i>) and crowned eagles (<i>Stephanoaetus coronatus</i>) at Lake Manyara National Park, northern Tanzania. During these encounters olive baboons responded by giving alarm calls and all infants and juveniles rushed down from trees seeking cover under bushes or close proximity to adult conspecifics. In one of the events, alarm calls from banded mongoose (<i>Mungos mungo</i>) and rock hyraxes (<i>Procavia capensis</i>) most likely triggered alarm calling of vervet monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus pygerythrus</i>) which in turn prompted baboons to respond with alarm calls as well. In both observations, adult male baboons took the lead in climbing trees, threatening the eagle (staring, yawning, ground slapping) and chasing it away. The reaction of the baboons suggests that crowned eagles pose a threat at least for juvenile baboons at Lake Manyara National Park.</p>","PeriodicalId":37245,"journal":{"name":"Primate Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"101-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37688290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of intravitreal injections and ophthalmic safety assessment in marmoset (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>) monkeys.","authors":"Birgit Korbmacher,&nbsp;Jenny Atorf,&nbsp;Stephanie Fridrichs-Gromoll,&nbsp;Marilyn Hill,&nbsp;Sven Korte,&nbsp;Jan Kremers,&nbsp;Keith Mansfield,&nbsp;Lars Mecklenburg,&nbsp;Andrew Pilling,&nbsp;Andreas Wiederhold","doi":"10.5194/pb-4-93-2017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-93-2017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To safeguard patients, regulatory authorities require that new drugs that are to be given by the intravitreal (IVT) route are assessed for their safety in a laboratory species using the same route of administration. Due to the high similarity of ocular morphology and physiology between humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) and due to the species specificity of many biotherapeutics, the monkey is often the only appropriate model. To this end, intravitreal administration and assessment of ocular toxicity are well established in cynomolgus monkeys (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>). In contrast, the common marmoset monkey (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>) is not a standard model for ocular toxicity studies due to its general sensitivity to laboratory investigations and small eye size. It was the purpose of the present work to study whether the marmoset is a useful alternative to the cynomolgus monkey for use in intravitreal toxicological studies. Six marmoset monkeys received repeated (every 2 weeks for a total of four doses) intravitreal injections of 10 or 20  <math><mrow><mi>µ</mi></mrow> </math> L of a placebo. The animals were assessed for measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP), standard ophthalmological investigations and electroretinography (ERG). At the end of the dosing period, the animals were sacrificed and the eyes were evaluated histologically. ERG revealed similar results when comparing predose to end-of-study data, and there was no difference between the two dose volumes. A transient increase in the IOP was seen immediately after dosing, which was more pronounced after dosing of 20  <math><mrow><mi>µ</mi></mrow> </math> L compared to 10  <math><mrow><mi>µ</mi></mrow> </math> L. Ophthalmologic and microscopic observations did not show any significant changes. Therefore, it can be concluded that 10  <math><mrow><mi>µ</mi></mrow> </math> L as well as 20  <math><mrow><mi>µ</mi></mrow> </math> L intravitreal injections of a placebo are well tolerated in the marmoset. These results demonstrate that the common marmoset is an alternative to the cynomolgus monkey for intravitreal toxicity testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":37245,"journal":{"name":"Primate Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"93-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37688289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of spontaneous endometriosis in rhesus macaques (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>).","authors":"Eva Gruber-Dujardin, Martina Bleyer, Kerstin Mätz-Rensing","doi":"10.5194/pb-4-77-2017","DOIUrl":"10.5194/pb-4-77-2017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several cases of spontaneous endometriosis in middle-aged to old rhesus macaques (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) from the breeding colony of the German Primate Center were thoroughly characterized with regards to anatomical distribution and macroscopic appearance, histological differentiation and immunohistochemical profile including somatic markers, hormonal receptors, and proliferation indices. More than half of the examined animals (five of nine) were directly related to one breeding male, supporting a strong genetic predisposition. Histologically, four different types of endometriotic lesions, depending on the degree of ectopic endometrial gland and stromal differentiation (well differentiated, purely stromal, mixed differentiation, poorly differentiated), could be constantly identified within all animals. