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Journal of Migration History最新文献

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Western NGOs and Refugee Policy in the Twentieth Century 20世纪西方非政府组织与难民政策
Journal of Migration History Pub Date : 2019-09-11 DOI: 10.1163/23519924-00502008
P. Gatrell
{"title":"Western NGOs and Refugee Policy in the Twentieth Century","authors":"P. Gatrell","doi":"10.1163/23519924-00502008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00502008","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the role played by Western non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in managing migration, with particular regard to refugees and refugee policy in the modern era. A commitment to the support and welfare of refugees has been a core component of the activity of many NGOs since the late nineteenth century. But this humanitarian purpose cannot be divorced from the prevailing refugee regime. The state acted as gatekeeper, determining who was recognised and protected as a refugee. The issue of funding available to NGOs is also closely linked to state-driven priorities. Nevertheless, NGOs are significant humanitarian actors in their own right. This article considers the proliferation of NGOs and their activities in the broad field of refugee relief. A focus on the evolution, rationale and differentiation of NGOs suggests that we can usefully think of them as enterprises of a distinct kind. Although they are not driven by profit motives, this article suggests that NGOs do have a business strategy in which their efficacy, innovation and accountability to donors are important considerations. It concludes by reaffirming the fundamental point that only in exceptional circumstances were NGOs seeking to assist refugees able to escape the fundamental constraints imposed by the state.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23519924-00502008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42588983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Social Networks of Austrian Refugee-Migrants from the Anschluss in Australia – An Analysis of Meaning Structures 来自澳大利亚合并的奥地利难民-移民的社会网络——意义结构分析
Journal of Migration History Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/23519924-00501002
P. Strobl
{"title":"Social Networks of Austrian Refugee-Migrants from the Anschluss in Australia – An Analysis of Meaning Structures","authors":"P. Strobl","doi":"10.1163/23519924-00501002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00501002","url":null,"abstract":"Social networks are crucial factors for refugees and consequently have become an important area of research. They are complex social phenomena that should not be regarded simply as the mere sum of relationships but should rather be seen as the structure of interrelating ties. By combining sociological approaches with methods of biographical research, this study explores the meaning structure of networks built by three Austrian refugees who fled to Australia in 1938/1939. It describes empirically how their expectations influenced transactions, how networks emerged out of dyadic relationships, the role the individual refugees played in that process, and how interwar networks influenced the refugees in setting up networks in Australia. The article also questions how refugees used their networks to cope with their escape and their integration into a new homeland, and how their forced migration influenced identities and relationships in networks.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41631201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
‘Holy and Important Duty’ – The Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as a Preserver of the Finnish Language and Culture from the 1890s to 1920s “神圣而重要的职责”——19世纪90年代至20世纪20年代，美国芬兰福音路德教会作为芬兰语言和文化的保护者
Journal of Migration History Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/23519924-00501007
Juha Meriläinen
{"title":"‘Holy and Important Duty’ – The Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as a Preserver of the Finnish Language and Culture from the 1890s to 1920s","authors":"Juha Meriläinen","doi":"10.1163/23519924-00501007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00501007","url":null,"abstract":"From its establishment in 1892 until the 1920s the largest Finnish ethnic church in the United States, the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, better known as the Suomi Synod, was among the staunchest defenders of Finnish language and culture. The synod built a network of Sunday and summer schools, coordinated by the Michigan-based Suomi College, that not only offered religious instruction but also spread the Finnish language and national romantic ideals to immigrant children. Tightening immigration laws and increasing demands for national unity in the 1920s led many immigrant institutions, including the ethnic Lutheran churches, to Americanisation. A debate concerning a language reform also started in the Suomi Synod, but was rejected by the nationalistic-minded wing. Adherence to the Finnish language alienated the younger generation and led to a drastic but temporary decline in the church’s membership.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23519924-00501007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41614226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Newspaper Reporting of Migrants in England 1851–1911: Spatial and Temporal Perspectives 1851-1911年英国移民的报纸报道:时空视角
