Wood Material Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Use of X-ray computed tomography for real-time studies of the fire progress in wood","authors":"José Couceiro, Chia-feng Lin, Lars Hansson, Frank Schleicher, Mikael Svensson, Dennis Jones, George I. Mantanis, Dick Sandberg","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2269539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2269539","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTExamining the progression of fire in wood and wood-based materials on a laboratory scale is a challenging endeavour owing to practical constraints inherent to real fire scenarios. Factors such as the rate of fire spread, its intensity, duration, and the extent of its impact on timber structures are notably influenced by the quantity of timber surfaces exposed within a given building. Non-structural timber surfaces encompass decorative or flat linings on walls, ceilings, and flooring. The objective of this research was to devise a methodology that combines X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning with concurrent fire testing of wood, enabling the assessment of the fire's course and its deleterious effects on timber materials. The overarching goal of this novel tool is to expand our understanding of the fire behaviour exhibited by emerging and modified wood materials. To achieve this, a specialized fire chamber was integrated with an X-ray CT scanner to enable simultaneous fire testing and scanning procedures. In this study, one transversal and one cross-sectional surface of Norway spruce wood were subjected to fire, and the progression of the fire was scrutinized using CT scanning. As the density of the combusting wood material substantially decreased due to carbonization induced by pyrolysis, the advancement of the carbonized front was thoroughly investigated throughout the entire material volume. Ultimately, the findings indicate that CT scanning holds promise as a valuable tool for investigating the behaviour of solid wood, wood-based products, or other lignocellulosic materials when subjected to fire conditions.KEYWORDS: CTnon-destructive testingtimber AcknowledgementsRegarding funding, the authors gratefully acknowledge the significant support of the CT WOOD – a Centre of Excellence at Luleå University of Technology for the development of X-ray computed tomography applications for use in the forest products industry.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by CT WOOD.","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"30 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135818306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An approach for computing the thermal balance and energy consumption of concrete pits during boiling of frozed logs for veneer production","authors":"Nencho Deliiski, Peter Niemz, Ladislav Dzurenda, Pavlin Vitchev, Dimitar Angelski","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2275758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2275758","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAn approach for computing the thermal balance and energy consumption of pits during boiling of frozed logs intended for veneer production has been presented. With the help of our own non-stationary model, the boiling times of beech logs with a diameter of 0.4 m, initial temperature of −10°C, and moisture content of 0.6 kg·kg−1 were determined at water temperatures in the pit equal to 70°C, 80°C and 90°C. Using the determined logs’ boiling durations and the mentioned approach, the change in energy required for the entire boiling process and that for each of the components of the thermal balance was calculated. Computer simulations were performed for concrete pit with a volume of 20 m3 and a degree of filling with logs 45%, 60%, and 75%. It was found that the total energy consumption of the pit increases from 169 to 205 kWh·m−3 when the temperature of the boiling water increases from 70°C to 90°C at a pit filling level of 75%. The approach can be applied to compute thermal balances of concrete pits during boiling of frozed and non-frozed logs to any desired final average mass temperature required for the mechanical processing of the plasticized logs.KEYWORDS: Boilng pits, , simulation study, , veneer production, wood Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"33 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135819488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moisture gradients in sawn timber during aggressive kiln drying investigated with X-ray computed tomography","authors":"Boris Poupet, Sara Florisson, José Couceiro, Dick Sandberg","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2269390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2269390","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing the time for drying sawn timber to a certain moisture level without deteriorating its quality is increasingly important for an economic and energy-efficient industrial timber-drying process and to support the transition to a sustainable society. It is, however, crucial to ensure that the quality of the timber, i.e. the degree of distortion, cracking, discolouration, and moisture variation within and between the pieces in a drying batch, is not compromised. Drying-simulation software tend to be too conservative in drying-rate recommendations, which has been observed in practise particularly for large cross-section timber of Norway spruce. This study investigated the drying rate and checking occurrence of centre-yielded Norway spruce planks when dried with more aggressive schedules than normally used in practise, i.e. using higher dry-bulb temperatures and/or lower relative humidities than recommended in the conventional optimisation programmes used in the sawmill industry in Sweden. The objective was to investigate the possibility to considerably reduce the total drying time without compromising the quality of the dried timber. The quality of the planks was indirectly assessed by estimating their moisture-content distributions, calculating the moisture gradients and monitoring checking. This was achieved with 4D (3D + time) X-ray computed tomography and a recently developed image processing algorithm based on elastic image registration. The key findings in this study suggest that Norway spruce timber can be dried with significantly higher temperatures and lower relative humidities than suggested by simulations, leading to reduced total drying time without inducing checking. This methodology can help to improve the design of drying schedules to reduce drying time and energy consumption while maintaining timber quality at a level accepted by the customers.","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"32 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135820374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood fiber production from downed timber for manufacturing wood polymer composite: fiber property characterization","authors":"Yucheng Peng, Dikshya Pokhrel, Xueqi Wang, Thomas Elder, Nicole Stark, Brian Via, Tom Gallagher, Mathew Smidt, Dana Mitchell","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2266832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2266832","url":null,"abstract":"Massive amount of downed timber is generated by hurricanes and tornados. This research studied the properties of wood fi bers (WFs) generated from downed loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) trees at di ff erent maturity (ages 15, 30, and 39 years) with various natural environmental exposure periods (0, 6, and 12 months) for wood polymer composite (WPC) manufacturing. The wood fi ber critical properties for WPC manufacturing, including particle size and morphologies, physical and chemical properties, and thermal stability, were characterized. Prolonged environmental exposure increased WF surface roughness. The density and 1% sodium hydroxide solubility of WFs for the 15 – and 30-year-old tree decreased after 12 months of environmental exposure. The WFs generated from the 39-year-old tree contain extractives due to heartwood development, resulting in signi fi cantly less moisture absorption. