MDM Policy and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Modeling as Visioning: Exploring the Impact of Criminal Justice Reform on Health of Populations with Substance Use Disorders.","authors":"Natasha K Martin, Leo Beletsky, Benjamin P Linas, Ahmed Bayoumi, Harold Pollack, Sarah Larney","doi":"10.1177/23814683231202984","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23814683231202984","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the context of historic reckoning with the role of the criminal-legal system as a structural driver of health harms, there is mounting evidence that punitive drug policies have failed to prevent problematic drug use while fueling societal harms. In this explainer article, we discuss how simulation modeling provides a methodological framework to explore the potential outcomes (beneficial and harmful) of various drug policy alternatives, from incremental to radical. We discuss potential simulation modeling opportunities while calling for a more active role of simulation modeling in visioning and operationalizing transformative change.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>This article discusses opportunities for simulation modeling in projecting health and economic impacts (beneficial and harmful) of drug-related criminal justice reforms.We call on modelers to explore radical interventions to reduce drug-related harm and model grand alternative futures in addition to more probable scenarios, with a goal of opening up policy discourse to these options.</p>","PeriodicalId":36567,"journal":{"name":"MDM Policy and Practice","volume":"8 2","pages":"23814683231202984"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10568988/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive COVID-19 Mitigation Strategies: Tradeoffs between Trigger Thresholds, Response Timing, and Effectiveness.","authors":"Erinn C Sanstead, Zongbo Li, Shannon B McKearnan, Szu-Yu Zoe Kao, Pamela J Mink, Alisha Baines Simon, Karen M Kuntz, Stefan Gildemeister, Eva A Enns","doi":"10.1177/23814683231202716","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23814683231202716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background.</b> To support proactive decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic, mathematical models have been leveraged to identify surveillance indicator thresholds at which strengthening nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) is necessary to protect health care capacity. Understanding tradeoffs between different adaptive COVID-19 response components is important when designing strategies that balance public preference and public health goals. <b>Methods.</b> We considered 3 components of an adaptive COVID-19 response: 1) the threshold at which to implement the NPI, 2) the time needed to implement the NPI, and 3) the effectiveness of the NPI. Using a compartmental model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission calibrated to Minnesota state data, we evaluated different adaptive policies in terms of the peak number of hospitalizations and the time spent with the NPI in force. Scenarios were compared with a reference strategy, in which an NPI with an 80% contact reduction was triggered when new weekly hospitalizations surpassed 8 per 100,000 population, with a 7-day implementation period. Assumptions were varied in sensitivity analysis. <b>Results.</b> All adaptive response scenarios substantially reduced peak hospitalizations relative to no response. Among adaptive response scenarios, slower NPI implementation resulted in somewhat higher peak hospitalization and a longer time spent under the NPIs than the reference scenario. A stronger NPI response resulted in slightly less time with the NPIs in place and smaller hospitalization peak. A higher trigger threshold resulted in greater peak hospitalizations with little reduction in the length of time under the NPIs. <b>Conclusions.</b> An adaptive NPI response can substantially reduce infection circulation and prevent health care capacity from being exceeded. However, population preferences as well as the feasibility and timeliness of compliance with reenacting NPIs should inform response design.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>This study uses a mathematical model to compare different adaptive nonpharmaceutical intervention (NPI) strategies for COVID-19 management across 3 dimensions: threshold when the NPI should be implemented, time it takes to implement the NPI, and the effectiveness of the NPI.All adaptive NPI response scenarios considered substantially reduced peak hospitalizations compared with no response.Slower NPI implementation results in a somewhat higher peak hospitalization and longer time spent with the NPI in place but may make an adaptive strategy more feasible by allowing the population sufficient time to prepare for changing restrictions.A stronger, more effective NPI response results in a modest reduction in the time spent under the NPIs and slightly lower peak hospitalizations.A higher threshold for triggering the NPI delays the time at which the NPI starts but results in a higher peak hospitalization and does not substantially reduce the time the NPI remains in force.</p>","PeriodicalId":36567,"journal":{"name":"MDM Policy and Practice","volume":"8 2","pages":"23814683231202716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/96/77/10.1177_23814683231202716.PMC10568986.