Journal of Migration History Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/23519924-00501003
C. Pooley
{"title":"Newspaper Reporting of Migrants in England 1851–1911: Spatial and Temporal Perspectives","authors":"C. Pooley","doi":"10.1163/23519924-00501003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00501003","url":null,"abstract":"England in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was no stranger to migrants and, inevitably, migrants were not always warmly received. They were often stigmatised for their perceived differences of language, religion and behaviour, and were blamed for a range of social ills including crime and low wages. In this article I examine print news reporting in six English port cities from c1850 to 1911. I focus on the ways in which crime reporting in particular characterised both offenders and victims, and the extent to which migrant origin was considered a relevant characteristic to report. It is argued that for the most part migrant origin was not widely mentioned in crime reports in regional newspapers, though there were periods when migrant origin was increasingly foregrounded and these coincided with times when migration to England was becoming increasingly politicised, especially before and immediately after the passing of the Aliens Act in 1905.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23519924-00501003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43906415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Micro-Mobility in Flux 通量中的微迁移率
Journal of Migration History Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/23519924-00501005
Nick Deschacht, A. Winter
{"title":"Micro-Mobility in Flux","authors":"Nick Deschacht, A. Winter","doi":"10.1163/23519924-00501005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00501005","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we use new, unique data on population composition and socio-economic structure for the c. 670 municipalities of the Belgian provinces of East Flanders, West Flanders and Antwerp in 1796, 1815 and 1846, in order to gain insight into the changing patterns of local migration intensity from the late eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Although so-called micro-mobility is often disregarded in migration studies, this article argues that a spatial and diachronic analysis of local migration rates provides insight into the dynamics of social and economic change in relation to migration behaviour. The data show that the proportion of non-native residents varied strongly in accordance with different regional economies at the end of the eighteenth century, but that spatial variation declined markedly as overall migration rates converged on a higher average level by the mid-nineteenth century – leading to a re-interpretation of the mobility transition hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23519924-00501005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42167655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
West German-Moroccan Relations and Politics of Labour Migration, 1958–1972 1958–1972年西德与摩洛哥的关系与劳工移民政治
Journal of Migration History Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/23519924-00501001
Brittany Lehman
{"title":"West German-Moroccan Relations and Politics of Labour Migration, 1958–1972","authors":"Brittany Lehman","doi":"10.1163/23519924-00501001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00501001","url":null,"abstract":"In 1962, the Federal Republic of Germany (frg) agreed to negotiate a guestworker agreement with Morocco in order to create guidelines for handling 4,000 so-called illegal Moroccan migrants, most of whom lived in North Rhine-Westphalia. Unlike other guestworker agreements, this one was not about recruitment, but rather it was designed to restrict migration from Morocco, legalise the stay of Moroccans already in the country, and establish guidelines for future deportations. Looking at the history of the West German-Moroccan Agreement from its start until its termination in 1973, this article provides a discussion of Moroccan labourers access to and legal status in West Germany, demonstrating how international and economic interests as well as cultural stereotypes of both Moroccans and Arabs shaped West German migration policies. In so doing, the article emphasises the West German federal and the North Rhine-Westphalian state governments’ different goals, revealing that the West German government was not a monolithic entity; it was in fact defined by multiple, sometimes contradictory, viewpoints and pressures.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23519924-00501001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45673095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Other Diasporas: Western and Southern European Migrants in Charles Booth’s Life and Labour of the People in London 其他流散者：查尔斯·布斯生活中的西欧和南欧移民与伦敦人民的劳动
Journal of Migration History Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/23519924-00501006
D. Renshaw
