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Rules of Consumer Redress in Hungary, in Particular Regarding the Domestic Model of Alternative Dispute Resolution 匈牙利消费者补救规则，特别是关于替代性争端解决的国内模式
International and Comparative Law Review Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.2478/iclr-2022-0005
Zsolt Hajnal
{"title":"Rules of Consumer Redress in Hungary, in Particular Regarding the Domestic Model of Alternative Dispute Resolution","authors":"Zsolt Hajnal","doi":"10.2478/iclr-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The Member States have sufficient leeway to maintain or flexibly shape the domestic map of consumer enforcement system within the European Union, thus reflecting the sociocultural conditions of the Member State concerned. In this study I focus on the consumer redress mechanisms in wider and narrow sense in the Hungarian legal system, highlighting the unique or special solutions.","PeriodicalId":36722,"journal":{"name":"International and Comparative Law Review","volume":"22 1","pages":"87 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43230076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Consumer Dispute Resolution in Austria 奥地利消费者纠纷解决方案
International and Comparative Law Review Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.2478/iclr-2022-0008
Andreas Frössel
{"title":"Consumer Dispute Resolution in Austria","authors":"Andreas Frössel","doi":"10.2478/iclr-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The author of this contribution deals with specifics of consumer disputes in Austrian civil procedure law. He analyses special provisions that address consumers in dispute resolution and general procedural rules that do not specifically apply to consumers but have their major impact on consumers. He gives an overview on the caselaw of the Austrian Supreme Court in which the Court has introduced several ways to protect the interests of consumers.","PeriodicalId":36722,"journal":{"name":"International and Comparative Law Review","volume":"22 1","pages":"120 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47618810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Asymmetric Position of Consumer and Burden of Proof in Hungarian Civil Procedure 匈牙利民事诉讼中消费者地位的不对称与举证责任
International and Comparative Law Review Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.2478/iclr-2022-0006
A. Nagy
{"title":"Asymmetric Position of Consumer and Burden of Proof in Hungarian Civil Procedure","authors":"A. Nagy","doi":"10.2478/iclr-2022-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2022-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Author of this contribution analyses the rules of the Hungarian Code of Civil Procedure and relevant case law in aim to find out if there is a special rule on taking evidence in consumer disputes. He concludes that there is no such special rule but some general rules of Code of Civil Procedure and provisions of Civil Code containing special rules on the burden of proof in some consumer cases help consumers to assert their rights in court proceedings..","PeriodicalId":36722,"journal":{"name":"International and Comparative Law Review","volume":"22 1","pages":"100 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46657176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Consumer Enforcement Opportunities – New Approaches and Trends in Hungarian Procedural Laws 消费者执法的机会-匈牙利程序法的新方法和趋势
International and Comparative Law Review Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.2478/iclr-2022-0004
Katalin Gombos, András J. Pomeisl
{"title":"Consumer Enforcement Opportunities – New Approaches and Trends in Hungarian Procedural Laws","authors":"Katalin Gombos, András J. Pomeisl","doi":"10.2478/iclr-2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The European Union has put in place EU rules on consumer contracts and enforcement of consumer rights. These tendencies have also had a significant impact on the Hungarian legislation of recent years. We would describe some provisions of the new Hungarian Code of Civil Procedure concerning consumer enforcement and the Hungarian experience of Directive 93/13/EEC so far. The new Hungarian Code of Civil Procedure has reformed domestic rules on jurisdiction in the field of a consumer’s claim arising from a contractual relationship. The article also covers the following areas of law: Hungarian experience with foreign currency-based loan agreements, reforms to the preliminary ruling procedure in the new Hungarian Code of Civil Procedure.","PeriodicalId":36722,"journal":{"name":"International and Comparative Law Review","volume":"22 1","pages":"73 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45686550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Procedural specifics of resolving consumer disputes in individual civil court proceedings in the Czech Republic 捷克共和国个人民事诉讼中解决消费者纠纷的具体程序
International and Comparative Law Review Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.2478/iclr-2022-0001
Jana Křiváčková, Klára Hamuľáková
{"title":"Procedural specifics of resolving consumer disputes in individual civil court proceedings in the Czech Republic","authors":"Jana Křiváčková, Klára Hamuľáková","doi":"10.2478/iclr-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The regulation of consumer protection in procedural law is largely up to the individual Member States of the European Union, which have procedural autonomy in these matters. In the area of individual judicial protection, there are two possible approaches to consumer protection. The first of these is not to introduce any regulation of procedural rules, as the general legal regulation of civil court proceedings seems to be fully sufficient to meet the above requirements. The other approach is to introduce special procedural rules for consumer protection. The Czech procedural regulation is based more on the first approach. The aim of this article is to evaluate whether the regulation set in this way provides the consumer with sufficient protection and meets the requirements of the right to judicial protection and a fair trial.","PeriodicalId":36722,"journal":{"name":"International and Comparative Law Review","volume":"22 1","pages":"8 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49600003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Collective Actions for the Protection of Consumers in the Czech Republic 捷克共和国保护消费者的集体行动
International and Comparative Law Review Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.2478/iclr-2022-0002
Anežka Janoušková