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"The Terminology Might Be Ahead of Practice\": Embedding Shared Decision Making in Practice-Barriers and Facilitators to Implementation of SDM in the Context of Maternity Care.","authors":"Alex Waddell,&nbsp;Denise Goodwin,&nbsp;Gerri Spassova,&nbsp;Peter Bragge","doi":"10.1177/23814683231199943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23814683231199943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background.</b> It is a patient's right to be included in decisions about their health care. Implementing shared decision making (SDM) is important to enable active communication between clinicians and patients. Although health policy makers are increasingly mandating SDM implementation, SDM adoption has been slow. This study explored stakeholders' organizational- and system-level barriers and facilitators to implementing policy mandated SDM in maternity care in Victoria, Australia. <b>Method.</b> Twenty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants including clinicians, health service administrators and decision makers, and government policy makers. Data were mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework to identify barriers and facilitators to SDM implementation. <b>Results.</b> Factors identified as facilitating SDM implementation included using a whole-of-system approach, providing additional implementation resources, correct documentation facilitated by electronic medical records, and including patient outcomes in measurement. Barriers included health service lack of capacity, unclear policy definitions of SDM, and policy makers' lack of resources to track implementation. <b>Conclusion.</b> This is the first study to our knowledge to explore barriers and facilitators to SDM implementation from the perspective of multiple actors following policy mandating SDM in tertiary health services in Australia. The primary finding was that there are concerns that SDM implementation policy is outpacing practice. Nonclinical staff play a crucial role translating policy to practice. Addressing organizational- and system-level barriers and facilitators to SDM implementation should be a key concern of health policy makers, health services, and staff.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>New government policies require shared decision making (SDM) implementation in hospitals.There is limited evidence for how to implement SDM in hospital settings.There are concerns SDM implementation policy is outpacing practice.Understanding and capacity for SDM varies considerably among stakeholders.Whole of system approaches and electronic medical records are seen to facilitate SDM.</p>","PeriodicalId":36567,"journal":{"name":"MDM Policy and Practice","volume":"8 2","pages":"23814683231199943"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10517621/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41166181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Value-of-Information and Value-of-Implementation from Clinical Trials of Diagnostic Tests for HIV-Associated Tuberculosis: A Modeling Analysis.","authors":"Pamela P Pei,&nbsp;Kieran P Fitzmaurice,&nbsp;Mylinh H Le,&nbsp;Christopher Panella,&nbsp;Michelle L Jones,&nbsp;Ankur Pandya,&nbsp;C Robert Horsburgh,&nbsp;Kenneth A Freedberg,&nbsp;Milton C Weinstein,&nbsp;A David Paltiel,&nbsp;Krishna P Reddy","doi":"10.1177/23814683231198873","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23814683231198873","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Objectives.&lt;/b&gt; Conventional value-of-information (VOI) analysis assumes complete uptake of an optimal decision. We employed an extended framework that includes value-of-implementation (VOM)-the benefit of encouraging adoption of an optimal strategy-and estimated how future trials of diagnostic tests for HIV-associated tuberculosis could improve public health decision making and clinical and economic outcomes. &lt;b&gt;Methods.&lt;/b&gt; We evaluated the clinical outcomes and costs, given current information, of 3 tuberculosis screening strategies among hospitalized people with HIV in South Africa: sputum Xpert (&lt;i&gt;Xpert&lt;/i&gt;), sputum Xpert plus urine AlereLAM (&lt;i&gt;Xpert+AlereLAM&lt;/i&gt;), and sputum Xpert plus the newer, more sensitive, and costlier urine FujiLAM (&lt;i&gt;Xpert+FujiLAM&lt;/i&gt;). We projected the incremental net monetary benefit (INMB) of decision making based on results of a trial comparing mortality with each strategy, rather than decision making based solely on current knowledge of FujiLAM's improved diagnostic performance. We used a validated microsimulation to estimate VOI (the INMB of reducing parameter uncertainty before decision making) and VOM (the INMB of encouraging adoption of an optimal strategy). &lt;b&gt;Results.