Jenifer L Hendel, Richard A Gardner, Daniel I R Spencer
{"title":"Automation of Immunoglobulin Glycosylation Analysis.","authors":"Jenifer L Hendel, Richard A Gardner, Daniel I R Spencer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of reliable, affordable, high-resolution glycomics technologies that can be used for many samples in a high-throughput manner are essential for both the optimization of glycosylation in the biopharmaceutical industry as well as for the advancement of clinical diagnostics based on glycosylation biomarkers. We will use this chapter to review the sample preparation processes that have been used on liquid-handling robots to obtain high-quality glycomics data for both biopharmaceutical and clinical antibody samples. This will focus on glycoprotein purification, followed by glycan or glycopeptide generation, derivatization and enrichment. The use of liquid-handling robots for glycomics studies on other sample types beyond antibodies will not be discussed here. We will summarize our thoughts on the current status of the field and explore the benefits and challenges associated with developing and using automated platforms for sample preparation. Finally, the future outlook for the automation of glycomics will be discussed along with a projected impact on the field in general.</p>","PeriodicalId":36906,"journal":{"name":"Experientia supplementum (2012)","volume":"112 ","pages":"173-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39549102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protozoan Parasite Auxotrophies and Metabolic Dependencies.","authors":"Elodie Gazanion, Baptiste Vergnes","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diseases caused by protozoan parasites have a major impact on world health. These early branching eukaryotes cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. During evolution, protozoan parasites have evolved toward complex life cycles in multiple host organisms with different nutritional resources. The conservation of functional metabolic pathways required for these successive environments is therefore a prerequisite for parasitic lifestyle. Nevertheless, parasitism drives genome evolution toward gene loss and metabolic dependencies (including strict auxotrophy), especially for obligatory intracellular parasites. In this chapter, we will compare and contrast how protozoan parasites have perfected this metabolic adaptation by focusing on specific auxotrophic pathways and scavenging strategies used by clinically relevant apicomplexan and trypanosomatid parasites to access host's nutritional resources. We will further see how these metabolic dependencies have in turn been exploited for therapeutic purposes against these human pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":36906,"journal":{"name":"Experientia supplementum (2012)","volume":"109 ","pages":"351-375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36769480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mazhar A Kanak, Yoshitaro Shindo, Pavithra SaiKumar, Bashoo Naziruddin
{"title":"Role of Inflammasomes in the Development of Gastrointestinal Diseases.","authors":"Mazhar A Kanak, Yoshitaro Shindo, Pavithra SaiKumar, Bashoo Naziruddin","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract have been attributed to chronic inflammation, and a few have identified the role of inflammasomes in their pathogenesis. Inflammasomes are a group of protein complexes comprising of several intracellular proteins that link the sensing of microbial products and metabolic stress to the proteolytic activation of the proinflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have implicated activation of several families of NOD-like receptors (NLRs) which are major components of inflammasomes in the development and exacerbation of many diseases of human systems. In this chapter, we discuss the role of inflammasomes in some of the most prevalent diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and highlight potential targets for treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":36906,"journal":{"name":"Experientia supplementum (2012)","volume":"108 ","pages":"235-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36814874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez, Beatriz Castejón-Vega, Macarena López-Sánchez, Mario D Cordero
{"title":"Inflammasomes in Clinical Practice: A Brief Introduction.","authors":"Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez, Beatriz Castejón-Vega, Macarena López-Sánchez, Mario D Cordero","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes formed and activated after exposure to pathogenic microbes and host danger signals that control the maturation and production of IL-1β and IL-18. Their implication in different diseases such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and metabolic diseases opens a door to developing new therapeutic perspectives. However, the rapid increase in the knowledge about inflammasomes is associated with their involvement in clinical practice. Two topics open the way to future lines of research: a clinical trial with the new specific inhibitors and the development of diagnostic tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":36906,"journal":{"name":"Experientia supplementum (2012)","volume":"108 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36759562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roderick Adrian Slavcev, Chi Hong Sum, Jesse St Jean, Haein Huh, Nafiseh Nafissi
{"title":"Specific Systems for Evaluation.","authors":"Roderick Adrian Slavcev, Chi Hong Sum, Jesse St Jean, Haein Huh, Nafiseh Nafissi","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-78259-1_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78259-1_4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fluorescent-based visualization techniques have long been used to monitor biological activity. This chapter explores the delivery of reporter genes as a means to assay and track activity in biological systems. Bioluminescence is the production of light due to biochemical processes. By encoding genes for bioluminescence, biological processes can be visualized based on gene expression. This chapter also discusses the primary applications of bioluminescence as seen through bioluminescent imaging techniques, flow cytometry, and PCR-based methods of gene detection. These techniques are described in terms of researching gene expression, cancer therapy, and protein interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":36906,"journal":{"name":"Experientia supplementum (2012)","volume":"110 ","pages":"99-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36759577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cláudia S Rodrigues, Cláudia F Campos, Cristina Cunha, Agostinho Carvalho