{"title":"Collective Actions for the Protection of Consumers in the Czech Republic","authors":"Anežka Janoušková","doi":"10.2478/iclr-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The paper at hand deals with collective procedural mechanism in the Czech Republic. Class action is nowadays considered one of the main procedural tools to protect consumers. Collective procedure in business-to-consumer disputes is thus on its rise in Europe. Yet, the Czech Republic belongs to few EU Member States where consumers still cannot rely on comprehensive regulation of collective action. The paper firstly provides for a brief introduction of existing possibilities that are governed by the Czech procedural law such as right of a consumer organisation to file for representative action on injunction relief or judge’s discretion to use the consolidation of civil proceedings. Further, the article focuses on the question, whether it would be useful if the Czech consumers (or qualified entities on their behalf) could file for collective action on redress measure. The paper subsequently presents the main principles of the unsuccessful Proposal for Collective Proceedings Act, which was submitted by the former Government. Finally, the article elaborates on possible development in this matter, given a duty of the Czech legislator to implement Directive on representative actions.","PeriodicalId":36722,"journal":{"name":"International and Comparative Law Review","volume":"22 1","pages":"32 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43876499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
National Identity and Judicial Minimalism: Exploring The Cjeu’s Restraint in Adjudicating National Identity 国家认同与司法极简主义:试论法院对国家认同的制约
International and Comparative Law Review Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/iclr-2021-0014
Janet Burda
{"title":"National Identity and Judicial Minimalism: Exploring The Cjeu’s Restraint in Adjudicating National Identity","authors":"Janet Burda","doi":"10.2478/iclr-2021-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2021-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Even thought the Court of Justice of the EU has already decided a number of cases dealing with national identity, judicial clarification of the concept is still missing. On the contrary, the reasoning employed in the Court’s case-law leaves a lot to be desired. This article explores the reasons that lead the Court to underarticulating its decisions in identity cases. I argue that the Court’s minimalism in adjudicating national identity is rooted not only in reasons driving the Court’s general minimalist approach, but also in considerations specific to identity cases. These reasons include the national identity’s inherent potential to hinder European integration, the sensitivity of determining the content of Member States’ national identities by a supranational court, the attempts to obscure the Court’s receptivity of identity arguments, and the potential to widen the applicability of its identity rulings.","PeriodicalId":36722,"journal":{"name":"International and Comparative Law Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"68 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43193540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A New Regime on Protection of Public Procurement Against Foreign Subsidies Distorting the Internal Market: Mighty Paladin or Giant on the Feet of Clay? 保护公共采购免受外国补贴扭曲内部市场的新制度：强大的圣骑士还是粘土脚上的巨人？
International and Comparative Law Review Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/iclr-2021-0016
Ondrej Blažo
{"title":"A New Regime on Protection of Public Procurement Against Foreign Subsidies Distorting the Internal Market: Mighty Paladin or Giant on the Feet of Clay?","authors":"Ondrej Blažo","doi":"10.2478/iclr-2021-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2021-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Summary As a response to possible distortive effects of foreign subsidies, which are not covered by the current rules of the World Trade Organization and primary and secondary law of the EU, on 6th May 2021 the European Commission introduced a new regime against foreign subsidies by introducing the proposal of the Regulation on foreign subsidies distorting the internal market. This new proposal includes three so-called modules: a set of measures of general application that governs the ex officio review of subsidies (Module 1), specific rules on concentrations (Module 2) and specific rules in public procurement in the EU (Module 3). The paper will focus on some of the features of Module 3 and assess the context, feasibility, and possible consequences for the course of public procurement in the EU covered by the public procurement directives","PeriodicalId":36722,"journal":{"name":"International and Comparative Law Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"138 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48684424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Ship as an Extension of Flag State Territory and an Entity with Human Attributes – Is it Time to Jettison These Legal Fictions? 船作为船旗国领土的延伸和具有人类属性的实体——是时候抛弃这些法律小说了吗？
International and Comparative Law Review Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/iclr-2021-0011
G. Gauci
{"title":"The Ship as an Extension of Flag State Territory and an Entity with Human Attributes – Is it Time to Jettison These Legal Fictions?","authors":"G. Gauci","doi":"10.2478/iclr-2021-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2021-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This article questions the need for the use of two legal fictions in modern maritime law: that a vessel/ship can in certain instances be treated as an extension of flag state territory; that a vessel/ship is an entity with human attributes. The article addresses the first ‘fiction’ mainly in the context of applicable international law as well as English law; the second ‘fiction’ is addressed mainly in the context of English law although selective reference is made to both primary and secondary legal sources from the United States. The article concludes that the two fictions are only of limited value in modern maritime law.","PeriodicalId":36722,"journal":{"name":"International and Comparative Law Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"7 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42456113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Integration Model of the European Economic Area: Symmetric or Asymmetric? 欧洲经济区一体化模式：对称还是不对称？
International and Comparative Law Review Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/iclr-2021-0020
Hana Kováčiková
{"title":"Integration Model of the European Economic Area: Symmetric or Asymmetric?","authors":"Hana Kováčiková","doi":"10.2478/iclr-2021-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2021-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Research in this article is focused on the analysis of the character of the European Economic Area. It presents a common market for thirty states from European Union (27) and European Free Trade Association (3) established by the Agreement on the European Economic Area. When regarding the size, EU is the bigger player in this relationship compared to EFTA States. On the other side, regarding the principles of international law, parties are equal to each other. These initial thoughts raised author´s interest to find out, whether this economic integration model is symmetric or asymmetric in its nature, regarding its contracting parties. Article provides an answer to this question as well as an insight on the consequences of such regime.","PeriodicalId":36722,"journal":{"name":"International and Comparative Law Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"230 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46638029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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