Wood Material Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Machine learning-based prediction of internal moisture variation in kiln-dried timber","authors":"Sohrab Rahimi, Stavros Avramidis, Farrokh Sassani, Vahid Nasir","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2263422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2263422","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTMonitoring the moisture content uniformity in kiln-dried wood and preventing large gradients is vital as nonuniformity renders dried timbers susceptible to warpage and degrade. This research uses a gradient-boosting machine learning model to model kiln drying by providing a predictive approach to estimate moisture levels and gradients. A population of 378 western hemlock square timbers was assigned into nine drying batches, each undergoing a different drying schedule. Inputs were four timber attributes, i.e, initial and final moisture, initial weight, and basic density, and three drying parameters, i.e. drying schedule, end-schedule conditioning, and dried timber post-storage. The results revealed that drying schedules and post-storage significantly impacted moisture gradients, while the effect of conditioning was insignificant. All the input parameters were crucial in developing the predictive machine-learning model, where wood attributes had relatively higher importance than drying parameters. Also, outputs highly depend on final moisture after drying. The best training and testing performances were achieved when predicting the shell moisture, followed by the core moisture and moisture gradient. Further research is required to enhance the predictive performance of the moisture gradient predictive model. Future studies could also develop classification models for the moisture gradient beneficial to sawmills.KEYWORDS: Western hemlockmoisture gradientdrying scheduleconditioningTreeNetgradient-boostingmachine learningensemble learning Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135045096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of impregnation with fire retardant on the properties of particleboard bonded with PF/pMDI adhesive","authors":"Jakub Kawalerczyk, Dorota Dziurka, Andrea Majlingová, Martin Lieskovský, Joanna Walkiewicz, Radosław Mirski","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2266408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2266408","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe application of commonly used flame retardants in most cases causes reduction in strength characteristic of particleboard. Therefore, it was decided to carry out research aimed at determining possibility of using pMDI-reinforced PF adhesive to produce board with increased fire resistance. The effect of different shares of particles impregnated with a mixture of potassium carbonate and urea on the particleboard properties such as density, density profile, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bond and internal bond after boiling was investigated. Presented work also determined the effect of fire retardant on the performance of particleboards after ageing test and their reaction to fire. Studies demonstrated that PF adhesive modified with 20% pMDI is suitable for gluing impregnated wood particles. Regardless of their share, resultant panels showed no changes in strength and density. In the case of boards consisting of impregnated particles in the amount of 75% and 100%, lower values of swelling were demonstrated. The boards were classified as load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions. Fire retarding efficiency was confirmed by lowered mass loss, prolonged time needed to reach maximal burning rate, decreased gross calorific value and reduced ignitability when exposed to both radiant heat source and small flame source.KEYWORDS: ParticleboardPF/pMDI adhesivefire retardantpotassium carbonateurea Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135044583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutting speed and feed-per-knife effects on surface quality of cants produced by a chipper-canter","authors":"Cleide B. Bourscheid, Roger E. Hernández, Claudia B. Cáceres, Carl Blais","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2263991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2263991","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe effects of cutting speed (CS) and feed-per-knife (FK) on the surface quality of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) cants processed by a chipper-canter were evaluated. Nine matched groups of logs were studied at 20, 25, and 30 m/s of CS, and 19, 25, and 32 mm of FK. Each log was processed at frozen and unfrozen conditions. Knots and grain angle measurements were taken on the cant surfaces after machining. The quality of cants was assessed utilizing waviness, roughness, and torn grain. The results showed that the surface quality was affected by CS and FK. Surface quality improved as FK decreased, likely due to decreasing cutting forces. The waviness tended to improve as CS increased, which could be partly due to the reduction of the non-cutting period between knives at higher CS. The waviness and depth of torn grain were similar for frozen and unfrozen logs. Surface quality varied within the cant, being generally poorer in the lower half. Knots and orientation of spiral grain (left-handed) contributed to diminishing the quality of surfaces. Finally, the results of correlations and regression analyses showed that optimizing the cutting conditions to decrease waviness should also reduce the depth of torn grain.KEYWORDS: Black sprucefeed speedcutting speedwavinesstorn grainchipper-canter Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.Additional informationFundingFunding for this project was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and by DK-SPEC Inc.","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135044584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A chemistry-based explainable machine learning model based on NIR spectra for predicting wood properties and understanding wavelength selection","authors":"Laurence Schimleck, Samuel Ayanleye, Stavros Avramidis, Vahid Nasir","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2265349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2265349","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTA chemistry-based explainable machine learning (ML) approach was used to predict wood properties using near infrared (NIR) spectral data collected from rough and smooth surfaces, and to provide better understanding of the role of important NIR wavelengths (features) in the performance of ML models. NIR spectra collected from western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) boards with rough and smooth surfaces were fed into random forest and TreeNet; a gradient boosting machine algorithm, for predicting wood density, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). The TreeNet model could predict the MOE, MOR, and density with R2 of 0.66, 0.64, and 0.64 using spectra collected from rough surface and R2 of 0.54, 0.46, and 0.46 using spectra collected from smooth surface. TreeNet outperformed the random forest, and for both ML algorithms higher R2 and lower error were obtained using NIR data collected from rough surfaces. This suggested that for