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of cytokeratin (CK), vimentin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), desmin, estrogen (ER), and progesterone (PR) receptors as well as of the nuclear proteins Ki67 and p53 revealed varying staining patterns in the four different types of endometriosis differentiation and compared to normal endometrium. Purely stromal, mixed, or poorly differentiated lesions, especially, showed additional cytokeratin-positive stromal cells, whereas epithelial cells of endometriosis with mixed or poor differentiation increasingly expressed mesenchymal markers (vimentin, SMA). Hormonal receptor and Ki67 expression in well-differentiated endometriotic lesions mostly reflected that of normal endometrial tissue according to the cyclic phase of the animal, while the expression gradually diminished with decreasing grade of differentiation. However, increased nuclear accumulations of p53 antigen could only be continuously detected in epithelial cells of mixed or poorly differentiated endometriosis. Altogether, these findings support the pathogenetic theory of coelomic metaplasia, since the expression profiles of somatic markers in less differentiated forms closely resembled that of mesothelial cells. Thus, the four different histological types of endometriosis might display subsequent grades of differentiation in the course of time, with poorly differentiated types representing newly formed, immature lesions and well-differentiated types being older, fully differentiated forms, rather than being the outcome of dedifferentiation processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":37245,"journal":{"name":"Primate Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"77-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37688288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unique case of granulomatous arteritis in a grey mouse lemur <i>(Microcebus murinus)</i> - first case description.","authors":"Nicole Cichon,&nbsp;Karen Lampe,&nbsp;Felix Bremmer,&nbsp;Tamara Becker,&nbsp;Kerstin Mätz-Rensing","doi":"10.5194/pb-4-71-2017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-71-2017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Overall, diseases of the vascular system are rarely observed entities among nonhuman primates that are commonly associated with systemic infections, septicemia or bacteremia. Rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) may develop a chronic occlusive arteriopathy of unknown etiology in late stages of the disease. This SIV associated arteriopathy is the only well-known specific vascular entity described in nonhuman primates. We herein report a unique case of granulomatous arteritis in a grey mouse lemur affecting multiple organs, which is not comparable to other disease entities formerly described in nonhuman primates. The features of the entity most closely resemble disseminated visceral giant cell arteritis in humans. A concise description of the disease is given, and the differential diagnoses are discussed. An idiopathic pathogenesis is suspected.</p>","PeriodicalId":37245,"journal":{"name":"Primate Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"71-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37688287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book review: An Introduction to Primate Conservation","authors":"E. Heymann","doi":"10.5194/pb-4-69-2017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-69-2017","url":null,"abstract":"“Saving the Lion Tamarin” was the programmatic title of a book by Bridgwater (1972), perhaps the first book explicitly dedicated to primate conservation. The activities that followed the publication of this book created a success story in primate conservation: although still threatened, the golden lion tamarin is now in a much better situation than it was in the early 1970s (Kleiman and Rylands, 2002). Many other books dealing with primate conservation have followed since then, either focussing on specific taxa (e.g. Kleiman, 1977), specific geographic regions (e.g. Nadler et al., 2010), and specific threats or problems (e.g. Marsh and Chapman, 2013) or covering different taxa and conservation issues (e.g. Prince Rainier and Bourne, 1977; Marsh and Mittermeier 1986). The first comprehensive synthesis of the many aspects and problems in primate conservation was undertaken by Cowlishaw and Dunbar (2000). Since then, conceptual and methodological advances have been made, so a book presenting these advances and at the same time reviewing the state of the art of “classical” conservation issues was overdue. Thus, the book by Wich and Marshall is timely. It is an edited book in which specialists for different topics and taxa review recent advances. The book comprises in total 18 chapters, including a general introduction to primate conservation and an outlook (chapters 1 and 18 by the editors) that enframe the other, more specific, chapters. Several of the other chapters deal with “classical” topics like habitat destruction (Chapter 7 by Irwin), hunting (Chapter 9 by Fa and