Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin最新文献_第3页

Mechanisms and Spread of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents 细菌对抗菌素耐药性的机制和传播

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH6

S. Schwarz, A. Cloeckaert, M. Roberts

{"title":"Mechanisms and Spread of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents","authors":"S. Schwarz, A. Cloeckaert, M. Roberts","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH6","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, antimicrobial agents are among the most frequently used therapeutics in human and veterinary medicine. Resistance to antimicrobial agents can be subdivided into two basic types of resistance, intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance. Resistance to s-lactam antibiotics is mainly due to inactivation by s-lactamases and decreased ability to bind to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but may also be based on decreased uptake of s-lactams due to permeability barriers or increased efflux via multidrug transporter systems. Different types of multidrug transporters mediating resistance to tetracycline in addition to resistance to a number of structurally unrelated compounds are described, for instance, in Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and P. aeruginosa. Plasmids, genomic islands, transposons, gene cassettes, and integrons are spread vertically during the division of the host cell, but can also be transferred horizontally between bacteria of the same or different species and genera via transduction, conjugation and mobilization, or transformation. The development of antimicrobial resistance—by either mutations, generation of new resistance genes, or acquisition of resistance genes already present in other bacteria—is a complex process that involves different mechanisms. Due to the usage of all types of antimicrobial substances for selection of resistant bacteria, prudent use of the antimicrobial agents is strongly recommended in both human and veterinary medicine, as well as in food animal production, to retain the efficacy of antimicrobial agents for the control of bacterial infections in animals.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117037759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

The Origin, Evolution, and Local and Global Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance 抗菌素耐药性的起源、演变以及本地和全球传播

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH20

F. Aarestrup

{"title":"The Origin, Evolution, and Local and Global Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance","authors":"F. Aarestrup","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH20","url":null,"abstract":"The origin of acquired antimicrobial resistance is in general believed to be adoption of resistance genes from antimicrobial-producing organisms and/or nucleotide changes in housekeeping genes. This chapter provides a brief overview of the putative origins of some of the most important antimicrobial resistance determinants and some of the genetic mechanisms. The actual origin of antimicrobial resistance genes is unknown, but environmental microbes, including the natural producers of antimicrobial substances, are believed to be important primary sources. The s-lactamases are believed to have evolved from enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis. The main mechanism of resistance to aminoglycosides is enzymatic inactivation. Comparison of the DNA and deduced amino acid sequence of the erm genes from macrolide producing organisms and macrolide-resistant bacteria strongly suggests that the origin of macrolide resistance is macrolide-synthesizing organisms. Resistance to tetracyclines is mediated either by genes encoding ribosomal protection proteins (RPPs) or efflux pumps. Food animals and pets produce large amounts of waste products, which may contain many pathogenic bacteria, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and resistance genes. Human waste contains large amounts of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Such waste is normally treated to avoid transmission of pathogenic bacteria.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131165887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

The Clinical Importance of Animal-Related Resistance 动物相关耐药的临床意义

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH19

K. Mølbak

引用次数: 0

Concluding Remarks and Future Aspects: Some Personal Views 结束语及未来展望:一些个人看法

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH25

F. Aarestrup

{"title":"Concluding Remarks and Future Aspects: Some Personal Views","authors":"F. Aarestrup","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH25","url":null,"abstract":"The antimicrobial agents are among the most important medical discoveries of the 20th century and are unique in the respect that their usage might itself lead them to become useless. It is very difficult to estimate the true human health risk associated with the use of antimicrobial agents for animals, since it involves estimation of selection for resistance to different compounds; the spread of clones, plasmids, and genes through the food chain; and the consequences of human infections with different bacterial species that are resistant to different antimicrobial agents. Several international bodies and conferences have addressed the need to have concrete and common approaches in order to control the global emergence of antimicrobial resistance. In 2000, the World Health Organization issued global principles for the containment of antimicrobial resistance in animals intended for food. In most countries it is now required that pharmaceutical companies perform postmarketing monitoring of antimicrobial resistance. International meetings and conferences have pointed to the need for more data through monitoring of the occurrence of resistance in different reservoirs. Antimicrobials are essential for the sake of both human and animal health. Antimicrobial-free production of food animals, as is currently attempted in organic production, is seemingly associated with so many welfare problems that it will become a viable production method only for a minor market.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133641391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0