World Neurosurgery: X最新文献

{"title":"Brain thermodynamics","authors":"Zamzuri Idris","doi":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat, temperature and energy. There are three major thermodynamic systems: open, closed, and isolated systems. Our brain is an open system which follows four laws of thermodynamics: a) zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium; b) first law is about energy quantity; c) second law is about energy quality; and d) third law is related to thermal fluctuations. Since thermodynamics is dealing with thermal energy in equilibrium and in transit, heat production and dissipation via heat transfer processes are also important to comprehend. Pertaining to the brain, heat production is directly linked to brain metabolism and information processing, while heat dissipation occurs through conduction involving blood vessels, through CSF and air convection, and through radiation which is largely prevented by the presence of glistening inner dura and layers covering the brain. Therefore, the following features may modulate brain temperature: a) brain blood supply; b) presence of venous sinuses and plexuses surround or near main arteries; c) glymphatic system; d) air and air sinuses at skull base; and e) the black box-like cranium. The insights gained from this review are a) decompressive craniectomy could also work by augmenting heat dissipation through radiation; b) early cranioplasty to recreate optimal brain thermodynamic system; c) direct brain cooling for the injured brain; d) basal cisternostomy could also reduce brain heat via convection, radiation and conduction; e) innovation related to brain thermodynamics such as focal cooling and light therapy; and f) provide basic knowledge related to MR brain-thermometry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37134,"journal":{"name":"World Neurosurgery: X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100593"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147600310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemiparesis to quadriplegia in NF 1 patient: A case report of endovascular thromboembolization and literature review","authors":"Manisha Das,&nbsp;Progga Parmita Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>NF-1 with VVAVF is a rare neurological disorder with multimodal presentation. The safety and efficacy of endovascular thromboembolization in vertebro-vertebral arteriovenous fistulas (VVAVF) associated with NF-1(neurofibromatosis) remains controversial. Here, we have reported a case presentation and management including clinically effective surgical approach in NF-1 associated VVAVF.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A literature review of the published literature using PubMed, Google scholar and Scopus was performed to identify case reports of VVAVF over the last 10 years (2015-2025). We extracted clinical, imaging information and outcome following treatment to evaluate the efficacy of thromboembolization.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>The patient presented with neck pain and bilateral limb weakness. MRI revealed spinal cord compression and gross myelopathy. After proper preoperative preparation, embolization was performed using embolic agents and microcatheters followed by uneventful post operative period (MRC grade 5/5 in both extremities) and diminished limb weakness. As well as, through literature review, seven VVAVF cases were reported associated with NF-1, showing manifestations, post operative outcome with selected materials and procedure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The outcome highlights the significance of thromboembolization due to the less recurrence of occlusion. Additionally, this review also appreciates selection of proper and sustained materials and embolic agents or following hybrid approach according to clinical scenario and location of fistula.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37134,"journal":{"name":"World Neurosurgery: X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147600308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence–enhanced neuronavigation: Clinical applications and current limitations in neurosurgery","authors":"Sufiya S. Mulla","doi":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100573","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37134,"journal":{"name":"World Neurosurgery: X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral thalamic lesions mimicking a tumor: Do not miss a dural arteriovenous fistula","authors":"Thomas Petutschnigg ,&nbsp;Tomas Dobrocky ,&nbsp;Andreas Raabe ,&nbsp;Werner J. Z'Graggen ,&nbsp;Pasquale Mordasini ,&nbsp;David Bervini","doi":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Bilateral thalamic lesions on MRI often suggest neoplastic or inflammatory processes. However, dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) with deep venous drainage may mimic such appearances and lead to diagnostic delays or iatrogenic complications.</div></div><div><h3>Case summary</h3><div>A 46-year-old man presented with persistent left facial and hand paresthesia after minor elbow trauma. Initial MRI demonstrated right thalamic hyperintensities, bilateral patchy enhancement, and susceptibility artifacts, raising suspicion of a tumor. Stereotactic biopsy was scheduled. Upon preoperative re-evaluation, a prominently dilated vein of Galen prompted digital subtraction angiography (DSA), revealing a Borden type III/Lawton type 1 dAVF. The fistula was successfully treated endovascularly, leading to complete neurological recovery.