Nanotheranostics最新文献

{"title":"Emerging Role of Edible Exosomes-Like Nanoparticles (ELNs) as Hepatoprotective Agents.","authors":"P Debishree Subudhi,&nbsp;Chhagan Bihari,&nbsp;Shiv Kumar Sarin,&nbsp;Sukriti Baweja","doi":"10.7150/ntno.70999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.70999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver diseases are responsible for over 2 million deaths each year and the number is rapidly increasing. There is a strong link between edibles, gut microbiota, liver fat and the liver damage. There are very limited therapeutic options for treatment specifically for Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and Non-Alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, identified Edible Exosomes-like nanoparticles (ELNs) are plant derived membrane bound particles, released by microvesicular bodies for cellular communication and regulate immune responses against many pathogens. Many studies have identified their role as hepatoprotective agent as they carry bioactive material as cargoes which are transferred to recipient cells and affect various biological functions in liver. They are also known to carry specific miRNA, which increases the copy number of beneficial bacteria and the production of lactic acid metabolites in gut and hence restrains from liver injury through portal vein. Few in-vitro studies also have been reported about the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and detoxification properties of ELNs which again protects the liver. The properties such as small size, biocompatibility, stability, low toxicity and non-immunogenicity make ELNs as a better therapeutic option. But, till now, studies on the effect of ELNs as therapeutics are still at its infancy yet promising. Here we discuss about the isolation, characterization, their role in maintaining the gut microbiome and liver homeostasis. Also, we give an outline about the latest advances in ELNs modifications, its biological effects, limitations and we propose the future prospective of ELNs as therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":36934,"journal":{"name":"Nanotheranostics","volume":" ","pages":"365-375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9254361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40566079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 2D nanotheranostic platform based on graphene oxide and phase-change materials for bimodal CT/MR imaging, NIR-activated drug release, and synergistic thermo-chemotherapy","authors":"Mehri Mirrahimi, Z. Alamzadeh, J. Beik, Abolfazl Sarikhani, M. Mousavi, Rasoul Irajirad, Tahereh Khani, Elnaz S. Davani, Ali Farashahi, Tahereh Shakerian Ardakani, J. Bulte, H. Ghaznavi, A. Shakeri-Zadeh","doi":"10.7150/ntno.64790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.64790","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have seen considerable progress in the development of nanomedicine by the advent of 2D nanomaterials serving as ideal platforms to integrate multiple theranostic functions. We synthesized multifunctional stimuli-responsive 2D-based smart nanocomposites (NCs), comprising gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIOs) scaffolded within graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, coated with doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded 1-tetradecanol (TD), and further modified with an alginate (Alg) polymer. TD is a phase-change material (PCM) that confines DOX molecules to the GO surface and melts when the temperature exceeds its melting point (Tm=39 °C), causing the PCM to release its drug payload. By virtue of their strong near-infrared (NIR) light absorption and high photothermal conversion efficiency, GO nanosheets may enable photothermal therapy (PTT) and activate a phase change to trigger DOX release. Upon NIR irradiation of NCs, a synergistic thermo-chemotherapeutic effect can be obtained by GO-mediated PTT, resulting an accelerated and controllable drug release through the PCM mechanism. The biodistribution of these NCs could also be imaged with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in vitro and in vivo. Hence, this multifunctional nanotheranostic platform based on 2D nanomaterials appears a promising candidate for multimodal image-guided cancer therapy.","PeriodicalId":36934,"journal":{"name":"Nanotheranostics","volume":"6 1","pages":"350 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44927992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EK-16A liposomes enhance HIV replication in ACH2 or J-Lat 10.6 cell engrafted NSG mice.","authors":"Panpan Lu,&nbsp;Jinlong Yang,&nbsp;Xinyi Yang,&nbsp;Zhiming Liang,&nbsp;Jing Wang,&nbsp;Yanan Wang,&nbsp;Lin Zhao,&nbsp;Hanyu Pan,&nbsp;Xiaoting Shen,&nbsp;Yuqi Zhu,&nbsp;Jingna Xun,&nbsp;Hongzhou Lu,&nbsp;Huanzhang Zhu","doi":"10.7150/ntno.69259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.69259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Numbers of HIV latency reversal agents (LRAs) have been tested in clinical trials, but with limited effect. EK-16A is an ingenol derivative that isolated from <i>Euphorbia kansui</i>. Our prior studies have suggested that it could reactivate latent HIV and meanwhile inhibit HIV infection <i>in vitro</i>. Here, we further advanced the research <i>in vivo</i>. <b>Methods:</b><i>In vitro</i>, the activity of EK-16A liposomes was measured in HIV latently infected cells. In serum pharmacology test, BALB/c mice were orally administered with EK-16A liposomes, serum was separated and co-cultured with cells, HIV reactivation was measured. <i>In vivo</i>, NSG mice were transplanted with human cells for 3 weeks and then administered with EK-16A liposomes for 3 days. In ACH2 cell engrafted NSG mice, P24 in plasma and cell-associated HIV RNA in tissues was measured. In J-Lat 10.6 cell engrafted NSG mice, GFP expression of J-Lat 10.6 cells in diverse tissues was measured. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was carried out for histopathological examination in both mice. <b>Results:</b> EK-16A liposomes can reactivate latent HIV in ACH2 and J-Lat 10.6 cells. Serum pharmacological test showed that EK-16A retained activity after oral administration. Importantly, in ACH2 cell engrafted NSG mice, EK-16A liposomes increased the secretion of P24 in plasma and the expression of cell-associated HIV RNA in tissues. In J-Lat 10.6 cell engrafted NSG mice, EK-16A liposomes increased the GFP expression of J-Lat 10.6 cells in diverse tissues, including the bone marrow, spleen, liver, lung and peripheral blood. Furthermore, there was no obvious histopathological change associated with the use of EK-16A liposomes in both mice. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our results confirmed the enhancing HIV replication activity and preliminary security of EK-16A in human cell engrafted NSG mice, laying the foundation for research in clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":36934,"journal":{"name":"Nanotheranostics","volume":" ","pages":"325-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9194586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40041099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface enhanced deep Raman detection of cancer tumour through 71 mm of heterogeneous tissue.","authors":"Priyanka Dey,&nbsp;Alexandra Vaideanu,&nbsp;Sara Mosca,&nbsp;Marzieh Salimi,&nbsp;Benjamin Gardner,&nbsp;Francesca Palombo,&nbsp;Ijeoma Uchegbu,&nbsp;Jeremy Baumberg,&nbsp;Andreas Schatzlein,&nbsp;Pavel Matousek,&nbsp;Nick Stone","doi":"10.7150/ntno.71510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.71510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Detection of solid tumours through tissue- from depths relevant to humans- has been a significant challenge for biomedical Raman spectroscopy. The combined use of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging agents with deep Raman spectroscopy (DRS), i.e., surface enhanced deep Raman spectroscopy (SEDRS), offer prospects for overcoming such obstacles. In this study, we investigated the maximum detection depth through which the retrieval of SERS signal of a passively targeted biphenyl-4-thiol tagged gold nanoparticle (NP) imaging agent, injected subcutaneously into a mouse bearing breast cancer tumour, was possible. A compact 830 nm set-up with a hand-held probe and the flexibility of switching between offset, transmission and conventional Raman modalities was developed for this study. <i>In vivo</i> injection of the above SERS NP primary dose allowed surface tumour detection, whereas additional post mortem NP booster dose was required for detection of deeply seated tumours through heterogeneous animal tissue (comprising of proteins, fat, bone, organs, blood, and skin). The highest detection depth of 71 mm was probed using transmission, translating into a ~40% increase in detection depth compared to earlier reports. Such improvements in detection depth along with the inherent Raman chemical sensitivity brings SEDRS one step closer to future clinical cancer imaging technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":36934,"journal":{"name":"Nanotheranostics","volume":" ","pages":"337-349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9194587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40041100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Tumor Theranostics of Transition Metal Ions Loaded Polyaminopyrrole Nanoparticles: Erratum.","authors":"Shuyao Li,&nbsp;Shuwei Liu,&nbsp;Lu Wang,&nbsp;Min Lin,&nbsp;Rui Ge,&nbsp;Xing Li,&nbsp;Xue Zhang,&nbsp;Yi Liu,&nbsp;Lening Zhang,&nbsp;Hongchen Sun,&nbsp;Hao Zhang,&nbsp;Bai Yang","doi":"10.7150/ntno.67620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.67620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7150/ntno.25119.].