&lt;/b&gt; With current information, adopting &lt;i&gt;Xpert+FujiLAM&lt;/i&gt; yields 0.4 additional life-years/person compared with current practices (assumed 50% &lt;i&gt;Xpert&lt;/i&gt; and 50% &lt;i&gt;Xpert+AlereLAM&lt;/i&gt;). While the decision to adopt this optimal strategy is unaffected by information from the clinical trial (VOI = $ 0 at $3,000/year-of-life saved willingness-to-pay threshold), there is value in scaling up implementation of &lt;i&gt;Xpert+FujiLAM&lt;/i&gt;, which results in an INMB (representing VOM) of $650 million over 5 y. &lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; Conventional VOI methods account for the value of switching to a new optimal strategy based on trial data but fail to account for the persuasive value of trials in increasing uptake of the optimal strategy. Evaluation of trials should include a focus on their value in reducing barriers to implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;In conventional VOI analysis, it is assumed that the optimal decision will always be adopted even without a trial. This can potentially lead to an underestimation of the value of trials when adoption requires new clinical trial evidence. To capture the influence that a trial may have on decision makers' willingness to adopt the optimal decision, we also consider value-of-implementation (VOM), a metric quantifying the benefit of new study information in promoting wider adoption of the optimal strategy. The overall value-of-a-trial (VOT) includes both VOI and VOM.Our model-based analysis suggests that the information obtained from a trial of screening strategies for HIV-associated tuberculosis in South Africa would have no value, when measured using traditional methods of VOI assessment. A novel strategy, which includes the urine FujiLAM test, is optimal from a health economic standpo","PeriodicalId":36567,"journal":{"name":"MDM Policy and Practice","volume":"8 2","pages":"23814683231198873"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/23/db/10.1177_23814683231198873.PMC10517616.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41145178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Qualitative Study of Men's Experiences Using Navigate: A Localized Prostate Cancer Treatment Decision Aid.","authors":"Elizabeth Todio,&nbsp;Penelope Schofield,&nbsp;Jessica Sharp","doi":"10.1177/23814683231198003","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23814683231198003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background.</b> Men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer (LPC) often face a dilemma in choosing between available treatment options that have similar survival rates but for which the perceived advantages and disadvantages of each treatment differ. The Navigate decision aid was created to assist Australian men with LPC in making informed decisions about treatment that align with their personal values and preferences. Navigate presents current, unbiased information, including an interactive values clarification exercise. <b>Objective.</b> This study was a qualitative investigation of men's treatment decision making for LPC, and their experiences using the Navigate Web site, to identify areas for improvement and inform implementation. <b>Methods.</b> Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 men diagnosed with LPC who completed the intervention arm of the Navigate randomized controlled trial. Interview transcripts were thematically analyzed. <b>Results:</b> Five main themes emerged: 1) diagnosis experiences varied, although men were strongly influenced by their clinician to make an early initial treatment decision; 2) men sought resources and support they trusted; 3) men valued Navigate's multiformatted content and design; 4) men suggested more content was needed on a) the diagnosis journey and b) new treatment updates; and 5) men identified design flaws in the values clarification exercise on Navigate but appreciated the tool being available. <b>Conclusions.</b> Specialist authority influenced men to make an early treatment decision. However, Navigate was helpful in supporting men's ongoing treatment decision making, particularly men on active surveillance who may face further treatment decisions if their cancer progresses. To gain trust and improve engagement from Navigate users, credentials and sources of information need to be prominent. Trustworthiness, timing of access, and the clinician's role in empowering men to use available decision aids are crucial elements to be considered when implementing Navigate in clinical settings.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>The Navigate decision aid Web site was created to help Australian men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer (LPC) make an informed decision about their treatment.Navigate was helpful in supporting men's ongoing treatment decision making for LPC.Men's treatment decision making for LPC was greatly influenced by perceived authority and trust in their clinician.Trustworthiness, timing of access, and the clinician's role in empowering men to use available decision aids are crucial.</p>","PeriodicalId":36567,"journal":{"name":"MDM Policy and Practice","volume":"8 2","pages":"23814683231198003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10501076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10290802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expected Health Benefits of SGLT-2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Older Adults.","authors":"Rahul S Dadwani, Wen Wan, M Reza Skandari, Elbert S Huang","doi":"10.1177/23814683231187566","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23814683231187566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background.</b> Older and sicker adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were underrepresented in randomized trials of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-agonist (GLP1RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2I), and thus, health benefits are uncertain in this population. <b>Objective.