Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin最新文献_第2页

Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococci and Streptococci of Animal Origin 动物源性葡萄球菌和链球菌的抗微生物药物耐药性

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH12

F. Aarestrup, S. Schwarz

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococci and Streptococci of Animal Origin","authors":"F. Aarestrup, S. Schwarz","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the summarized data on susceptibility patterns and prevalence and epidemiology of resistance for the most clinically relevant staphylococcal and streptococcal pathogens in animals. The chapter focuses mainly on resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Staphylococcus intermedius. The first isolation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from a veterinary specimen was reported from bovine mastitis in Belgium by Devriese et al. in 1972. The presence of other resistance genes and mechanisms has not been examined in streptococci of animal origin. Antimicrobial agents are most often used to control infections caused by these two groups of bacteria. The continuous monitoring of staphylococci and streptococci from animal infections is an essential prerequisite for early detection of new trends in the development of resistance to antimicrobials commonly used to control these infections. However, standardized procedures need to be made available for unambiguous species identification and for in vitro susceptibility testing, and such procedures also need to be applied by researchers in this field to make the results of susceptibility testing more comparable. More knowledge about the ability of certain subtypes to acquire resistance, together with the development of means to control such clones, could perhaps provide new means of controlling the increase in resistance.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129807066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Drug Selection and Optimization of Dosage Schedules To Minimize Antimicrobial Resistance 减少抗菌素耐药性的药物选择和优化给药方案

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH5

P. Lees, D. Concordet, F. Aliabadi, P. Toutain

{"title":"Drug Selection and Optimization of Dosage Schedules To Minimize Antimicrobial Resistance","authors":"P. Lees, D. Concordet, F. Aliabadi, P. Toutain","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH5","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews current concepts of dosage optimization to achieve optimal therapeutic effect with minimal resistance. As Schentag and Schentag have emphasized, the most important contribution of the pharmacologist to the resistance debate will be to design dosage schedules that minimize opportunities for its development. A given population of mixed microorganisms may comprise many subpopulations with different levels of susceptibility to antibiotics. In addition, for a given bacterial species genetic variation can confer resistance to one or more antimicrobial drugs of a given class, e.g., aminoglycosides, penicillins, or fluoroquinolones. The chapter briefly reviews categories of antimicrobial drugs and their pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties. For the majority of infections, the free (non-protein-bound) concentration in plasma is the best predictor of concentration in the biophase, as most infections are extracellular. However, when an anatomical or pathological barrier exists, lipid solubility is an important determinant of penetration of drug to the infection site. In addition, there are for some drugs (e.g., macrolides and ketolides) and some situations (e.g., biofilms) additional complications. However, ex vivo studies in the laboratory suggested two potentially important differences between marbofloxacin and danofloxacin investigated against a calf pathogen. The ultimate goal of population PK-PD analysis is to design dosage regimens that take account of animal or group characteristics.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133705156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

Licensing and Approval of Antimicrobials for Use in Animals 动物用抗菌素的许可和批准

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH21

L. Tollefson, Deborah Morris, C. Boland, J. Kay

{"title":"Licensing and Approval of Antimicrobials for Use in Animals","authors":"L. Tollefson, Deborah Morris, C. Boland, J. Kay","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH21","url":null,"abstract":"Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products ( VICH) has been very successful in harmonizing product quality, human food safety, environmental risk assessment, and efficacy requirements, and those guidelines are highlighted in this chapter. There is general agreement within the scientific community that the development of resistant, human-pathogenic bacteria results primarily from the direct use of antimicrobial agents in humans but also from acquisition of resistant organisms or resistance factors from animal and environmental sources. The direct public health concern is that use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals may contribute to the development or dissemination of antibiotic-resistant zoonotic organisms that may contaminate food products at the time of slaughter and subsequently be transmitted to humans. The indirect effect is where animals are treated with antimicrobials and commensal bacteria develop resistance that may be passed to human-pathogenic bacteria. Licensing and approval of antimicrobials for use in animals, particularly food-producing animals, is a complex process involving considerations of efficacy, target animal safety, environmental safety, and human safety, including antimicrobial resistance. The approval process strives to ensure that the products are effective and safe and to manage the risks of adverse effects from their use. After veterinary drugs are licensed and marketed, surveillance is undertaken to ensure the continued safety and efficacy of the products.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128097850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antimicrobial Resistance in Members of the Family Pasteurellaceae 巴氏杆菌科成员的抗菌素耐药性

