UUM Journal of Legal Studies最新文献

{"title":"THE PRE-CONTRACTUAL DUTY OF DISCLOSURE IN THE PALESTINIAN CIVIL CODE DRAFT AND ITS ROLE IN MAINTAINING ECONOMIC CONTRACTUAL EQUILIBRIUM","authors":"Osama Ismail Mohammad Amayreh, I. M. Zakri, Pardis Moslemzadeh Tehrani, Y. Shandi","doi":"10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Many recent legislations and international principles tend to apply the pre-contractual duty of disclosure as one of the most substantial principles governing the pre-contracting phase, such as Article 1112-1 of the Amended French Civil Code of 2016, Article 1337 of the Amended Italian Civil Code and Article 13 of chapter 2 of the Common European Sales Law, etc. However, the Palestinian legislature has ignored enacting legal provisions imposing the pre-contractual duty of disclosure which causes legislative deficiencies in the legislative remedies of the subject of pre-contractual duty of disclosure. In this regard, this paper suggests orientations for the formulation of the provisions of the pre-contractual duty of disclosure in the Palestinian Civil Code Draft (PDCC). To do so, a comparative analytical approach with the French civil code is used to illustrate the Palestinian legislative deficiencies and the urgent need to legislate a legal article which obligates the negotiating party to disclose any substantial information for the satisfaction of the other party. As such, the contractual equilibrium entails that the pre-contractual duty of disclosure has its own independent essence from all the theories that the jurisprudence adopted as a legal basis for this duty.","PeriodicalId":37075,"journal":{"name":"UUM Journal of Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48767550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO MITIGATE THE RISK OF FRAUD IN LETTERS OF CREDIT TRANSACTIONS IN MALAYSIA","authors":"Rushmila Bintay Rafique, A. Venugopal","doi":"10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"This article attempts to analyse the issue of fraud in letters of credit (LC) transactions, also known as documentary credits. There are numerous reported cases of fraud in LC transactions, which remain a continuing risk. The UCP 600 is a popular standard of practice for banks, which confirms that banks must honour payment to the seller upon full compliance with the documentary credit requirements. Such payments have been made despite being presented with falsified documents or substandard goods being delivered. It might not be realistic to expect that the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) can create global standards relating documentary credits, which cover the practicalities of the existing system and relevant legalities applicable to the letter of credit system in international trading. Each party involved may have a responsibility to take some preventive measures to mitigate the risk of fraud. The doctrinal method is used to conduct this study because it involves an in-depth analysis of the gap within the Malaysian system and the strategies that maybe be adopted to overcome the risks associated with LC fraud. Findings reveal that LC documents can be easily falsified, and the occurrence of LC fraud is not uncommon in Malaysia. However, given the lack of literature it has not been highlighted in the past couple of years. The primary focus of this article is to suggest preventive measures that the respective parties could take to protect themselves from fraudulent dealings involving LCs.","PeriodicalId":37075,"journal":{"name":"UUM Journal of Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45573654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UNDERSTANDING WHY MOTHERS CAN LOSE CHILD CUSTODY IN MALAYSIA","authors":"R. Kadir, R. Abdullah, Safiek Mokhlis","doi":"10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Custody decisions are tailored to the circumstances of each case based on related principles with protection of child welfare as courts’ paramount consideration. This paper seeks to understand custody issue from quantitative viewpoint through a conceptual model and examines how child custody principles have influenced loss decisions for mothers. The methodology used was content analysis and Chi-Square correlation, with usable data provided by 47 cases decided in Malaysia between 1987 and 2017 based on Act 303. Coding instrument and conceptual framework were developed with items covering presumption of maternal custody, custodian qualification and loss of rights, child’s and mother’s wishes. The findings revealed that mothers were less likely to lose custody cases and when they did their defeats were strongly influenced by factors relating to children’s preference and status quo arrangement. The results contribute to an understanding of how mothers can lose custody of their children and clarify whether some of the independent variables are used more regularly and are more predictive of the loss decisions than the others.","PeriodicalId":37075,"journal":{"name":"UUM