A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America?最新文献

{"title":"Making Neoliberal Selves: Popular Psychology in Contemporary Mexico","authors":"Daniel Nehring","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1970s, academic debates have considered how psychological discourses may legitimize or challenge capitalist forms of social organization. However, these debates have largely focused on the USA and Western Europe. The roles which psychological discourses play in contemporary popular cultures in Latin America remain poorly understood. Here, I use an analysis of the Mexican self-help publishing industry to examine the roles which psychological narratives may play in constructing, bolstering or subverting neoliberal subjectivities. Self-help books, my subject matter, are widely read in Mexico and at the international level. They therefore constitute a nexus through which the narratives of self and social relationships of academic psychology percolate into popular culture. In Mexico, self-help publishing involves, first, the translation and sale of texts written elsewhere, often in the USA, Europe and other Latin American nations, and, second, the sale of books by Mexican authors. This gives the Mexican self-help industry a distinctively hybrid character, as a variety of interpretations of self-improvement compete with each other for a readership. Here, I contrast self-help texts that blend psychological concepts with Christian nationalism with secular accounts that rely on pseudo-scientific and philosophical arguments to formulate a moral vision of a successful life. In spite of their narrative diversity, I argue that neoliberal understandings of self, choice, and personal responsibility are pervasive in self-help texts. The organization of the self-help publishing industry according to neoliberal economic principles and the refashioning of authors as competitive self-help entrepreneurs may explain this narrative convergence to some extent.","PeriodicalId":366809,"journal":{"name":"A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America?","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124539835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bare Life in Contemporary Mexico: Everyday Violence and Folk Saints","authors":"Jungwon Park","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Popular religion is frequently considered as the remains of “pre-modern” times. To some it may seem anachronistic in an era of highly developed technologies and urban life styles. However, in Mexican society, new types of religious practices and the devotion to secular saints are associated with the drug world and the informal sector at the margins of urban life. These new forms of popular religion are a sign of a changing Mexican society that has been deeply impacted by globalization and neoliberal economics. This paper explores this contemporary religious phenomenon by using Giorgio Agamben’s notion of “bare life”. The worship of Jesús Malverde, La Santa Muerte and other laic figures is gaining popularity among those who are abandoned by the mainstream and involved in the informal sector, where they remain exposed to danger and violence and abandoned by the law. The role of new religious icons is to provide protection, identification and a sense of community without authorization by the Catholic Church the traditional system of Christianity. Practitioners of these forms of popular religion may be accused of justifying illicit activities and reproducing the culture of fear and everyday violence. This study discusses these controversial practice in order to examine a social environment in which the informal sectors have been condemned illegality while nonetheless constructing their own culture, identity and ways of life.","PeriodicalId":366809,"journal":{"name":"A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America?","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131964972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neoliberalism and the Negotiation of the American Dream in Contemporary Latina Narratives","authors":"Jenifer A. Skolnick, E. Alvarado","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will examine the relationship between Christian religiosity and attitudes toward social safety-net policies over the past three decades among Latinos in the US. Over the past thirty years the US has experienced notable reductions in social safety-net coverage, in the context of successive waves of neoliberal economic reforms. This has left members of the Latino and Black community particularly vulnerable to economic cycles and downturns. Within this context, this chapter analyzes the nexus between neoliberal political discourse, potent cultural narratives found within American Christianity and public support for social protection policies. In particular, the chapter addresses the way in which Christian themes, such as the Catholic social teaching, the mainline Protestant social gospel, the American adaptation of liberation theology, and the evangelical ethos of self-reliance and independence, interact with the formation of public attitudes towards greater or lesser support for social safety-net policies among American Latinos. Additionally, the present chapter will also bring to the foreground the role of Christianity among US Latinos in the creation of an issue-bundling effect in recent electoral competition since moral or social value issues are often bundled along with opposition to social protection policies in the two-party American political system. Lastly, the present work will propose a broad framework through which to interpret our findings grounded on the existence and interaction of two counterpoised cultural narratives on social protection found within Latino American Christianity.","PeriodicalId":366809,"journal":{"name":"A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America?","volume":"203 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116858139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neoliberalising Humanity: Culture and Popular Participation in the Case of the Street Market of Caruaru, Brazil","authors":"Adilson Silva Ferraz","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The street fair of Caruaru is one of the most important ones in the world, in terms of culture, extent and commerce. In 2006 received the title of “imaterial cultural brasilian heritage” by Brazil’s Ministry of Culture. The economy of the region relies hardly on its trading. In 2014, the city mayor initiated polemically the process of change of its site. The project includes modify significantly the current structure, turning it into a Shopping Mall. The main goal is to increase profits even if it means the loss of their cultural value. The majority of the merchants and population is against this change, but until now the forces of the