</b> To assess the impact of age, health status, and life expectancy in older adults with T2D on health benefits of GLP1RA and SGLT2I. <b>Design.</b> We used the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) model to simulate lifetime health outcomes. We calibrated the UKPDS model to improve mortality prediction in older adults using a common geriatric prognostic index. <b>Participants.</b> National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2018 participants 65 y and older with T2D, eligible for GLP1RA or SGLT2I according to American Diabetes Association guidelines. <b>Interventions.</b> GLP1RA or SGLT2I use versus no additional medication. <b>Main Measures.</b> Lifetime complications and weighted life-years (LYs) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) across overall treatment arms and life expectancies. <b>Key Results.</b> The overall older adult population was predicted to experience significant health benefits from GLP1RA (+0.29 LY [95% confidence interval: 0.27, 0.31], +0.15 QALYs [0.14, 0.16]) and SGLT2I (+0.26 LY [0.24, 0.28], +0.13 QALYs [0.12, 0.14]) as compared with no added medication. However, expected benefits declined in subgroups with shorter life expectancies. Participants with <4 y of life expectancy had minimal gains of <0.05 LY and <0.03 QALYs from added medication. Accounting for injection-related disutility, GLP1RA use reduced QALYs (-0.03 QALYs [-0.04, -0.02]). <b>Conclusions.</b> While GLP1RA and SGLT2I have substantial health benefits for many older adults with type 2 diabetes, benefits are not clinically significant in patients with <4 y of life expectancy. Life expectancy and patient preferences are important considerations when prescribing newer diabetes medications.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>On average, older adults benefit significantly from SGLT2I and GLP1RA use. However, the benefits of these drugs are not clinically significant among older patients with life expectancy less than 4 y.There is potential harm in injectable GLP1RA use in the oldest categories of adults with type 2 diabetes.Heterogeneity in life expectancy and patient preferences for injectable versus oral medications are important to consider when prescribing newer diabetes medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":36567,"journal":{"name":"MDM Policy and Practice","volume":"8 2","pages":"23814683231187566"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bb/93/10.1177_23814683231187566.PMC10363885.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10354150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Measurement Invariance of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Lung Cancer Utility Index (FACT-LUI).","authors":"J Shannon Swan,&nbsp;Michelle M Langer","doi":"10.1177/23814683231186992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23814683231186992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background.</b> A portion of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung (FACT-L) instrument contributed to a previously published utility index, the FACT Lung Utility Index or FACT-LUI. Six FACT items representing lung cancer quality of life covered fatigue, pain, dyspnea, cough, anxiety, and depression. Two FACT items had been previously combined by the index authors into one for nausea and/or appetite loss, resulting in 7 final domains. <b>Methods.</b> The objective was to perform measurement invariance testing within a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) framework to support the feasibility of using the FACT-LUI for non-preference-based psychometric applications. The original index patients comprised group 1, and similar FACT patient data (<i>n</i> = 249) from another published study comprised group 2. One 2-factor model and two 1-factor CFA models were evaluated to assess measurement invariance across groups, using varying degrees of item parceling and a small number of residual covariances, all justified by the literature. <b>Results.</b> The 1-factor models were most optimal. A 1-factor model with 1 pair of items parceled showed invariance to the partial scalar level using usual fit criteria across groups, requiring 2 unconstrained intercepts. A 1-factor model with 3 pairs of justified parcels showed full configural, metric, and scalar invariance across groups. <b>Conclusions.</b> The FACT-LUI items fit a partially to fully invariant 1-factor model, suggesting feasibility for non-preference-based applications. <b>Implications.</b> Results suggest useful incorporation of the FACT-LUI into clinical trials with no substantial increased respondent burden, allowing preference-based and other psychometric applications from the same index items.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>This work suggests that in addition to being originally designed for use as a utility index, the 7 FACT-LUI items together also fit simple CFA and measurement invariance models. This less expected result indicates that these items as a group are also potentially useful in non-preference-based applications.Clinical trials can make for challenging decisions concerning which patient-reported outcome measures to include without being burdensome. However, the literature suggests a need for improved reporting of quality of life in lung cancer in particular as well as cancer in general. Inclusion of more disease-specific items such as the FACT-LUI may allow for information gathering of both preference-based and non-preference-based data with less demand on patients, similar to what has been done with some generic instruments.