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH11

C. Kehrenberg, S. Schwarz, R. Walker, C. Wu

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Members of the Family Pasteurellaceae","authors":"C. Kehrenberg, S. Schwarz, R. Walker, C. Wu","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses mainly on the genera Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, and Histophilus, for which sufficient data on antimicrobial susceptibility and the detection of resistance genes are currently available. A study in Germany, investigating the susceptibility of bovine isolates of P. multocida and M. haemolytica collected in 1999 to spectinomycin and comparator agents, showed that none of the 302 isolates tested were resistant to florfenicol, cefquinome, or ceftiofur, and only 6.5% of the P. multocida and 1.4% of the M. haemolytica isolates were classified as resistant to spectinomycin. The chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge of resistance genes and resistance mediating mutations so far detected in bacteria of the genera Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Actinobacillus, and Haemophilus. Molecular analysis of isolates of Pasteurella, Mannheimia and Actinobacillus revealed that antimicrobial resistance genes were associated with plasmids in many cases. The examples given in the chapter illustrate that Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Actinobacillus, and Haemophilus have obviously acquired a number of resistance genes from other gram-negative or maybe even gram-positive bacteria. Knowledge of the location and colocation of the resistance genes on mobile genetic elements as well as the conditions for their coselection and persistence will be valuable for veterinarians and will assist them in selecting the most efficacious antimicrobial agents for the control of isolates of the family Pasteurellaceae.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114634164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Modes of Antimicrobial Action and Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance 抗菌作用模式和细菌耐药机制

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH1

L. Guardabassi, P. Courvalin

{"title":"Modes of Antimicrobial Action and Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance","authors":"L. Guardabassi, P. Courvalin","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH1","url":null,"abstract":"This introductory chapter is an overview of targets for antimicrobial action and mechanisms of bacterial resistance combined with information on the nature of antibacterial drugs, their classification, and their usage in animals. On the basis of the target microorganism, drugs are classified as antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic. There are numerous definitions of bacterial resistance, which are based on different criteria (genetic, biochemical, microbiological, and clinical) and do not necessarily overlap. The two most commonly used definitions are based on microbiological (in vitro resistance) and clinical (in vivo resistance) criteria. Multiresistant clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and Staphylococcus aureus display in vivo mutation rates that are 1,000-fold higher than in other members of these species. There are important differences in the use of antibacterial agents in humans and animals, in particular food animals. Bacteria have developed various mechanisms to neutralize the action of antibacterial agents. The most widespread are enzymatic drug inactivation, modification or replacement of the drug target, active drug efflux, and reduced drug uptake.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131399554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 30

Risk Assessment and Its Use in Approval, Licensing, and Prudent Use Guidelines 风险评估及其在批准、许可和谨慎使用指南中的应用

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH24

D. Vose

{"title":"Risk Assessment and Its Use in Approval, Licensing, and Prudent Use Guidelines","authors":"D. Vose","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH24","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of risk assessment is to help a manager better understand the risks (and opportunities) being faced and to evaluate the options available for their control. The chapter describes some antimicrobial resistance risk assessments that have been completed. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) wanted to produce a model that was based on reliable data. The FDA deemed that the risk assessment had quantitatively demonstrated that the resistance in question presented a risk to human health, and subsequently moved to withdraw use of the antimicrobial. The major strengths of the model were its mathematical simplicity, its reliance on mostly federally collected data, its very limited set of assumptions, and the ease with which it could be updated as new data became available. The data problems underlined the difficulties of evaluating even relatively simple model parameters for antimicrobial risk assessments. The FDA’s quantitative risk analysis model was successful in that it provided robust information from which the FDA was able to make an important decision. A key to the successful involvement of risk assessment in decision making is the neutrality of the risk assessor. There is, unfortunately, a growing trend in published antimicrobial resistance risk assessments that are clearly selective about their sources or manipulate a risk assessment model to produce the desired answer. The FDA guidance takes an essentially qualitative approach to evaluating drugs for approval and continued use.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"457 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122809076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Disinfectant Resistance in Bacteria 细菌对消毒剂的耐药性

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH8

M. Webber, L. Piddock, M. Woodward

{"title":"Disinfectant Resistance in Bacteria","authors":"M. Webber, L. Piddock, M. Woodward","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH8","url":null,"abstract":"Disinfectants are used extensively in animal husbandry, hospital and food industry. Particularly important in the food industry is the inactivation of bacteria attached to surfaces and at low temperatures, both conditions where bacterial tolerance to disinfectants can be enhanced. Concerns about possible antibiotic and disinfectant cross-resistance are discussed in “Potential for Selection of Resistant Strains”. Gram-negative bacteria are generally less susceptible to disinfectants than gram-positive bacteria, presumably due to the reduced permeability of the double membrane. Mutants of various bacterial species (S.enteric serovar Typhimurium, E.coli, and S.aureus) with reduced susceptibility to triclosan can be selected in vitro after exposure to sublethal concentrations of the compound. The inherent resistance of gram-negative bacteria to antibacterial agents and disinfectants is often attributed to poor permeability of the cell to these agents. The MICs of disinfectants for most bacteria are normally greatly below the concentrations used in practice. A recent study demonstrated differences between the hand flora isolated from “homemakers” and intensive care nurses. A key difference between the two groups was the increased hand hygiene practiced by the nurses, and it is possible that disinfectant exposure has contributed to the differences in flora observed in this study. Cleaning prior to disinfection is important in order to remove organic material and other contaminants that might interfere with disinfectant activity.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127890170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