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This case highlights the importance of considering vascular etiologies in bilateral thalamic lesions. Prompt vascular imaging may prevent misdiagnosis, avoid unnecessary interventions, and facilitate curative therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37134,"journal":{"name":"World Neurosurgery: X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100572"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translational image-guided nanoneurosurgery in the surgical management of glioblastoma: Applications of porphyrins, gold nanoparticles and prospective management","authors":"Thiago Andrés Navarro-Álvarez ,&nbsp;Sandra Liliana Navarro-Parra ,&nbsp;María Sofía González-Casagua ,&nbsp;Rodrigo D. Fernández-Loyola ,&nbsp;Andrés Fonnegra-Caballero ,&nbsp;Leonardo Andrés Chacón-Zambrano ,&nbsp;Fabian Augusto Montoya-Molina","doi":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive and highly infiltrative primary brain tumor with a dismal prognosis. Tumor heterogeneity and hypoxia-driven angiogenesis shape a hostile microenvironment that limits maximal safe resection and promotes therapeutic resistance. Despite advances in multimodal management, conventional neurosurgical strategies remain insufficient. In this context, porphyrin-based agents and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) platforms have emerged as adjunctive technologies with potential to enhance intraoperative guidance and postoperative adjuvant therapies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A thematic review was conducted to analyze porphyrin- and AuNP-based nanoengineered systems in GBM. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Springer Nature for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Article screening was independently performed using Rayyan IA software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 316 records were identified, 41 duplicates were removed, and 42 studies met inclusion criteria. Most evidence derived from preclinical models, with limited early-phase clinical data. Overall, nanoconjugates demonstrated improved biodistribution and enhanced photodynamic and photothermal effects.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The GBM microenvironment characterized by hypoxia, aberrant angiogenesis, metabolic plasticity, and cancer stem cells drives surgical and adjuvant treatment failure. AuNP platforms enable synergistic PDT/PTT, support fluorescence-guided resection, and facilitate targeted delivery. Translational strategies such as optoBBTB and convection-enhanced delivery showed tumor reduction in murine models, while talaporfin-based PDT and the ongoing Phase I/II AGuIX trial suggest clinical feasibility with modest benefit.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Porphyrin–AuNP nanoplatforms represent a promising adjunct in neuro-oncological surgery. However, clinical implementation remains constrained by limited human evidence and lack of standardized protocols. Multicenter trials and workflow-oriented frameworks are required before routine neurosurgical adoption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37134,"journal":{"name":"World Neurosurgery: X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100592"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147600309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Japanese post-marketing database study of PulseRider-assisted coil embolization for wide-neck bifurcation aneurysm","authors":"Nobuyuki Sakai ,&nbsp;Shigeru Miyachi ,&nbsp;Yuji Matsumaru ,&nbsp;Shinya Kohyama ,&nbsp;Shigeki Kobayashi ,&nbsp;Chiaki Sakai ,&nbsp;Tomoji Takigawa ,&nbsp;Hiroaki Neki ,&nbsp;Atsuko Honda ,&nbsp;Yoichiro Kawamura ,&nbsp;Aiko Fujiki ,&nbsp;Kumiko Yagi ,&nbsp;Yukie Horikoshi ,&nbsp;Patrick A. Brouwer","doi":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2025.100561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2025.100561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Coil embolization of wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms poses risks such as coil migration into the parent artery. The PulseRider, designed to reshape the aneurysmal neck at bifurcation points, provides support at the aneurysm neck while safeguarding daughter branches during coil embolization. We performed a post-marketing database study of the PulseRider in Japanese patients with wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed the first 70 consecutive cases in which the PulseRider was used from the time of its launch in Japan. Data were extracted from the Japanese Society of Neuroendovascular Therapy Database.