</p>","PeriodicalId":36567,"journal":{"name":"MDM Policy and Practice","volume":"8 2","pages":"23814683231186992"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a0/92/10.1177_23814683231186992.PMC10388633.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10301065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Complementary Encounter and Patient Decision Aids for Shared Decision Making about Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation.","authors":"Aubrey E Jones, Madeleine M McCarty, Kenzie A Cameron, Kerri L Cavanaugh, Benjamin A Steinberg, Rod Passman, Preeti Kansal, Adriana Guzman, Emily Chen, Lingzi Zhong, Angela Fagerlin, Ian Hargraves, Victor M Montori, Juan P Brito, Peter A Noseworthy, Elissa M Ozanne","doi":"10.1177/23814683231178033","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23814683231178033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Decision aids (DAs) are helpful instruments used to support shared decision making (SDM). Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) face complex decisions regarding stroke prevention strategies. While a few DAs have been made for AF stroke prevention, an encounter DA (EDA) and patient DA (PDA) have not been created to be used in conjunction with each other before.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Using iterative user-centered design, we developed 2 DAs for anticoagulation choice and stroke prevention in AF. Prototypes were created, and we elicited feedback from patients and experts via observations of encounters, usability testing, and semistructured interviews.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>User testing was done with 33 experts (in AF and SDM) and 51 patients from 6 institutions. The EDA and PDA underwent 1 and 4 major iterations, respectively. Major differences between the DAs included AF pathophysiology and a preparation to meet with the clinician in the PDA as well as different language throughout. Content areas included personalized stroke risk, differences between anticoagulants, and risks of bleeding. Based on user feedback, developers 1) addressed feelings of isolation with AF, 2) improved navigation options, 3) modified content and flow for users new to AF and those experienced with AF, 4) updated stroke risk pictographs, and 5) added structure to the preparation for decision making in the PDA.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>These DAs focus only on anticoagulation for stroke prevention and are online, which may limit participation for those less comfortable with technology.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Designing complementary DAs for use in tandem or separately is a new method to support SDM between patients and clinicians. Extensive user testing is essential to creating high-quality tools that best meet the needs of those using them.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>First-time complementary encounter and patient decision aids have been designed to work together or separately.User feedback led to greater structure and different experiences for patients naïve or experienced with anticoagulants in patient decision aids.Online tools allow for easier dissemination, use in telehealth visits, and updating as new evidence comes out.</p>","PeriodicalId":36567,"journal":{"name":"MDM Policy and Practice","volume":"8 1","pages":"23814683231178033"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47470488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Cost of 3 Risk Prediction Strategies for Potential Use in the United Kingdom National Breast Screening Program.","authors":"Stuart J Wright, Martin Eden, Helen Ruane, Helen Byers, D Gareth Evans, Michelle Harvie, Sacha J Howell, Anthony Howell, David French, Katherine Payne","doi":"10.1177/23814683231171363","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23814683231171363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Economic evaluations have suggested that risk-stratified breast cancer screening may be cost-effective but have used assumptions to estimate the cost of risk prediction. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the resource use and associated costs required to introduce a breast cancer risk-stratification approach into the English national breast screening program.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A micro-costing study, conducted alongside a cohort-based prospective trial (BC-PREDICT), identified the resource use and cost per individual (£; 2021 price year) of providing a risk-stratification strategy at a woman's first mammography. Costs were calculated for 3 risk-stratification approaches: Tyrer-Cuzick survey, Tyrer-Cuzick with Volpara breast-density measurement, and Tyrer-Cuzick with Volpara breast-density measurement and testing for 142 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Costs were determined for the intervention as implemented in the trial and in the health service.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cost of providing the risk-stratification strategy was calculated to be £16.45 for the Tyrer-Cuzick survey approach, £21.82 for the Tyrer-Cuzick with Volpara breast-density measurement, and £102.22 for the Tyrer-Cuzick with Volpara breast-density measurement and SNP testing.