{"title":"Momentum Eigenstates and Scattering","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781139048040.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139048040.024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368804,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Effective Field Theory","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131023238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantum Field Theory: A Cartoon","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781139048040.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139048040.025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368804,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Effective Field Theory","volume":"86 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120863367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Schulz, Catherine Hooppell, Adrianna C. Jenkins
{"title":"Effective Actions","authors":"L. Schulz, Catherine Hooppell, Adrianna C. Jenkins","doi":"10.1017/9781139048040.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139048040.005","url":null,"abstract":"Three studies look at whether the assumption of causal determinism (the assumption that all else being equal, causes generate effects deterministically) affects children’s imitation of modeled actions. We show that, even when the frequency of an effect is matched, both preschoolers (N = 60; mean: 56 months) and toddlers (N = 48; mean: 18 months) imitate actions more faithfully when modeled actions are deterministically rather than probabilistically effective. A third study suggests that preschoolers’ (N = 32; mean: 58 months) imitation is affected, not just by whether the agent’s goal is satisfied but also by whether the action is a reliable means to the goal. Children’s tendency to generate variable responses to probabilistically effective modeled actions could support causal learning. DIFFERENTIAL IMITATION 3 Imagine that every time your Uncle Robbie makes a soufflé it rises perfectly, but when your Uncle Sam makes a soufflé, sometimes it rises and sometimes it falls. Although you might learn to cook both by observing Uncle Sam’s failures and by observing Uncle Robbie’s successes, if you were learning from Uncle Robbie, you would probably imitate his technique faithfully, while if you were learning from Uncle Sam, you might be inclined to vary the recipe. That is, the precision with which you imitate an observed action might be affected by your beliefs about the efficacy of the action; optimal learning might depend on knowing when to imitate and when to explore. In this study, we look at whether a similar proposition is true for young children: do children differentially imitate deterministically and probabilistically effective actions? Previous research on children’s imitation raises a puzzle. On the one hand, children are very good at reproducing modeled actions. Indeed, in some contexts, children will faithfully copy even arbitrary, unnecessary actions. For instance, children will imitate elaborate, causally irrelevant routines to open a box even when the mechanisms that could be used to open the box directly are obvious (Horner & Whiten, 2005; Lyons, Young, & Keil, 2006; Whiten, Custance, Gomez, Teixidor, & Bard, 1996). Similarly, children will copy an actor who, for no apparent reason, activates a toy with her head, even though the children can (and often do) also activate the toy with their hands (Geregely, Bekkering, Kiraly, 2002; Meltzoff 1992). On the other hand, children will sometimes override modeled actions in order to generate their own means to inferred ends. Thus for instance, toddlers do not copy actions that fail to achieve the agent’s intended outcome (Meltzoff, 1995). If an adult pulls on a barbell toy but does not pull it apart, 18-month-olds do not imitate the ‘failed’ DIFFERENTIAL IMITATION 4 action. Instead they act to achieve the inferred goal of the action: they pull apart the toy. Critically children do not ‘read through the goals’ of the action if the action is performed by a machine rather than a person; the physica","PeriodicalId":368804,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Effective Field Theory","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131564880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Goldstone Bosons Again","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781139048040.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139048040.020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368804,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Effective Field Theory","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130275234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conceptual Issues (Nonrelativistic Systems)","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781139048040.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139048040.016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368804,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Effective Field Theory","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127286059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Many-Body Applications","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781139048040.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139048040.019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368804,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Effective Field Theory","volume":"212 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133578955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"General Relativity as an Effective Theory","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781139048040.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139048040.014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368804,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Effective Field Theory","volume":"19 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133586848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonrelativistic Applications","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781139048040.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139048040.015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368804,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Effective Field Theory","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115234184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Degenerate Systems","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781139048040.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139048040.021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368804,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Effective Field Theory","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122885699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Relativistic Applications","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781139048040.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139048040.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368804,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Effective Field Theory","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128157916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}