History of Antimicrobial Usage in Agriculture: an Overview 农业中抗菌剂使用的历史:综述

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH2

J. Prescott

{"title":"History of Antimicrobial Usage in Agriculture: an Overview","authors":"J. Prescott","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH2","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of antimicrobial drugs into agriculture shortly after the Second World War caused a revolution in the treatment of many diseases of food animals. A broad overview of key features of the history of antimicrobial drug usage in food animals is given, which traces developments from the preantibiotic era to the present day, where there are highly arguable fears that we are moving into the \"postantibiotic\" era. The majority of antimicrobial drugs used in animals belong to a small number of major classes, and only one new class of antimicrobial drugs, fluoroquinolones has been introduced for food animal use in the last 30 years. Improvements in understanding of the microbiology of infectious diseases acquired from animals were less important, but also critical, forces in the reexamination of antimicrobial usage in agriculture. Ready access to the ‘’miracle drugs’’ by medicine and agriculture, coupled with the ability of chemists to alter existing drugs or develop new ones to counter resistance, led to the expectation that the preantibiotic era was to become a folk memory marked only on mossy gravestones. The new technologies of recombinant DNA, diagnostic DNA microarrays, genomics, proteomics, and combinatorial chemistry hold considerable promise for the development of new, possibly pathogen-targeted, antimicrobial drugs.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125452111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Antimicrobial Resistance in Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Animals 动物致病性大肠杆菌的抗微生物药物耐药性

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH10

D. G. White

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Animals","authors":"D. G. White","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes among Escherichia coli isolates associated with enteric and systemic colibacillosis in minor species, cattle, pigs, and poultry, as well as bovine mastitis and uterine and urinary tract infections in companion animals. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes among avian pathogenic E. coli recovered from diseased turkeys are similar to those reported from chickens. Fluoroquinolones are highly efficacious antimicrobial agents commonly used in human medicine. This class of drugs has also been approved for certain bacterial diseases in animals, including acute bovine respiratory disease and avian colibacillosis. Resistance to narrow-spectrum cephalosporins and tetracyclines among E. coli isolates may be due to their use for intramammary treatment for clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Treatment in grower-finisher rations was significantly associated with resistance to ampicillin, spectinomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Nineteen percent of swine E. coli isolates were also shown to possess class 1 integrons bearing gene cassettes conferring resistance primarily to trimethoprim and streptomycin. Plasmids containing the oqxAB genes yielded high resistance to olaquindox as well as chloramphenicol in E. coli. Diarrhea associated with E. coli infection is responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality in goat kids and lambs. Antimicrobials are essential tools of disease management regimens in food and companion animals worldwide. The most commonly used antimicrobial drugs in food and companion animals are from five major classes: β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminogylcosides, macrolides, and sulfonamides.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"37 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130918155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Molecular Methods for Detection of Antibiotic Resistance 抗生素耐药性检测的分子方法

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1128/9781555817534.CH4

H. Aarts, B. Guerra, B. Malorny

{"title":"Molecular Methods for Detection of Antibiotic Resistance","authors":"H. Aarts, B. Guerra, B. Malorny","doi":"10.1128/9781555817534.CH4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817534.CH4","url":null,"abstract":"The combination of molecular characterization of resistant strains with precise identification of the antibiotic resistance gene(s) or mutation(s) and the genetic elements involved in the dissemination of these genes is an effective approach in the control of the spread of antibiotic resistance. Molecular methods also help to determine the location of the gene and to differentiate between horizontal gene transfer and clonal spread. This chapter describes polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray analysis in detail, and specifies applications of these methods in the investigation of antibiotic-resistant strains. Numerous PCR assays for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes have been developed and the development of microarrays for the simultaneous detection of a large number of these genes and the genetic elements involved in their dissemination is in progress. The implementation of molecular methods in routine analysis can be achieved only when it is supported by the proper validation of the methods and the availability of the necessary controls, reference strains, and educated personnel. The molecular characterization of antibiotic-resistant strains can help to identify atypical resistant strains, describe new outbreak strains at an early stage, elucidate the epidemiology of resistant strains at a genotypic level, and explain the processes leading to the selection of resistant and virulent strains. In addition, molecular methods can allow proper risk assessment with respect to the use of antimicrobial substances. If the transcriptional and translational expression of antibiotic resistance genes can be better understood, molecular methods may replace phenotypic measurements.","PeriodicalId":367474,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129863978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6