Douglass fir and western hemlock, NIR spectra could be collected on a sawn surface prior to surface planing. However, it is difficult to generalize the impact of surface roughness on the performance of predictive model as different factors (e.g. what constitutes a smooth or rough surface, variability of data set in terms of wood properties) impact the success of predictive models. NIR features having the greatest influence on TreeNet models were examined and consistently had wood chemistry specific band assignments. The most important features occurred in the O-H first overtone, and C–H second overtone regions and a narrow zone (approximately 2400–2500 nm) of the C–H stretch C–C stretch combination region. Important features also differed by property and with surface roughness. Explaining ML model performance using the relative importance of the NIR features showed the importance of wood chemistry related information when developing models, however MOE and MOR TreeNet models based on smooth surface NIR spectra showed an increased importance of water related features. Overall, the chemistry-based explainable machine learning model approach allows for identification of important NIR features, and regions, and aids in understanding how they contribute to the performance of NIR-based wood property predictive models.KEYWORDS: Wood materialsmechanical propertiesensemble learninggradient boosting machinenear-infrared spectroscopysurface roughness Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134946471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decay resistance and mechanical strength of poplar wood treated after injection treatment to living trees using ammoniacal copper quaternary/carbon dots","authors":"Liang Wen, Zihao Wang, Xuan Wang, Qin Xu, Zhu Liu, Wanwan Zhao, Yaoli Zhang, Changlei Xia, Jianxiong Lv, Liping Cai","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2258854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2258854","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAs a cutting-edge wood preservation technology, injection treatment to living trees has gained traction to prevent fungal infestation. Wood preservatives are injected into the lower part of the trunk and subsequently transported with xylem sap through transpiration. In this experiment, the waterborne wood preservative was synthesized by Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary (ACQ) and carbon dots (CDs), and its characteristics were determined. The distribution, loading capacity, and decay resistance of ACQ/CDs at different heights of the living poplar trees after the treatment were examined. Meanwhile, the effects of three methods, i.e. injection treatment, immersion treatment, and pressure treatment on the decay resistance and mechanical properties of the treated wood were explored. The results showed that the wood preservative penetrated well into the xylem after the injection treatment. The wood at different heights after the injection treatment had good decay resistance. The decay resistance diminished with the rise in tree height, attributable to variations in the timing of the preservative reaching different levels within the tree. When compared with the immersion and pressure treatments, the injection treatment can effectively reduce the influence of long-term preservative soaking and pressure application on the mechanical properties of the treated wood, while upholding commendable decay resistance.KEYWORDS: Injection treatmentwood preservationdecay resistancemechanical properties Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 31670558].","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Status of China’s wooden-door industry and challenges lying ahead","authors":"Mei Zhang, Xianqing Xiong, Xinyi Yue, Xiutong Xu","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2261405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2261405","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTOver the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China’s wooden-door industry has undergone great changes, which has a profound impact on the world’s forest-products industry. The annual increase of forest coverage (hectares) in China has provided sufficient material guarantee for the development of the forest-products industry, and the wooden-door industry has grown rapidly by this opportunity. The types of wooden doors in China are becoming more and more abundant, and enterprises are paying more and more attention to the research and application of advanced manufacturing technology for wooden doors to meet the needs of consumers. From small-scale workshop production to today’s integrated and branded production, China has become the world’s largest wooden-door production base and sales market. However, at the same time, there are also a series of problems in China’s wooden-door industry, its comprehensive quality system construction, value network construction, related product multi-business model construction, wooden-door intelligent manufacturing-system construction all need to be further improved, to enhance the competitiveness of China’s wooden-door industry. The reform and development model of China’s wooden-door industry can provide valuable reference for the international forest-products industry.KEYWORDS: Reform and opening upForest-products industryWooden-doorManufacturing technologyIntelligent manufacturing AcknowledgmentsThe authors acknowledge the use of map provided by ‘National Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services’. We are also grateful to anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions that helped to improve the paper.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 All values are reported in constant 2022 CNY using the forestry price index from SSB (2023). In 2022, the conversion from CNY to US $ is about 6.8 (1 US dollar).Additional informationFundingThe publication was funded by 13th Five-Year the National key Research and Development Program of China [grant number 2018YFD0600304] and Technology Innovation Alliance of Wood/Bamboo Industry [grant number TIAWBI202010].","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of wood adhesive modification with liquefied lignocellulosic biomass and nanocellulose on the formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds emissions of particleboards","authors":"Dominika Janiszewska-Latterini, Patrycja Hochmańska-Kaniewska, Patrycja Kwaśniewska-Sip, Magdalena Czajka, Marta Pędzik","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2258119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2258119","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTReducing harmful emissions from wooden materials is a major challenge for the wood industry. This is particularly important for the particleboard sector, where the use of formaldehyde-based resins can cause substantial pollutant emissions. With the aim of finding a greener alternative to commercial resins, the authors applied four types of liquefied lignocellulosic biomass and two types of nanocellulose-based formulations as a partial replacement of melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin for single-layer particleboard manufacturing and tested: formaldehyde content, formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions of the boards. The results revealed reduced formaldehyde content (up to −20%) and a slight decrease (max −13%) in formaldehyde emission in comparison to the panel produced with commercial resin when applying liquefied biomass in the adhesive mass. The values of VOC emissions in the particleboards developed with the alternative adhesive systems were substantially lower in comparison to the commercial panel, especially for γ-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane nanocellulose, which allowed to achieve a reduction of about 67% of total VOC emissions. Overall, liquefied wood products obtained from softwood bark showed the best performance in decreasing the emissions. The results confirmed the research hypothesis that the use of liquefied lignocellulosic biomass and nanocellulose can reduce the emissions of harmful substances from the wood-based panels.KEYWORDS: FormaldehydeVOCsbio-adhesivesliquefied lignocellulosic biomassnanocelluloseparticleboards Data availability statementThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author (DJL), upon reasonable request.