Tagg), and trade (Chapter 8 by Nijman and Healy), while others present more recent or novel aspects like the impact of infectious diseases (Chapter 10 by Nunn and Gillespie) and of climate change (Chapter 11 by Korstjens and Hillyer). Two chapters are strongly method oriented: that on conservation genetics, including a genomic perspective (Chapter 5 by Lynn and colleagues), and that concerning concepts and methods for estimating primate abundance and distribution (Chapter 6 by Campbell and colleagues). A chapter that I especially liked is “Why conserve primates?” by the editors. It provides a thorough and balanced discussion which confronts the “primatocentric” perspective often taken by primatologists with the reality and the problems such a perspective may cause. What I also liked is the combination of reviews with case studies, which provides a lively reading. Not explicitly mentioning the remaining chapters does not mean they were less important or good – all chapters and the book as a whole are important. The book fills a gap and will do a great job in training the next generation of primatologists and conservationists in understanding the proximate causes and mechanisms of the primate extinction crisis. It will also be very useful to professionals for updating their knowledge in “classical” fields of primate conservation biology and learning about new approaches like the REDD+ ","PeriodicalId":37245,"journal":{"name":"Primate Biology","volume":"32 1","pages":"69 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82116829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wild African great apes as natural hosts of malaria parasites: current knowledge and research perspectives.","authors":"Hélène Marie De Nys, Therese Löhrich, Doris Wu, Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer, Fabian Hubertus Leendertz","doi":"10.5194/pb-4-47-2017","DOIUrl":"10.5194/pb-4-47-2017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans and African great apes (AGAs) are naturally infected with several species of closely related malaria parasites. The need to understand the origins of human malaria as well as the risk of zoonotic transmissions and emergence of new malaria strains in human populations has markedly encouraged research on great ape <i>Plasmodium</i> parasites. Progress in the use of non-invasive methods has rendered investigations into wild ape populations possible. Present knowledge is mainly focused on parasite diversity and phylogeny, with still large gaps to fill on malaria parasite ecology. Understanding what malaria infection means in terms of great ape health is also an important, but challenging avenue of research and has been subject to relatively few research efforts so far. This paper reviews current knowledge on African great ape malaria and identifies gaps and future research perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":37245,"journal":{"name":"Primate Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37688286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Report on the presence of a group of golden-headed lion tamarins (<i>Leontopithecus chrysomelas</i>), an endangered primate species in a rubber plantation in southern Bahia, Brazil.","authors":"Kristel M De Vleeschouwer,&nbsp;Leonardo C Oliveira","doi":"10.5194/pb-4-61-2017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-61-2017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a landscape fragmented by agriculture, the extent to which forest-dwelling primates can use the matrix between fragments can be critical for their long-term survival. So far, the golden-headed lion tamarin (<i>Leontopithecus chrysomelas</i>), an endangered primate inhabiting the Atlantic Forest of south Bahia, is only known to use shaded cacao (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>) agroforests within the matrix. We report on the use of a rubber plantation by a group of golden-headed lion tamarins between August 2013 and January 2014. The group used the rubber plantation on 16 of the 22 observation days (73 %), and we recorded behaviours such as eating, grooming and sleeping, consistent with the use of the area as a home range. We also observed associations with Wied's marmosets (<i>Callithrix kuhlii</i>). The locations of group sightings were not uniformly spread across the entire area of the rubber plantation, suggesting preferred use of certain areas. The presence of resources such as jackfruits (<i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i>) and epiphytic bromeliads may be attracting both species to these plantations. In addition to shaded cacao plantations, rubber plantations with the appropriate structure may be a viable option for increasing forest connectivity for both species in south Bahia, reconciling economic rubber production with primate conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":37245,"journal":{"name":"Primate Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"61-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8137856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39058667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}