</p>","PeriodicalId":36934,"journal":{"name":"Nanotheranostics","volume":" ","pages":"322-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9194588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40041570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lanthanide-based β-Tricalcium Phosphate Upconversion Nanoparticles as an Effective Theranostic Nonviral Vectors for Image-Guided Gene Therapy","authors":"Flávia R. O. Silva, N. B. Lima, M. H. Bellini, L. Teixeira, Eric Y. Du, Niloufar Jamshidi, J. Gooding, Adam D. Martin, A. Macmillan, C. Marquis, P. Thordarson","doi":"10.7150/ntno.68789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.68789","url":null,"abstract":"Lanthanide-based beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) upconversion nanoparticles are exploited as a non-viral vector for imaging guided-gene therapy by virtue of their unique optical properties and multi-modality imaging ability, high transfection efficiency, high biocompatibility, dispersibility, simplicity of synthesis and surface modification. Ytterbium and thulium-doped β-TCP nanoparticles (βTCPYbTm) are synthesized via co-precipitation method, coated with polyethylenimine (PEI) and functionalized with a nuclear-targeting peptide (TAT). Further, in vitro studies revealed that the nanotheranostic carriers are able to transfect cells with the plasmid eGFP at a high efficiency, with approximately 60% of total cells producing the fluorescent green protein. The optimized protocol developed comprises the most efficient βTCPYbTm/PEI configuration, the amount and the order of assembly of βTCPYbTm:PEI, TAT, plasmid DNA and the culturing conditions. With having excellent dispersibility and high chemical affinity toward nucleic acid, calcium ions released from βTCPYbTm:PEI nanoparticles can participate in delivering nucleic acids and other therapeutic molecules, overcoming the nuclear barriers and improving the transfection efficacy. Equally important, the feasibility of the upconversion multifunctional nanovector to serve as an effective contrast agent for imaging modality, capable of converting low-energy light to higher-energy photons via a multi-photons mechanism, endowing greater unique luminescent properties, was successfully demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":36934,"journal":{"name":"Nanotheranostics","volume":"6 1","pages":"306 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42206250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Immune Targeted Imaging of Tumor Microenvironment","authors":"Taha Rakhshandehroo, B. Smith, Hannah J. Glockner, M. Rashidian, N. Pandit-Taskar","doi":"10.7150/ntno.66556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.66556","url":null,"abstract":"Novel targeted therapies are rapidly emerging for the treatment of cancer. With the advent of new immune targeting agents, understanding the changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical. Given the complexity and several cellular mechanisms and factors that play a role in the TME, novel imaging methods to assess and evaluate the dynamic changes in the TME during treatment are needed. Several techniques are being developed for imaging TME including optical, fluorescence and photoacoustic methods. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging can be used to track the dynamics of different molecular targets in the TME in live animals and in humans. Several novel PET imaging probes including radiolabeled antibodies, antibody fragments, and small molecules have been developed with many more that are under development preclinically and in early human studies. This review is a brief overview of some of the PET agents that are either in the preclinical developmental phase or undergoing early clinical studies.","PeriodicalId":36934,"journal":{"name":"Nanotheranostics","volume":"6 1","pages":"286 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43228884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualizing surface marker expression and intratumoral heterogeneity with SERRS-NPs imaging.","authors":"Lara K Rotter,&nbsp;Naxhije Berisha,&nbsp;Hsiao-Ting Hsu,&nbsp;Kathleen H Burns,&nbsp;Chrysafis Andreou,&nbsp;Moritz F Kircher","doi":"10.7150/ntno.67362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.67362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cell surface marker expression in tumors dictates the selection of therapeutics, therapy response, and survival. However, biopsies are invasive, sample only a small area of the tumor landscape and may miss significant areas of heterogeneous expression. Here, we investigated the potential of antibody-conjugated surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering nanoparticles (SERRS-NPs) to depict and quantify high and low tumoral surface marker expression, focusing on the surface markers epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in an intracerebral and peripheral setting with an inter- and intratumoral comparison of Raman signal intensities. <b>Methods</b>: ICR-Prkdc <scid> mice were injected with glioblastoma, epidermoid carcinoma, or breast tumor cell lines intracerebrally and peripherally. SERRS-NPs were functionalized with cetuximab or trastuzumab and administered via tail vein injection. Raman imaging was performed 18 hours post-injection in excised tumors and <i>in vivo</i> through the skull. Tumors were then fixed and processed for immunohistochemical evaluation. <b>Results</b>: Confirmed by MRI and immunohistochemistry for EGFR and HER2, our results demonstrate that antibody-conjugated SERRS-NPs go beyond the delineation of a tumor and offer clear and distinct Raman spectra that reflect the distribution of the targeted surface marker. The intensity of the SERRS-NP signal accurately discriminated high- versus low-expressing surface markers between tumors, and between different areas within tumors. <b>Conclusion</b>: Biopsies can be highly invasive procedures and provide a limited sample of molecular expression within a tumor. Our nanoparticle-based Raman imaging approach offers the potential