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>This study did not use formal expert elicitation methods to synthesize estimates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The costs of risk prediction using a survey and breast density measurement were low, but adding SNP testing substantially increases costs. Implementation issues present in the trial may also significantly increase the cost of risk prediction.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>This is the first study to robustly estimate the cost of risk-stratification for breast cancer screening. The cost of risk prediction using questionnaires and automated breast density measurement was low, but full economic evaluations including accurate costs are required to provide evidence of the cost-effectiveness of risk-stratified breast cancer screening.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Economic evaluations have suggested that risk-stratified breast cancer screening may be a cost-effective use of resources in the United Kingdom.Current estimates of the cost of risk stratification are based on pragmatic assumptions.This study provides estimates of the cost of risk stratification using 3 strategies and when these strategies are implemented perfectly and imperfectly in the health system.The cost of risk stratification is relatively low unless single nucleotide polymorphisms are included in the strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":36567,"journal":{"name":"MDM Policy and Practice","volume":"8 1","pages":"23814683231171363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10161319/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10299182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalog of EQ-5D-3L Health-Related Quality-of-Life Scores for 199 Chronic Conditions and Health Risks in Denmark.","authors":"Michael Falk Hvidberg, Karin Dam Petersen, Michael Davidsen, Flemming Witt Udsen, Anne Frølich, Lars Ehlers, Mónica Hernández Alava","doi":"10.1177/23814683231159023","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23814683231159023","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;. Assessments of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are essential in estimating quality-adjusted life-years. It is sometimes not feasible to collect primary HRQoL data, and reliable secondary sources are necessary. Current \"off-the-shelf\" HRQoL catalogs are based on older diagnosis classifications and include a limited number of diseases. This article aims to provide 1) a Danish EQ-5D-3L-based HRQoL catalog for 199 nationally representative chronic conditions based on ICD-10 codes and 2) a complementary model-based catalog controlling for age, sex, comorbidities, lifestyle, and health risks. &lt;b&gt;Design&lt;/b&gt;. A total of 55,616 respondents from 3 national health survey samples were pooled and combined with 7 national registers containing patient-level information on diagnoses, health care activity, and sociodemographics. EQ-5D-3L data were converted to utility scores using the Danish EQ-5D-3L value set to estimate the mean utility for each chronic disease population. Adjusted limited dependent variable mixture models were estimated and used to provide a regression-based catalog of utilities/disutilities. &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;. Diseases with the lowest mean EQ-5D score in the Danish population were systemic sclerosis (M34; score = 0.432), fibromyalgia (M797; score = 0.490), rheumatism (M790; score = 0.515), dementia (F00, G30; score = 0.546), posttraumatic stress syndrome (F431; score = 0.557), and systemic atrophies (G10-G14; score = 0.583. Based on the estimated models, the largest estimated disutilities were cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy, depression, dorsalgia, sclerosis, and fibromyalgia. Lifestyle factors, including perceived stress, loneliness, and body mass index, were also significantly associated with low HRQoL. &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;. This study provides a comprehensive nationally representative catalog and a model-based catalog of EQ-5D-3L-based HRQoL scores for Denmark that can be used to describe aspects of disease burden and allocate resources within health care. Additional Stata programs are also provided to facilitate predictions in other populations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;A Danish national representative catalog of health-related quality-of-life scores for 199 chronic conditions is presented, which provides population estimates for chronic conditions subgroups that can be used for health economic evaluation.Two separate regression models of EQ-5D-3L utility scores with different sets of control variables are estimated to allow researchers to adjust for differences in the composition of the subgroups and provide a tool that can be used in other settings.Results indicate that health-related quality of life varies across disease groups but is lowest for renal disease, mental and behavioral disorders, benign neoplasms and diseases of the blood, digestive systems, and nervous systems.Health risks and lifestyle factors such as perceived stress, loneliness, and a large body mass index are highly correlated with","PeriodicalId":36567,"journal":{"name":"MDM Policy and Practice","volume":"8 1","pages":"23814683231159023"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6b/5b/10.1177_23814683231159023.PMC10088414.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9305630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}