market has performed stronger than popular opinion. So that this research aims to verify the practice of democratic mechanisms of popular participation as resistance to the liberal policies in the case of the street fair of Caruaru site change. This research uses mainly the works of David Harvey and Franz Hinkelamert as Theoretical Framework. The methodology includes survey and interviews with traders, politicians, entrepreneurs, mayor and people's representatives.","PeriodicalId":366809,"journal":{"name":"A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America?","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126240796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-imagined Community: The Mapuche Nation in Neoliberal Chile","authors":"Gerardo Gómez Michel","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decades, one of the punchlines that has sought to legitimize neoliberal political discourse in Latin America is that of a harmonious multicultural community resulting from the recognition of cultural difference. However, progressive multicultural policies are routinely confronted with neoliberal economic mandates and prevalent socio-economic inequalities grounded in dominant criollo-mestizo culture. In this context, the multicultural policies of many of the region’s governments achieve little when it comes to improving the lives of indigenous peoples. Neoliberal multiculturalism may come to constitute a disciplinary framework deployed against indigenous groups to enforce political and economic demands. This chapter analyzes the ways in which some indigenous communities, namely the Maya in Mexico, the Mapuche in Chile and Afrocolombians on the Pacific coast, deal with and challenge these multicultural politics in their countries. Governmental efforts to promote multiculturalism may result in important limitations, as in the case of ambiguous legal procedures to define who can be represented as part of an indigenous culture. One of the ways indigenous communities (here we took Afrolatinamericans as well as indigenous people) have found to challenge neoliberal intercultural policies is to re-imagine their culture identity through memory and literature. Constructing a discourse of self-recognition as a different “imagined community” from the hegemonic criollo-mestizo group within the territory of the Nation-State they inhabit, they articulate a counter-narrative that not only challenges the infamous narratives about them inherited from the Colonial era, but also challenges those of recent times dictated from above","PeriodicalId":366809,"journal":{"name":"A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America?","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116263895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fleeing (Post-)Chávez Memories: The 1990s and the Black Friday Generation","authors":"Magdalena López","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"After 17 years of Chavism, Venezuelan literature is living a boom confirmed by the Tusquets Novel Award (2015) granted to Patria o muerte by Alberto Barrera Tyzska. Young writers such as Juan Carlos Méndez Guédez, Eduardo Sanchez Rugeles, Ricardo Ramírez Requena, Gustavo Valle, Hector Bujanda and Camilo Pino have problematized the current situation of the country in their narratives. In this essay I propose a comparison of the apocalyptic imaginaries in the novels La última vez (2007) by Bujanda, Bajo tierra (2010) by Valle, and Valle Zamuro (2011) by Pino. Focusing on the period preceding Chavista hegemony, these narratives expose dissolution processes that lead their protagonists to generational strangeness. These processes uproot the principles that sustain the sense of nation. The Chavista political change, then, does not represent a break with the past, but a form of continuity with these historical processes of collapse.","PeriodicalId":366809,"journal":{"name":"A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America?","volume":"12 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126195566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaginaries, Sociability and Cultural Patterns in the Post-Neoliberal Era: A Glance at the Argentinean, Paraguayan, and Venezuelan Experiences","authors":"Miguel Ángel Contreras Natera","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"From the final years of the 20th century onwards, radical changes in forms of political subject formation have taken shape in Venezuela. These changes have displaced the dominant forms of economic and political regulation of the past fifty years. The emergence of political imaginaries rooted in social and political struggles has entailed the constructions of new forms of sociability, new cultural paradigms, and new modes of historical memory. These have contributed to the reformulation of the meaning of politics and the dislodging of neoliberal hegemony across Latin America. A new popular vocabulary focused on resistance and the critique of neoliberalism has resulted from these processes. The Venezuelan experience in this sense amounts to a turning point in the political development of the region. However, the far-reaching consequences of the global crisis that began in 2008 have entailed problematic consequences across Latin America. Tensions caused by fragmented practices of consumption, the extension of criminal networks and the dislocation of social policy have had profoundly destabilising consequences. This chapter seeks to formulate a comprehensive analysis of the tensions, divisions and uncertainties in popular imaginaries of the social in Latin America. Its argument will focus on Argentina, Paraguay and Venezuela, contrasting divergent modes of social change, from the moderate and progressive development of Argentine society to radical transformation of Venezuela. Against this backdrop, the chapter will explore alternative modes of social development in the context of the widening social structural heterogeneity of Latin America.","PeriodicalId":366809,"journal":{"name":"A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America?","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126222255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction: Everyday Life in (Post-)Neoliberal Latin America","authors":"Daniel Nehring, Gerardo Gómez Michel, Magdalena López","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction explores the cultural dynamics of neoliberalism and anti-neoliberal resistance in Latin America. While Latin American neoliberalisms and the regions transition – perhaps temporary – to post-neoliberalism have been extensively debated (Dávila 2012, Flores-Macias 2012, Goodale and Postero 2013), extant research has largely focused on relevant political and socio-economic processes. The cultural dynamics of neoliberalism, anti-neoliberalism and post-neoliberalism, in terms of