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The safety analysis group comprised 77 patients (78 lesions), and the efficacy analysis group comprised 63 patients (excluding those in whom the PulseRider was ultimately not implanted, in whom it was used for parent vessels outside the 2.7- to 4.5-mm diameter range, and in whom it was used on recently ruptured intracranial aneurysms). The rate of adequate occlusion, defined as Raymond–Roy occlusion classification (RR class) I + II, was 44.4 % immediately postoperatively, 88.6 % at 180 days, and 85.4 % at 1 year. In the safety analysis group, the RR class of most lesions improved from immediately postoperatively to postoperative day 180. Adverse events included two cases of intracerebral hemorrhage, four cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage, six cases of cerebral infarction, one case of basilar artery occlusion, and one case of aspiration pneumonia. Most patients with modified Rankin scale scores of 0–2 showed little change postoperatively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>PulseRider-assisted coiling for wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms was effective and safe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37134,"journal":{"name":"World Neurosurgery: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Ligation only’ treatment in traumatic superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysm: A case report and systematic review of the literature","authors":"Çağrı Canbolat ,&nbsp;Majid Ismayilzade","doi":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Pseudoaneurysms of the superficial temporal artery (STA) are uncommon masses that present as a painless, pulsatile, progressively growing lump following blunt trauma. Although surgical resection is the preferred treatment method there is no comparative data in the literature. The aim of this review study was to compare the preferred treatment strategies for managing trauma-induced STA pseudoaneurysms, by performing a comprehensive review of related literature.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search was performed in PubMed by typing [superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysm] OR [STA pseudoaneurysm]. The following data were recorded for each study: the number of trauma-induced pseudoaneurysm cases, the time elapsed between trauma and hospital admission, the management method, any complications experienced, and recurrences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 145 patients with trauma-related superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysms were found in 102 studies. The longest time period between the trauma and hospital admission was 8 years, the shortest 1 day, and the mean 77.2 days. Direct surgical resection was preferred in the first stage for 102 patients. Embolization methods were performed in 21 patients. Five cases were successfully managed by surgical ligation only, including the case reported in this study.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Surgical resection is an extensive procedure that can lead to anesthesia- and surgery-related complications, and most patients with STA pseudoaneurysms are elderly and have comorbidities. Therefore, surgical ligation may be the preferred treatment strategy for the early management of post-traumatic STA pseudoaneurysms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37134,"journal":{"name":"World Neurosurgery: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early postoperative changes predict long-term cervical kyphosis after laminoplasty: A retrospective radiographic study","authors":"Noriaki Sako,&nbsp;Masashi Miyazaki,&nbsp;Tetsutaro Abe,&nbsp;Nobuhiro Kaku","doi":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2026.100567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Postoperative loss of cervical lordosis is a common outcome following laminoplasty, with kyphotic changes often appearing shortly after surgery. We hypothesized that radiographic findings as early as one week postoperatively could help predict long-term kyphotic progression. To explore this, we analyzed associations between preoperative and postoperative radiographic parameters up to one year following surgery.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective study included 113 patients who underwent cervical laminoplasty for compressive myelopathy. Collected preoperative data included age, number of operated levels, C2–7 Cobb angle, C2–7 cervical sagittal vertical axis (cSVA), T1 slope, and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score. Radiographic evaluations were conducted preoperatively and at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Changes in alignment (Δ<em>C</em>2–7 and ΔcSVA) were calculated at both 1 week and 1 year. Patients were grouped based on kyphotic progression, and intergroup comparisons of radiographic changes were made.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Δ<em>C</em>2–7 at 1 week strongly correlated with Δ<em>C</em>2–7 at 1 year (<em>r</em> = 0.522, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001), and a similar correlation was found for ΔcSVA (<em>r</em> = 0.541, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001). The progression group exhibited a greater early decrease in C2–7 Cobb angle (−8.65°) and a larger increase in cSVA at 1 week postoperatively compared to the non-progression group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Patients exhibiting early postoperative kyphotic changes within the first week after laminoplasty are more likely to develop significant kyphosis by one year. Early imaging may serve as a valuable indicator of long-term sagittal alignment outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37134,"journal":{"name":"World