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed no signi fi cant change in the thermal stability of WFs generated from the 15 – and 30-year-old trees after natural environmental exposure because of the loss of degraded wood components. The cellulose and lignin thermal degradation peak temperatures decreased by up to 9 and 6 °C for WFs extracted from the 39-year-old tree. The degraded wood components were fi xed within WFs due to extractives, causing thermal degradation peak temperatures to decrease.","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"20 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136157147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced paint adhesion of puffed wood-based metal composites via surface treatment with silane coupling agent","authors":"Xin Tao, Dongxue Tian, Shanqing Liang, Shanming Li, Limin Peng, Feng Fu","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2269414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2269414","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"24 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134908057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extract yields of two commercially valuable wood species in Central Africa: Bilinga and Tali, their nature and role in water sorption activities","authors":"Godwin Fonyuy Banyuy, Antonio Pizzi, Jean Gaston Tamba, Achille Bernard Biwôlé, Benoit Ndiwe, Jean Jalin Eyinga Biwôlé, Fopah-Lele Armand, Evariste Fongnzossie Fedoung, Joseph Zobo Mfomo","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2255178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2255178","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis paper aimed at determining the quantity, nature and role of extracts during the sorption behavior of two Central African hardwood species: Nauclea diderrichii (Bilinga) and Erythrophleum suaveolens (Tali) at 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70°C using relative humidities (RH) between 5.3% and 97%. For this purpose, extract contents and their nature were determined by solvent extraction and mass spectrometric analysis (MALDI-TOF/MS) respectively. The ABC model whose parameters were used to determine the monolayer moisture capacity (EMCm) also described type II sigmoidal sorption isotherms. The results showed that acetone extracts were the highest in Tali (7.88%) and Bilinga (6.92%). MALDI-TOF results found 10 new chemical components out of 24 in Tali (saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids and stilbenes) while 16 were identified as saponins, acids and flavonoids in Bilinga. Acetone-soluble extracts had the most significant effect on the hygroscopic nature of wood. Extracted wood recorded higher equilibrium moisture contents (EMC), monolayer moisture capacities and lower sorption differences. For native wood, water-repellent polyphenols like alkaloids and stilbenes and newly identified components there in, rendered Tali less hygroscopic than Bilinga. The nature of extractives would be an effective alternative to explore the chemical compounds, which can best improve the hygroscopic response of wood.KEYWORDS: Wood extractivesMaldi-ToF analysisequilibrium moisture contentsorption isothermssorption differencesABC model AcknowledgementsThe authors thank Doctor Xinyi CHEN for his invaluable assistance related to the acquisition of MALDI-ToF data.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Declaration of interest statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.Additional informationFundingThis research work did not receive any funding.","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"16 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135265766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal properties of cellulose nanofibrils and nickel-titanium alloy-reinforced sustainable smart composites","authors":"Mert Yildirim, Ilven Mutlu, Zeki Candan","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2267513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2267513","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe study focused on the synergistic effect of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) as a lignocellulosic bionanomaterial and nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy as a shape memory smart metallic material reinforcer on the thermal properties of sustainable smart composites. The casting process was used to produce composites with CNF loadings of 1%, 3%, and 5% and NiTi loadings of 3% into epoxy resin. Thermal properties were evaluated using thermogravimetric (TGA), derivative thermogravimetric (DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical thermal (DMTA) analysis. The TGA results revealed that the CNF/NiTi-reinforced groups have considerable higher degradation temperatures and thermal stability than the control group. Also, at 800°C, CNF/NiTi-reinforced groups had a higher residual content than the control group. DTG results showed that the addition of CNFs decreased the degradation speed. Although the NiTi loading was constant, it was determined that the addition of CNFs increases the storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), tan delta (Tan δ), and glass transition temperature (Tg). Overall, it can be concluded that CNF/NiTi-reinforced composites indicated significantly improved thermal stability, decomposition temperature, residual content, elastic, and viscous properties. These smart composites can be used for advanced material applications requiring thermal stability.KEYWORDS: Alloylignocellulosic bionanomaterialssmart compositesthermal properties AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) for its financial support throughout the PhD thesis process. The authors would also like to thank the Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group & BioNanoTeam for their valuable contributions during the PhD thesis work.Author contributionsMert Yildirim: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Doing Experiments, Testing, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing. Ilven Mutlu and Zeki Candan: Supervision, Review & Editing.