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The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition最新文献

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Well-Being 幸福
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition Pub Date : 2019-04-04 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.23
E. Langer, Christelle T. Ngnoumen
{"title":"Well-Being","authors":"E. Langer, Christelle T. Ngnoumen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will consider the ways our mindless use of evaluation, be it positive or negative, leads to our unhappiness, whereas the mindful use of evaluation promotes well-being. The direct effects of mindfulness on happiness will be discussed, including the positive influence of a mindset that embraces uncertainty. Traditionally negative experiences such as regret, excuses, blame, and discrimination will be reconsidered under the non-evaluative lens of a mindful approach. Finally, mindful discrimination involving attention to variability will be proposed as a solution for chronic illnesses (e.g., depression, anxiety, chronic pain) rooted in assumptions of constant suffering and disengagement. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of why teaching mindfulness may reap more benefits than trying to teach people to be positive.","PeriodicalId":366145,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129925733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reality Negotiation 现实的谈判
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition Pub Date : 2019-03-14 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.38
M. Gallagher
{"title":"Reality Negotiation","authors":"M. Gallagher","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.38","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents an overview of the development and status of the reality negotiation construct and relates it to a variety of coping processes. The reality negotiation construct follows from the social constructionist tradition and first appeared in discussions of how excuses protect self-images by decreasing the causal linkage to negative outcomes. The reality negotiation construct was later expanded to include a discussion of how the process of hoping may be used to increase perceived linkage to positive outcomes. In the three decades since these constructs were first introduced, five individual differences measures have been developed, and the effects of these reality negotiation techniques have been studied extensively. Reality negotiation techniques can be both maladaptive and adaptive and have been shown to be associated with coping and social support in a variety of populations. The chapter concludes by highlighting a few areas in which reality negotiation research could expand to further its relevance and applicability to the field of positive psychology.","PeriodicalId":366145,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127341449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Positive Affectivity 积极的情感作用
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition Pub Date : 2019-03-14 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.17
K. Naragon-Gainey, David C. K. Watson
{"title":"Positive Affectivity","authors":"K. Naragon-Gainey, David C. K. Watson","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"Positive affectivity is a trait that reflects stable individual differences in positive emotional experience; high levels of the trait are marked by frequent feelings of cheerfulness, enthusiasm, and energy. Positive affectivity is relatively independent from negative affectivity, as these traits developed in response to different evolutionary pressures. Similar to personality traits, trait affect is structured hierarchically. Although there is not a clear consensus regarding the lower-order components of positive affectivity, we emphasize a model that includes components of joviality, self-assurance, and attentiveness. Different measures of positive affectivity are reviewed, as well as relationships to overlapping constructs such as extraversion, happiness, and subjective well-being. Positive affect is relevant to a number of important domains. For example, low levels of positive affectivity are characteristic of numerous psychological disorders (particularly depression), whereas elevated levels of the trait have been linked to mania and substance use. Current marital and job satisfaction can be predicted based on previous measurement of positive affectivity. Positive affectivity is also related to better physical health, such as increased resistance to infectious illnesses. Finally, although mean levels of positive affectivity do not appear to differ greatly across cultures, there is evidence that culture may influence cross-situational stability and perceptions of trait affect. We conclude by showing that although temperament is an important factor in determining levels of positive affectivity, individuals are still free to take action to increase their happiness in lasting ways.","PeriodicalId":366145,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127041889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Resilience in Development 发展中的韧性
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition Pub Date : 2018-11-07 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.9
J. J. Cutuli, Janette E. Herbers, A. Masten, Marie–Gabrielle J. Reed
{"title":"Resilience in Development","authors":"J. J. Cutuli, Janette E. Herbers, A. Masten, Marie–Gabrielle J. Reed","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"Resilience is the capacity for positive adaptation in significant adversity. This chapter covers the central concepts of resilience research in developmental science, and describes the fundamental models and strategies guiding this research. We summarize findings in terms of protective and promotive factors associated with resilience. These factors—such as self-regulation skills, good parenting, community resources, and effective schools—suggest that resilience arises from ordinary protective processes that protect human development under diverse conditions. The greatest threats posed to children may be adversities that damage these human protective systems. Implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed, highlighting three strategies for fostering resilience: reducing risk, building strengths or assets, and mobilizing adaptive systems that protect and restore positive human development. The concluding section outlines future directions of resilience research, including the integration of research and prevention efforts across disciplines and across level of analysis.","PeriodicalId":366145,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123644773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1109
Intergenerational Solidarity 两代人之间的团结
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition Pub Date : 2018-11-07 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.36
M. Silverstein
{"title":"Intergenerational Solidarity","authors":"M. Silverstein","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.36","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the history and evolution of the intergenerational solidarity paradigm, a model for representing and understanding interpersonal relationships between adult generations in the family. Solidarity has resonance with the dualisms found in positive psychology in its representation of both negative and positive polarities in intergenerational relationships, as well as the co-occurrence of cohesion and friction in these relationships. Specifically, the following underlying dualities of solidarity are discussed: (1) latent solidarity and manifest solidarity, (2) emotional closeness in relation to conflict and the concept of ambivalence, and (3) within-family differentiation in solidarity based on favoritism and generational position. Research questions for the future are posed at the conclusion.","PeriodicalId":366145,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114912093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Understanding Empathy 理解移情