Neurosurgery: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for patient outcomes following penetrating traumatic brain injury","authors":"Alexa R. Lauinger ,&nbsp;Anvita Mishra ,&nbsp;Helen Kemprecos ,&nbsp;Kathryn Tsai ,&nbsp;Varshal Patel ,&nbsp;Albert Yu ,&nbsp;Wael Hassaneen","doi":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2025.100550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2025.100550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Traumatic brain injury annually affects around 69 million individuals worldwide. Penetrating traumatic brain injuries (pTBI) have a high morbidity and mortality rate. There has been an increase in the incidence of pTBI and an increase in the rate of operative intervention. However, there's still limited data on how injury details and treatment can impact patient outcomes. This project will explore the factors associated with poor outcomes following pTBI using the United States National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from the NTDB for patients with a pTBI between 2017 and 2021 were collected. Logistic regression was completed on data from 2017 to 2018 to develop a multivariable model. This model was tested internally and externally.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The multivariable regression model for in-hospital complications included the emergency department Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), penetration greater than 2 cm, external ventricular drain (EVD) placement, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and transfusion. This model achieved an accuracy of 89.5 % and 87.1 % in internal and external testing cohorts, respectively. The model for length of stay included ISS, transfusion, and EVD placement. The complications model included EVD placement, transfusion, and ISS. The accuracy for the length of stay model was around 71 %, while it was around 93 % for the complication model.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>As the prevalence of pTBI remains high in the US, it is vital to understand the factors associated with poor prognosis. The severity of the overall injury, patient age, and procedures were the most predictive parameters. Interestingly, the location of fractures and associated complications was not as important in this model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37134,"journal":{"name":"World Neurosurgery: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for early poor outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage with mild-to-moderate volume: A retrospective cohort study","authors":"Ao Chen,&nbsp;Jianxian Li,&nbsp;Bin Tan,&nbsp;Rong Xiang,&nbsp;Renhui Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2025.100554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wnsx.2025.100554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Compared to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with large hemorrhage volume, early poor outcomes in mild-to-moderate hemorrhage volume ICH (MMV-ICH) remains poorly understood. We aimed to analyze risk factors in patients with MMV-ICH and establish a nomogram model to predict early poor outcomes in such cases.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 681 patients with MMV-ICH treated at our hospital (May 2019–May 2024). Baseline demographic information, clinical characteristics, and outcomes were collected. Early poor outcomes were defined as in-hospital death or discharge against medical advice. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to screen risk factors for early poor outcomes and construct the prediction model, respectively. The model was visualized using a nomogram; its predictive performance was compared with the original ICH score. The nomogram prediction model was internally validated using 10-fold cross-validation combined with Bootstrap resampling.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 681 patients, 71 (10.4 %) experienced early poor outcomes during hospitalization. Univariate analysis revealed 16 risk factors. LASSO and stepwise logistic regression analyses identified four independent predictors: admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, hematoma volume, hematoma expansion, and ventricular enlargement. The nomogram based on these factors demonstrated good calibration (mean absolute error 0.011) and superior predictive performance compared with the ICH score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.895 vs. 0.801, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Decision curve analysis further demonstrated that the model had greater net benefit than the ICH score. Internal validation confirmed the model's stability and generalizability (10-fold cross-validation mean: 0.8893; bootstrap-corrected C-index: 0.8899).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Patients with MMV-ICH with lower admission GCS, larger hematoma, ventricular enlargement, and hematoma expansion post-admission exhibit higher risk of early poor outcomes. The nomogram incorporating these factors potentially identifies early poor outcomes during hospitalization in this population, aiding neurologists in early clinical-decision making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37134,"journal":{"name":"World Neurosurgery: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}