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availabilityThe data that has been used is confidential.","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135823855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of dowel bearing strength of fungal-decayed cross-laminated timber","authors":"Kenneth Emamoke Udele, Jeffrey J. Morrell, Anthony Newton, Arijit Sinha","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2269392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2269392","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTDowel bearing strength of three cross-laminated timber (CLT) species (Douglas-fir, Norway spruce, spruce pine fir) were periodically assessed through 40 weeks of exposure to two brown rot fungi species (Gloeophyllum trabeum and Rhodonia placenta). Time-dependent regression models were developed to describe the relationship between level of fungal exposure and dowel bearing strength of CLT. Obtained dowel bearing strength values were used to predict the capacity of floor-to-wall CLT connection systems. Predicted strength values were compared with capacity of actual connection systems which were subjected to similar biodeterioration treatments. Significant reductions in the dowel bearing strength of CLT were observed 30 weeks after fungal inoculation. Similar patterns of degradation were observed for both fungi in all three CLT species, but R. placenta was slightly more aggressive than G. trabeum, causing a 16.2 MPa reduction in dowel bearing strength of Douglas-fir after 40 weeks of exposure. Connection capacities estimated using National Design Specification yield models for dowel type fasteners and the dowel bearing strength of fungal-damaged CLT were consistent with observed properties and were within 85% of actual capacity of connections tested, especially in early stages of decay.KEYWORDS: Dowel bearing strengthconnection capacityCLTdecay fungibrown rot AcknowledgementsThe authors sincerely appreciate Dr. Tyler Deboodt for providing sufficient laboratory assistance.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research was funded by USDA NIFA AFRI [grant number 2018-67021-27718]. The third author was also supported by USDA AFRI REEU [grant number 2020-09408].","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135994736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered wood products in contemporary architectural use – a concise overview","authors":"Manja Kitek Kuzman, Dick Sandberg","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2264258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2264258","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn their limited historical perspective, engineered wood products (EWPs) have traditionally only applied as construction components where a load-bearing function was required. This study provides a holistic perspective on wood's suitability and versatility within modern architectural practices. The traditional EWP concept must now be widened to include all types of wood-based components necessary within contemporary architectural design. The objective was twofold: firstly to give, from an architectural perspective, a description of the various uses of wood as a building material and design possibilities in contemporary architectural uses, and secondly, from an engineering point, recognising the pivotal role engineers play in translating these architectural concepts into timber engineering. By classifying wood and wood-based materials based on their “origin from production”, and classifying their main use as architecture elements, a widened view of wood as EWPs is hereby presented, i.e. a group of materials that embraces their whole spectrum of prospective uses with respect to specific purposes and performances, whilst related to specific properties, functions, and tactile performance.KEYWORDS: ArchitecturedesignEWPsstructural elementstimber Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis study was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency, Program P4-0015.","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135044452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation into the long-term stress relaxation behaviors of white oak ( <i>Quercus alba</i> L.) based on the time–temperature–moisture superposition principle","authors":"Jiayuan Chen, Xingneng Huang, Jiamin Feng, Yuge Zhang, Youming Yu, Junfeng Hou","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2023.2265344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2265344","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTCurving woodworks exhibit wide applications in wooden furniture manufacturing due to the conformable visual and tactile experience, are welcome among consumers. However, the corresponding long-term shape stability facing the stress relaxation is an attention-worthy issue with the fundamental insights about the mesoscopic behaviors of vessels have not been provided. Here, we proposed the investigation into the effect of vessels on stress relaxation behavior of white oak (Quercus alba L.). Results demonstrated that stress relaxation modulus of specimen decreased with the elevation in MC and temperature, and vessel-containing specimens displayed more evident stress relaxation. Providing more physical connotation, Zener model is more suitable for the numerically investigation into the stress relaxation than logarithmic model. The time-temperature-moisture superposition principle (TTMSP) allows us to predict the~10 d and ~1 d stress relaxation behavior of white oak facing different temperatures and MCs. Additionally, stress relaxation of white oak with vessels is more evident, which can be attributed to the stress concentration and resultant deformation around the vessel. We believe that this work is beneficial for obtaining a mesoscopic understanding of vessels on stress relaxation behaviors of wood. It thus paves a way to exploit the methodologies to improve the shape-stability of curving woodworks.KEYWORDS: White oak (Quercus alba L.)earlywood vessel elementstress relaxationtime–temperature–moisture superposition principleWilliams–Land–Ferry model AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank for the support from the Zhejiang Province Intergovernmental Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation Project [grant number 2022C04008]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 32201492]; Talent Startup Project of Scientific Research and Development Foundation of Zhejiang A & F University [grant number 2020FR020].Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Zhejiang Province Intergovernmental Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation Project [grant number 2022C04008]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 32201492]; Talent Startup Project of Scientific Research and Development Foundation of Zhejiang A & F University [grant number 2020FR020].","PeriodicalId":368077,"journal":{"name":"Wood Material Science and Engineering","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135044585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}