{"title":"Metabolic Regulation of Innate Immunity to Fungal Infection.","authors":"Cláudia S Rodrigues, Cláudia F Campos, Cristina Cunha, Agostinho Carvalho","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the renewed interest in immune cell metabolism has driven the emergence of a research field aimed at studying the role of metabolic processes during innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the specific requirements of myeloid cells after the canonical lipopolysaccharide/TLR4 stimulation have been extensively addressed, recent evidence suggests that this model may not represent a universally accurate metabolic blueprint. Instead, different microbial stimuli, pathogens, or tissue microenvironments trigger specific and complex metabolic rewiring of myeloid cells. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the metabolic heterogeneity in activated myeloid cells during fungal disease. Directions for future research in dissecting the uniqueness of metabolic signatures during fungal infection are suggested to ultimately provide new tailored diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":36906,"journal":{"name":"Experientia supplementum (2012)","volume":"109 ","pages":"403-420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36769483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabiola Marín-Aguilar, Jesús Ruiz-Cabello, Mario D Cordero
{"title":"Aging and the Inflammasomes.","authors":"Fabiola Marín-Aguilar, Jesús Ruiz-Cabello, Mario D Cordero","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The inflammasomes are innate immune system sensors that control the activation of caspase-1 and induce inflammation in response to infectious microbes and molecules originating from host proteins, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, Il1b and IL18, and a particular inflammatory type of cell death termed pyroptosis. It is broadly considered that chronic inflammation may be a common link in age-related diseases, aging being the greatest risk factor for the development of chronic diseases. In this sense, we discuss the role of inflammasomes in non-infectious inflammation and their interest in aging and age-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":36906,"journal":{"name":"Experientia supplementum (2012)","volume":"108 ","pages":"303-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36768723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microbiome and Gut Dysbiosis.","authors":"José E Belizário, Joel Faintuch","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the residence of trillions of microorganisms that include bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses. The collective genomes of whole microbial communities (microbiota) integrate the gut microbiome. Up to 100 genera and 1000 distinct bacterial species were identified in digestive tube niches. Gut microbiomes exert permanent pivotal functions by promoting food digestion, xenobiotic metabolism and regulation of innate and adaptive immunological processes. Proteins, peptides and metabolites released locally and at distant sites trigger many cell signalling and pathways. This intense crosstalk maintains the host-microbial homeostasis. Diet, age, diet, stress and diseases cause increases or decreases in relative abundance and diversity bacterial specie of GI and other body sites. Studies in animal models and humans have shown that a persistent imbalance of gut's microbial community, named dysbiosis, relates to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diabetes, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular and central nervous system disorders. Notably specific bacterial communities are promising clinical target to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. In this context, intestinal microbiota transplantation (IMT) is one optional treatment for IBD, in particular to patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile-induced pseudo-membrane colitis. Here we discuss on recent discoveries linking whole gut microbiome dysbiosis to metabolic and inflammatory diseases and potential prophylactic and therapeutic applications of faecal and phage therapy, probiotic and prebiotic diets.</p>","PeriodicalId":36906,"journal":{"name":"Experientia supplementum (2012)","volume":"109 ","pages":"459-476"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36758777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Inflammasomes in Bone Diseases.","authors":"Gabriel Mbalaviele, Deborah J Veis","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unresolved inflammation is harmful to any tissues in the organism. Bone in particular is vulnerable to inflammatory assaults because its integrity depends on the activity of osteoclasts, which arise from myeloid precursors. Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption in normal and disease conditions. Increased osteolysis is a common feature of inflammatory disorders and a risk factor for bone fractures. Thus, bone is impacted negatively not only by local and systemic inflammatory mediators, but also directly, by alterations affecting myelopoiesis and lineage allocations. Such perturbations are characteristics of dysregulated inflammasomes, which are key regulators of innate immunity. In this review, we discuss the role of inflammasomes in bone diseases caused by sterile or non-sterile inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":36906,"journal":{"name":"Experientia supplementum (2012)","volume":"108 ","pages":"269-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36814875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusions and Perspectives.","authors":"Roderick Adrian Slavcev","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-78259-1_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78259-1_5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The dawn of nanoparticle-encapsulated genes is a revolutionary move in gene therapy. It promises to specifically and safely transport genetic cargo through biological systems within a non-viral \"Trojan horse\" system.</p>","PeriodicalId":36906,"journal":{"name":"Experientia supplementum (2012)","volume":"110 ","pages":"125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-319-78259-1_5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36759576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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