the discursive construction of neoliberal common sense and the organisation of everyday beliefs, norms, values and systems of meaning, have received far less attention. The introductory chapter then sketches the subject matter of the following case studies. Together, the studies in this volume seek to address this gap. They pursue three objectives. First, they seek to explore how neoliberal narratives of self and social relationships have transformed everyday life in contemporary Latin America. Second, they examine how these narratives are being contested and supplanted by a diversity of alternative modes of experience and practices in a diversity of settings, in the context of anti-neoliberal and post-neoliberal socio-political programmes. In this context, the studies in this book address the questions to what extent contemporary Latin America might in fact be described as post-neoliberal, given the crisis of political challenges to neoliberalism in societies such as Venezuela, Argentina or Bolivia. Third, the following chapters interrogate the discourses and cultural practices through which a societal consensus for the pursuit of neoliberal politics may be established, defended and contested.","PeriodicalId":366809,"journal":{"name":"A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America?","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123839603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Contribution of the Catholic Magazine Espacio Laical and the Constitution to the Cuban Public Sphere","authors":"Alexei Padilla Herrera, Armando Chaguaceda Noriega","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"In contemporary political, cultural and communicational debates, the idea of the public sphere has a notable presence. According to the classical Habermasian perspective, the public sphere is the realm of social life in which public opinion can be shaped by principles such as free access for all citizens, inclusion, reciprocity, reflection, equality and the rational justification of arguments. In this domain, people act as public when they discuss topics of general interest in conditions of equality and without coercion. These conditions guarantee, in normative terms, that the citizens can meet freely to express their opinions and points of view (Habermas, 1989). Nancy Fraser defends the influence of public discussions on decision-making and believes that the formation of public opinion can be a counterweight to discourses in formal deliberative arenas. He adds that sometimes the arguments put forward by civil society actors succeed in influencing the decisions of executive and legislative powers (Fraser, 1993). Reinforcing that idea, Avritzer and Costa (2004) argue that issues, positions and arguments defended by the new social actors must infiltrate the State through institutional mechanisms, and thus democratize and put it under the control of citizens. However, not all real public spheres are democratic, since cultural and material inequalities determine the differentiation between publics and their capacities, especially in spaces characterized by dependency relations and state interference (Chaguaceda, 2011). It has been pointed out that a merely conversational public sphere will not succeed in subverting power relations or guaranteeing the pursuit of the common good. The Habermasian model has also been criticized because it is confined to the analysis of the bourgeois public sphere and ignores that, together with the formation of the dominant bourgeois public, they suggested that the publics were composed of peasants, workers, women and nationalists, who constituted competing public spheres (Fraser, 1993) and complement each other. Therefore, one should not speak of sphere (singular) but of public (plural) spheres that together form the public space.In later texts, Habermas admits the coexistence of various public spheres and the need to observe the dynamics of the communicative processes that occur outside the dominant spaces of discussion. Now the public sphere is defined as a complex network formed by a diversity of forums for public discussion - both in formal institutions and outside of these, articulated through communicative activity, when different publics come together in organized networks to debate topics of common interest, contrasting points of view and assuming or reaffirming positions (Marques, 2008). Whatever position one takes within that debate, the notion of the public sphere reveals its value not only for critical social theory and democratic practice, but also for understanding the limits of democracy within existing c","PeriodicalId":366809,"journal":{"name":"A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America?","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116686160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cine Bajo Tierra: Ecuador’s Booming Underground Cinema in the Aftermath of the Neoliberal Era","authors":"Rafael Ponce-Cordero","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years Ecuador has grown a very vital underground cinema industry that relies on three key factors for its current success: First, its strong independence from the traditional and centralized film industry and the exclusiveness of education and means for filmmaking since the production of these underground films is in most of the cases run by non-professional crews (from script writing and direction to acting and post-production). Second, these films have placed their production and reception arena out of the economic and political centers of Quito and Guayaquil, giving space to “lo local” to be represented, but also to be watched on the screen by the same people in their own space of projection. This is due the use of mostly local, legal and pirate, distribution channels. Finally, as we analyze this movement, we propose that what is behind the success of the new “Cine Bajo Tierra” is a vigorous response to, and sometimes a critique of, the disastrous consequences of the application of neoliberal policies in Ecuador. Boasting titles such as Sicarios manabitas [Hitmen from Manabí], Doble trampa [Double trap], El regreso del llanero vengador [The return of the avenging cowboy], Drogas: el comienzo del fin [Drugs: the beginning of the end], Avaricia [Greed], and El ángel de los sicarios [The hitmen’s angel], these films depict scenarios of crude violence, poverty, and merciless surviving behaviors that have found an “appreciation” from their local viewers as a dialectical relationship of self-awareness between filmmakers and audiences who ultimately have suffered the same under the long neoliberal night.","PeriodicalId":366809,"journal":{"name":"A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America?","volume":"704 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132485362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}