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThe research was carried out within project no. LIDER/14/0174/L-7/15/NCBR/2016: New biopolymer adhesives modified with silanes and ionic liquids for application in wood-based materials technology, funded by the National Center for Research and Development in Poland under the LIDER VII program.","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135770355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the chipping process of beech ( <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L.) wood: knives wear, chemical and microscopic analysis of wood","authors":"Jozef Krilek, Iveta Čabalová, Eva Výbohová, Miroslava Mamoňová, Miroslava Ťavodová, Ján Melicherčík, Arkadiusz Gendek, Monika Aniszewska, Luigi Todaro, Valentina Lo Giudice","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2259343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2259343","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work was to investigate the rate of knife wear during the beech wood chipping process and to evaluate the changes in the chemical and microscopic structure of wood. A knife coated with AlCrN was selected for the study. This coating creates an abrasion resistant layer on the knife and has a higher resistance to abrasive wear and, therefore, a longer life. After chipping, the degree of knife wear was assessed using a gravimetric method and 3D scanning analysis. Microstructural and surface characterisation revealed that cracking and abrasive wear were the main causes of tool blunting. The maximum removal of material on the cutting edge was 240 µm, the average weight loss of 0.58 g. In relation to wear, wood fragments remained on the cutting knife. Infrared spectroscopy of wood fragments showed changes in the chemical composition due to the high temperatures in the blade of the knife, and elemental analysis, the higher content of Al, Cr, and N elements in the wood fragments, probably due to the presence of particles from the coating of the knives. Microscopic analysis of the chips revealed the presence of metal particles from the knives on the structural wood elements.","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136131091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of physico-chemical and thermo-mechanical properties of sungkai (<i>Peronema canescens</i> Jack.), sengon (<i>Falcataria moluccana</i> (Miq.) Barneby &amp; J.W. Grimes), and teak (<i>Tectona grandis</i> L.f.) wood veneers","authors":"Adik Bahanawan, Yeyen Nurhamiyah, Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat, Widya Fatriasari, Petar Antov, Seng Hua Lee","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2255166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2255166","url":null,"abstract":"Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.), sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes), and teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) are some of the main fast-growing species in Indonesia. Limited research data on the physicochemical and thermo-mechanical properties of these wood species represents a significant drawback for their enhanced industrial utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the properties of these three kinds of wood according to their colour by applying the CIELab colour measuring system, chemical composition by Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Pyrolysis–gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses, and the thermo-mechanical properties by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The higher colour quantification (E*) value indicated brighter wood having higher carbohydrate and lower lignin content according to Py-GC/MS results. Besides, the colour may be attributed to the higher phenolic and extractive content. The order of woods from the highest to the lowest phenolic content was teak > sengon > sungkai. Meanwhile, DMA analysis revealed that sungkai had the highest storage modulus, followed by teak and sengon. The findings of this study suggested that the properties of wood could be predicted based on its colour appearance, which could be used in industrial applications for rapid identification of wood properties.","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"360 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135690097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the odorous constituents and chemical structure of thermally modified rubberwood","authors":"Tongtong Li, Guanjun Li, Jianing Li, Xiaowen Li, Min Li, Yachao Li","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2255571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2255571","url":null,"abstract":"Rubberwood is a sustainable timber from tropical plantations, and is widely used in human’s daily routine like furniture and interior decoration. The thermal modification technology can effectively make rubberwood preservative, and improve its dimensional stability, while the odorants emitted from thermally modified rubberwood limited its application and recently has attracted people’s attention. In this study, the effects of thermal modification on odor and key odorous constituents of rubberwood were studied. The volatile odorants were identified by sensory evaluation via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry. To gain profound insights into the contribution of single odorants to the overall odor of heat-treated rubberwood, the odor-active constituents were calculated using relative odor activity values (ROAV) on the basis of odor thresholds. It’s revealed that with increasing temperature, the ROAV of 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde increased from 0.01 to 2.6 and then decreased to 0.7, and 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde became the important odorant of thermally modified rubberwood ranged from 155°C to 185°C. The odor of 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde smelled like chocolate and burnt. The identification of odorants from thermally modified rubberwood could provide theoretical guidelines for further controlling the production technology to produce the low odor thermally modified rubberwood.","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135827194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}