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.62
Changming Duan, Kristen Sager
{"title":"Understanding Empathy","authors":"Changming Duan, Kristen Sager","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.62","url":null,"abstract":"Empathy, one of the most studied and most multidisciplinary theoretical constructs, has garnered the attention of scholars from psychology as well as the social and biological sciences. The scholarship of empathy has developed significantly in the past century, with the most notable knowledge emerging in the areas of the neuroscience of empathy and the interplay between race/culture and empathy in recent decades. The positive psychology of empathy also continues to occupy researchers, as the links between empathy and individual and societal health abound. Future empathy research by socially and scholastically responsible scientists must overcome a long history of Euro-ethnocentric biases and integrate social justice into the understanding of this important construct. The scholarship and application of empathy will continue to be an important source of positivity for humans and for society as a whole.","PeriodicalId":366145,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114796223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Better Together 更好的在一起
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.67
J. Pawelski, L. Tay
{"title":"Better Together","authors":"J. Pawelski, L. Tay","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.67","url":null,"abstract":"Positive psychology is a science, yet its subject matter overlaps significantly with that of the humanities. Differing methods of inquiry could lead to an antagonistic relationship between positive psychology and the various disciplines in the humanities, but this chapter explores the value of collaborative relations between these domains. It begins by noting ways in which the humanities have influenced—and continue to influence—positive psychology, and goes on to advocate an extensive, robust, and formal collaboration between positive psychology and the humanities. Positive psychology stands to benefit from such a collaboration through access to a rich repository of information about human experience and the quest to understand and cultivate human flourishing, through conceptual analyses and more robust and nuanced constructs, and through a new domain of positive interventions. Two extended discussions demonstrate some of the benefits that can accrue to positive psychology through collaboration with the humanities. First, a careful philosophical analysis of the “positive” in positive psychology shows how the humanities can help deepen positive psychology’s conceptual roots. Second, the presentation of a conceptual model for operationalizing the well-being effects of the humanities shows how collaboration can open up significant new programs of scientific inquiry into the roles of philosophy, history, religion, literature, music, film, and visual and performance art for understanding, enjoying, and advancing human flourishing.","PeriodicalId":366145,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129307573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Benefit-Finding 积极心态
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition Pub Date : 2018-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.53
S. Lechner
{"title":"Benefit-Finding","authors":"S. Lechner","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.53","url":null,"abstract":"Following adverse life events, many people report positive changes, sometimes referred to as Benefit Finding (BF). In its most basic sense, we are referring to people’s reports that they have changed meaningful aspects of their lives as a result of a challenging circumstance or illness. This chapter explores the historical roots of BF and highlights the dangers of using imprecise terminology while studying this phenomenon. Next, issues related to the measurement of BF, theories of how BF develops and changes over time, and whether BF is actually associated with better outcomes are reviewed. We also discuss BF interventions and provide a cautionary note about whether encouraging BF might cause more harm than good. The chapter concludes with a surprising recommendation for less, but much more thoughtful and precise, research in this area.","PeriodicalId":366145,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122945208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Mental Health 心理健康
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition Pub Date : 2018-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.6
A. D. Fave, L. Negri
{"title":"Mental Health","authors":"A. D. Fave, L. Negri","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers an overview of the scientific approaches to the study of mental health, starting from the historical breakthrough represented by Maria Jahoda’s emphasis on the structural differences between mental health and mental illness, and concluding with the latest theoretical models and interventions formulated within positive psychology. Attention is paid to conceptualizations of human flourishing and psychological well-being, their operationalization and assessment tools, and their use and effectiveness in interventions. Empirical findings on positive mental health features across the life span are summarized. The approach to mental health developed within Asian traditions, and specifically in the Indian medical system of Ayurveda, is discussed in relation to the Western view. New questions and challenges arising from the expansion of knowledge about positive mental health are outlined.","PeriodicalId":366145,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114882090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Forgiveness 宽恕
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition Pub Date : 2018-06-07 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.32
J. Tsang, Stephen R Martin
{"title":"Forgiveness","authors":"J. Tsang, Stephen R Martin","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.32","url":null,"abstract":"Research in the psychology of forgiveness continues to grow. This chapter starts by defining forgiveness and briefly reviewing research methodology used in the psychological study of forgiveness. We then review the major antecedents of forgiveness, including intrapersonal variables such as empathy, personality, attributions, and religion; interpersonal variables such as relationship closeness, and conciliatory behavior on the part of the transgressor; and transgression-specific variables such as perceptions of severity, responsibility, and intent. Major forgiveness interventions are reviewed. The outcomes of forgiveness are also discussed, and the question of whether forgiveness is uniformly positive is raised. Lastly, future directions in the study of forgiveness are proposed.","PeriodicalId":366145,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116879703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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