Journal of Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46356127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CUSTOMARY LAND RIGHTS OF ORANG ASLI: A CASE STUDY IN KAMPUNG PARIT GONG, NEGERI SEMBILAN, MALAYSIA","authors":"Kamilah Wati binti Mohd, F. M. Hassan, Intan Nadia Ghulam Khan, Izawati Wook","doi":"10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"The Orang Asli group forms a minority community in Peninsular Malaysia, whose livelihood mostly depends on their land and the surrounding area. Dispute over customary land rights of Orang Asli has been continual in Malaysia although Malaysian Courts, in several cases, have upheld the Common Law rights of Orang Asli to their customary lands. This poses a challenge to some Orang Asli communities and State Governments. Based on focus group discussion, profiling survey, and library research methods, this paper analyses the land rights of Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia, by placing focus on Orang Asli in Kampung Parit Gong, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan. The findings indicate that the Kampung Parit Gong Orang Asli community has been strictly adhering to the customs of ‘adat perpatih’ since yesteryears, and that they highly value the land, both through usage of land and by inheritance. Several important concerns were raised by the Orang Asli in Kampung Parit Gong, particularly on the security over their rights on the said customary land and the guarantee of their future generations’ socio-economic wellbeing. Having said that, this paper proposes several legal and administrative measures to not only address the uprising issues, but also to ascertain that the rights of Orang Asli residing in Peninsular Malaysia are secured.","PeriodicalId":37075,"journal":{"name":"UUM Journal of Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49557405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REGULATING BIOSAFETY OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS IN INDONESIA: LIMITS AND CHALLENGES","authors":"Muhammad Bahrul Ulum","doi":"10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The global use of genetically modified (GM) crops is rapidly expanding. While the advent of this agricultural biotechnology offers new promises to cater to the rising demand for Indonesia’s food security, the government should ensure its safety. This paper examines the regulatory regime over biosafety in Indonesia by considering the global fragmentation of biosafety regulation that debates its impact on environmental and health aspects. After Indonesia ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which both specifically become the global guideline on how domestic biosafety policies are regulated, environmental and health issues are among the priorities which the use of GM crops contests to the precautionary approach. Amidst the insufficient scientific ground on its safety, GM crops' use is supposed to result in adverse impacts, and the suspicion over the safety of such a new cutting-edge agricultural technology ended with a series of rejections. This paper's results reveal that amongst the global contention over the regulatory regime on biosafety, which resulted in the bifurcation of the biosafety regulation, Indonesia has added to the new polarization. This polarization includes the release of GM crops certification, and Indonesia's desire to regulating biosafety deliberates over the definition and translation of biosafety in the domestic regulatory regime against the global regulatory diversity of biosafety.","PeriodicalId":37075,"journal":{"name":"UUM Journal of Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45407804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE MONOPOLY PRACTICE AND UNFAIR BUSINESS COMPETITION IN THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ACTIVITY THROUGH THE FOREIGN PATENT IN INDONESIA","authors":"Rahmanisa Purnamasari Faujura, Elisatris Gultom, Sudjana Sudjana","doi":"10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"It is a common knowledge that technology development shall be in line with the development of a nation. This fact is raising the need of developing countries as Indonesia to maximize potential in the field of technology. However, it is not easy as it sounds, there are many obstacles for a country to develop its potential in technology, notably for the expert in the relevant country to master the necessary skills. Due to this limitation, many countries are beginning to fill-in the gap by registering license of foreign patent. It is expected that the use of foreign patent will replace the higher cost and longer time needed in developing local technology in the developing countries. Unfortunately, the use of foreign patent license does not itself automatically enhance one’s ability to master the necessary skills. Many cases where developing countries were deceived by the ‘grant-back’ clause attached to the foreign patent license. The licensee’s