to provide non-invasive and more comprehensive molecular imaging and an alternative to the current clinical gold standard of immunohistochemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":36934,"journal":{"name":"Nanotheranostics","volume":"6 3","pages":"256-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8824670/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39784947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-PD-L1 F(ab) Conjugated PEG-PLGA Nanoparticle Enhances Immune Checkpoint Therapy.","authors":"Christina K Lee,&nbsp;Danielle F Atibalentja,&nbsp;Lilian E Yao,&nbsp;Jangho Park,&nbsp;Sibu Kuruvilla,&nbsp;Dean W Felsher","doi":"10.7150/ntno.65544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.65544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Immune checkpoint therapies are effective in the treatment of a subset of patients in many different cancers. Immunotherapy offers limited efficacy in part because of rapid drug clearance and off-target associated toxicity. PEG-PLGA is a FDA approved, safe, biodegradable polymer with flexible size control. The delivery of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-L1 (α-PD-L1) via PEG-PLGA polymer has the potential to increase bioavailability and reduce immune clearance to enhance clinical efficacy and reduce toxicity. <b>Methods:</b> The Fc truncated F(ab) portion of α-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (α-PD-L1 mAb) was attached to a PEG-PLGA polymer. α-PD-L1 F(ab)-PEG-PLGA polymers were incubated in oil-in-water emulsion to form a α-PD-L1 F(ab)-PEG-PLGA nanoparticle (α-PD-L1 NP). α-PD-L1 NP was characterized for size, polarity, toxicity and stability. The relative efficacy of α-PD-L1 NP to α-PD-L1 mAb was measured when delivered either intraperitoneally (IP) or intravenously (IV) in a subcutaneous mouse colon cancer model (MC38). Antibody retention was measured using fluorescence imaging. Immune profile in mice was examined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. <b>Results:</b> Engineered α-PD-L1 NP was found to have pharmacological properties that are potentially advantageous compared to α-PD-L1 mAb. The surface charge of α-PD-L1 NP was optimal for both tumor cell uptake and reduced self-aggregation. The modified size of α-PD-L1 NP reduced renal excretion and mononuclear phagocyte uptake, which allowed the NP to be retained in the host system longer. α-PD-L1 NP was non-toxic <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. α-PD-L1 NP comparably suppressed MC38 tumor growth. α-PD-L1 NP appeared to elicit an increased immune response as measured by increase in germinal center area in the spleen and in innate immune cell activation in the tumor. Finally, we observed that generally, for both α-PD-L1 NP and α-PD-L1 mAb, the IP route was more effective than IV route for tumor reduction. <b>Conclusion:</b> α-PD-L1 NP is a non-toxic, biocompatible synthetic polymer that can extend α-PD-L1 antibody circulation and reduce renal clearance while retaining anti-cancer activity and potentially enhancing immune activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":36934,"journal":{"name":"Nanotheranostics","volume":"6 3","pages":"243-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8824669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39784949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnology Advances in the Detection and Treatment of Cancer: An Overview.","authors":"Sareh Mosleh-Shirazi,&nbsp;Milad Abbasi,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Moaddeli,&nbsp;Ahmad Vaez,&nbsp;Mostafa Shafiee,&nbsp;Seyed Reza Kasaee,&nbsp;Ali Mohammad Amani,&nbsp;Saeid Hatam","doi":"10.7150/ntno.74613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.74613","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the last few years, progress has been made across the nanomedicine landscape, in particular, the invention of contemporary nanostructures for cancer diagnosis and overcoming complexities in the clinical treatment of cancerous tissues. Thanks to their small diameter and large surface-to-volume proportions, nanomaterials have special physicochemical properties that empower them to bind, absorb and transport high-efficiency substances, such as small molecular drugs, DNA, proteins, RNAs, and probes. They also have excellent durability, high carrier potential, the ability to integrate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, and compatibility with various transport routes, making them especially appealing over a wide range of oncology fields. This is also due to their configurable scale, structure, and surface properties. This review paper discusses how nanostructures can function as therapeutic vectors to enhance the therapeutic value of molecules; how nanomaterials can be used as medicinal products in gene therapy, photodynamics, and thermal treatment; and finally, the application of nanomaterials in the form of molecular imaging agents to diagnose and map tumor growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":36934,"journal":{"name":"Nanotheranostics","volume":"6 4","pages":"400-423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9428923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10604210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}