{"title":"The Other Diasporas: Western and Southern European Migrants in Charles Booth’s Life and Labour of the People in London","authors":"D. Renshaw","doi":"10.1163/23519924-00501006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00501006","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the discourse surrounding diaspora in Charles Booth’s Life and Labour of the People in London, drawing upon the published volumes of that project and the unpublished notebooks used to record observations and interviews. It examines how Western and Southern European migrant groups in London were depicted in Charles Booth’s work at the turn of the twentieth century, comparing these depictions with those of the Irish Catholic and Jewish Diasporas. It focuses on four areas through which the concept of diaspora was interrogated in Life and Labour – through ideas of territory, economic roles, criminality, and the nature of transnational institutions. It will examine patterns of settlement, interactions with the host society, ideas of belonging, and why between 1890 and 1914 Western and Southern European diasporas failed to attract the attention or the opprobrium so apparent in the discourse on Irish and Jewish migrants.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48341144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Deportations, the Spreading of Dissent and the Development of Democracy 驱逐出境，异议的传播和民主的发展
Journal of Migration History Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/23519924-00501004
F. Falk
{"title":"Deportations, the Spreading of Dissent and the Development of Democracy","authors":"F. Falk","doi":"10.1163/23519924-00501004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00501004","url":null,"abstract":"Instead of preventing protest, deportations on political grounds could – under certain circumstances – help to spread dissent. Accordingly, the spaces deportees were sent became fertile ground for new coalitions. Analysing such spaces furthers our understanding of how resistance may be contained, dispersed and re-constituted. The main part of this article focuses on deportations to the Pontine Islands of Ponza and Ventotene under Italian Fascism. Under such conditions, new political ideas were elaborated. The genesis of the Ventotene Manifesto will be considered as a starting point for a genealogy that opens up alternative trajectories of development for another European Union and, indeed, for today’s understanding of democracy. If, today, Europe closes its borders, it destroys the idea behind such a vision of unification. Therefore, it is urgently necessary not only to recall the genesis of this manifesto, but also the authors’ experience of being refugees.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44281051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Across the Atlantic and Back: Tracing the Lives of Norwegian-American Migrants, 1850–1930 横跨大西洋归来:追溯挪威裔美国移民的生活，1850-1930
Journal of Migration History Pub Date : 2018-09-12 DOI: 10.1163/23519924-00402004
Evan Roberts
{"title":"Across the Atlantic and Back: Tracing the Lives of Norwegian-American Migrants, 1850–1930","authors":"Evan Roberts","doi":"10.1163/23519924-00402004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00402004","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1825 and 1960 900,000 Norwegians emigrated. Before 1930 more than 95 per cent went to the United States. The rate of return to Norway was low in comparison to many other nations who sent large numbers to the US after 1880. High quality census enumerations in both countries, that are now available in electronic format, allow the possibility of reconstructing the lives and voyages of some of these migrants. Even with a low rate of return-migration there were more than 50,000 return migrants. Constructing a large sample of return migrants observed in both Norway and the US becomes more feasible with electronic search and matching strategies. This article gives an overview of available and soon forthcoming sources in the North Atlantic Population Project, the possibility of electronic linkages, and the challenges of this research strategy. Using a group of 448 Norwegian migrants matched between the 1900 American and 1910 Norwegian census, an empirical analysis shows that migration and marital transitions were likely to have been closely linked. Machine-linked records hold the promise of being able to trace several thousand Norwegians across the Atlantic and back again.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23519924-00402004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43653745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Migration and the Historical Population Register of Norway 挪威的移民和历史人口登记
Journal of Migration History Pub Date : 2018-09-12 DOI: 10.1163/23519924-00402001
G. Thorvaldsen, N. Østrem
{"title":"Migration and the Historical Population Register of Norway","authors":"G. Thorvaldsen, N. Østrem","doi":"10.1163/23519924-00402001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00402001","url":null,"abstract":"The Historical Population Register (HPR) of Norway gives rise to new research opportunities on a large array of topics spanning medicine, social sciences and humanities. This introductory article outlines the contents of the register, the periods it covers, and its use, particularly with respect to the study of geographic mobility. This article introduces the articles in this issue, which concentrate on the emigration to the US and the returnee emigrants.","PeriodicalId":37234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Migration History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/23519924-00402001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46991102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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