position is consequently considered has lower than of the licensor, which in its turn may rise monopoly practice and unfair business competition. This study is conducted with the purpose to formulate an effective technology transfer through the licensing of foreign patent that can refrain from the repetition of monopoly practice and unfair business competition, according to the TRIPs signed by WTO and the positive law in Indonesia. This study is using juridical-normative approach as the methodology of research, it also use analytical approach through the Law Number 13 of 2016 concerning Patent; Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning Prohibition of the Monopoly Practice and Unfair Business Competition as well as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights signed by the World Trade Organization, with respect to the license agreement of the foreign patent. Based on the issue as established previously in this journal, the expected outcome of increased information dissemination towards countries using patent licensing agreement in technology and information development related to any matter in intellectual property specifically in licensing agreement, which has higher possibility for Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. Therefore, shows that in principle in order to prevent the licensing of foreign patent to lead onto the monopoly practice and unfair business competition, a country must establish a controlling entity to supervise the execution of the foreign patent and at the same time, enacting harmonious rules and regulations with such supervision.","PeriodicalId":37075,"journal":{"name":"UUM Journal of Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47586307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PUBLIC GOOD THEORY: A THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR PERMISSIVE LICENSE TO USE AND RE-USE ORPHAN WORKS","authors":"M. H. M. Khair, Haswira Nor Mohamad Hashim, M. Anagnostopoulou","doi":"10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the adoption of Paul Samuelson’s Public Good Theory as a theoretical justification for a permissive licensing scheme enabling the use, and re-use orphan works in Malaysia. Orphan works are copyright-protected works with unlocatable or unidentified right holders, and are currently on the rise due to the proliferation of unregistered, anonymous, and abandoned copyright works. The literature denotes the challenges arising from the difficulty faced by potential users in obtaining the permission for creative and innovative use of orphan works as required under Copyright law. Such challenges impede the potential use and re-use of orphan works for the purpose of knowledge dissemination, progress in the arts, preservation and digitisation activities. This paper contributes to the current body of knowledge by canvassing two important issues. The first issue focuses on the challenges faced by potential users to use and re-use orphan works in Malaysia. The second is Paul Samuelson’s Public Good as a theoretical justification for permissive license to use and re-use orphan works. It is anticipated that a legislative reform grounded on Paul Samuelson’s Public Good Theory will spur grassroots innovations, creativity and entrepreneurialism among members of the public. The permissive licensing scheme supports global calls for legislative reform of copyright law to facilitate the use and reuse of orphan works.","PeriodicalId":37075,"journal":{"name":"UUM Journal of Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42369947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANALISIS LITERATUR TENTANG TATACARA PERBICARAAN JENAYAH SYARIAH BAGI ORANG KURANG UPAYA DI MAHKAMAH SYARIAH\u0000(Literature Analysis on Syariah Criminal Trial Procedures for Person with Disabilities in Syariah Court)","authors":"Muhammad Ariffin Surdi Roslan, Hasnizam Hashim, A. S. Baharuddin, Azman Ab. Rahman","doi":"10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Pada masa kini, tidak diketahui sejauh mana mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia mengendalikan kes-kes jenayah Syariah yang membabitkan Orang Kurang Upaya (OKU). Akta dan Enakmen Tatacara Jenayah Syariah Negeri-negeri tidak memperincikan tatacara perbicaraan yang tertentu bagi kes-kes jenayah Syariah membabitkan OKU. Ketiadaan satu tatacara perbicaraan khusus menimbulkan kebimbangan tentang penjagaan hak-hak OKU semasa perbicaraan kes-kes jenayah Syariah. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk menganalisis literatur mengenai tatacara perbicaraan kes jenayah Syariah bagi OKU di Mahkamah Syariah. Kajian kualitatif ini menggunakan kaedah analisis dokumen dan temu bual pakar iaitu Hakim Mahkamah Syariah dan Pegawai Penyelidik mahkamah Syariah. Analisis literatur sangat penting untuk mendapatkan gambaran menyeluruh mengenai perkembangan Undang-undang Tatacara Jenayah Syariah dan isu-isu dasar yang berlaku antara golongan OKU dan mahkamah Syariah. Kajian ini juga penting kerana ianya selari dengan hasrat kerajaan melalui Pelan Tindakan OKU 2016-2022 dalam menggalakkan penyelidikan dan pembangunan OKU untuk usaha penambahbaikan dalam segenap aspek termasuk sistem perundangan Syariah. Dapatan kajian mendapati golongan OKU menghadapi halangan berbentuk fizikal, sosial dan budaya ketika proses perbicaraan. Sehubungna dengan itu, wujud keperluan untuk mengkaji perundangan Syariah semasa di Malaysia bagi menjunjung keadilan dan pemeliharaan hak-hak mereka. Diharapkan kajian ini menjadi panduan dan rujukan pihak berautoriti apabila mengkaji tatacara perbicaraan OKU dan perundangan pada masa hadapan.","PeriodicalId":37075,"journal":{"name":"UUM Journal of Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42193937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ON RENEWABLE ENERGY IN MALAYSIA AND INDIA: TOWARDS THE COMMITMENTS UNDER THE PARIS AGREEMENT","authors":"Farahdilah Ghazali, A. H. Ansari, Ridoan Karim","doi":"10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change has always been an agenda for the international community, individually and collectively, due to global warming and unusual weather conditions. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) believes that the adequate deployment of clean energy can achieve the targets of the Paris Climate Change Agreement. Many countries have shown their commitment to decrease their carbon emission levels substantially, and they have done so by resorting to renewable energy sources. Renewable energy generation opens a viable door for climate change mitigation efforts. Both Malaysia and India are committed to fulfilling their obligation under the Paris Agreement. This comparative study evaluates the laws and policies related to renewable energy in Malaysia and India, as these countries progress towards their commitments under the Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC). This study operates under the comparative qualitative methodological framework and utilises secondary sources for analysis. Based on the comparative expositions, Malaysia can learn measures adopted by India to accelerate renewable energy development as well as to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, which will prove beneficial to the country as well as in order to comply with international conventions and agreements.","PeriodicalId":37075,"journal":{"name":"UUM Journal of Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49471558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KESESUAIAN UNDANG-UNDANG UNTUK PERLINDUNGAN CORAK TRADISIONAL ORANG IBAN DI SARAWAK, MALAYSIA \u0000(The Suitability of Laws for the Protection of Traditional Design of Orang Iban in Sarawak)","authors":"Shahrina Anis Samsudin, Nazura Abdul Manap, Safinaz Mohd. Hussein","doi":"10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/UUMJLS2021.12.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Corak tradisional Orang Iban yang semakin mendapat perhatian telah ditiru, dieksploitasi, digunakan tanpa kebenaran dan digunakan dalam keadaan yang menghina Orang Iban. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran tentang undang-undang yang sesuai bagi melindungi pengungkapan kebudayaan tradisional (PKT), terutamanya corak tradisional. Hal ini kerana terdapat pelbagai jenis undang-undang yang digunakan di seluruh dunia dalam melindungi PKT dan tiada instrumen undang-undang antarabangsa yang khusus diperuntukkan untuk melindungi PKT. Selain daripada itu, objektif artikel ini juga bertujuan untuk mencadangkan undang-undang yang sesuai digunakan di Malaysia untuk melindungi corak tradisional Orang Iban daripada perspektif PKT. Kajian perpustakaan dilakukan berdasarkan sumber primer dan sekunder seperti buku, kertas-kertas kajian dan dokumen perundangan melalui pangkalan data elektronik dan carian Internet menggunakan kata kunci seperti perlindungan warisan budaya, perlindungan pengungkapan kebudayaan tradisional, warisan Orang Asal dan perlindungan corak Orang Asal. Dapatan kajian diasingkan dan dibincangkan mengikut jenis undang-undang yang dicadangkan iaitu undang-undang warisan budaya, undang-undang harta intelek, gabungan undang-undang, undang-undang adat dan undang-undang sui generis. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tiada satu jenis undang-undang yang dipersetujui di peringkat antarabangsa untuk melindungi PKT. Kajian ini mencadangkan supaya undang-undang warisan budaya dan harta intelek sedia ada dipinda dan digunakan secara bersama-sama untuk memberikan perlindungan yang pantas untuk beberapa aspek keperluan Orang Iban terhadap corak tradisional mereka. Namun begitu, satu kerangka perundangan baru yang khusus (sui generis) harus digubal untuk memberikan perlindungan yang menyeluruh dan untuk jangka masa yang panjang bagi corak tradisional Orang Iban.","PeriodicalId":37075,"journal":{"name":"UUM Journal of Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48065264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}