{"title":"Area Rate Efficiency in Multi-Link Molecular Communications","authors":"Lukas Brand;Sebastian Lotter;Vahid Jamali;Robert Schober;Maximilian Schäfer","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3321193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3321193","url":null,"abstract":"We consider a multi-link diffusion-based molecular communication (MC) system where multiple spatially distributed transmitter (TX)-receiver (RX) pairs establish point-to-point communication links employing the same type of signaling molecules. To exploit the full potential of such a system, an in-depth understanding of the interplay between the spatial link density and inter-link interference (ILI) and its impact on system performance is needed. In this paper, we consider a three-dimensional unbounded domain with multiple spatially distributed point-to-point non-cooperative transmission links, where both the TXs and RXs are positioned on a regular fixed grid. For this setup, we first derive an analytical expression for the channel impulse responses (CIRs) between the TXs and RXs in the system. Then, we derive the maximum likelihood (ML) detector for the RXs and show that it reduces to a threshold-based detector. Moreover, we derive an analytical expression for the corresponding detection threshold which depends on the statistics of the desired signal from the dedicated TX, the statistics of the MC channel, and the statistics of the ILI. We also provide a low-complexity suboptimal decision threshold. Furthermore, we derive an analytical expression for the bit error rate (BER) and the achievable rate of a single transmission link. Finally, we propose two new performance metrics, namely area rate efficiency (ARE) and area and time rate efficiency (ARTE), suitable for holistically evaluating spatially distributed multi-link MC systems. In particular, ARE and ARTE capture the tradeoff between transmission link density and achievable rate per link and the tradeoff between transmission link density, achievable rate per link, and inter-symbol interference (ISI), respectively. Hence, ARE and ARTE can be exploited to determine the optimal transmission link density for maximizing the throughput of the entire system.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3292628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3292628","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6687308/10255331/10255350.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67982997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Communications Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3292630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3292630","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6687308/10255331/10255341.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67981860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vahid Jamali;Falko Dressler;Yifan Chen;Maximilian Schäfer;Robert Schober
{"title":"Guest Editorial Introduction to the Special Feature on the 7th Workshop on Molecular Communications","authors":"Vahid Jamali;Falko Dressler;Yifan Chen;Maximilian Schäfer;Robert Schober","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3309471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3309471","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular Communication (MC) is a highly interdisciplinary research field whose success requires the close collaboration between researchers from different fields of science. To support and highlight this interdisciplinary character, the Workshop on Molecular Communications (MolCom; \u0000<uri>https://molecularcommunications.org/</uri>\u0000) has been held annually since 2016 to provide the opportunity to meet, and share work and experience. The Workshop tries to promote research beyond the conventional disciplinary boundaries between engineering, the physical sciences, natural sciences, and medicine.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6687308/10255331/10255356.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67982987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Murat Kuscu;Pasquale Stano;Malcolm Egan;Michael T. Barros;Bige Deniz Unluturk;Gregory F. Payne
{"title":"Guest Editorial Special Feature on Bio-Chem-ICTs: Synergies Between Bio/Nanotechnologies and Molecular Communications","authors":"Murat Kuscu;Pasquale Stano;Malcolm Egan;Michael T. Barros;Bige Deniz Unluturk;Gregory F. Payne","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3309488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3309488","url":null,"abstract":"The Transfer of ‘information’ via molecules is a theme that resonates across the realm of nature, underlying collective behavior, homeostasis, and many disorders and diseases, and potentially holding the answers to some of the life’s most profound questions. The prospects of understanding and manipulating this natural modality of communication have attracted a significant research interest from information and communication theorists (ICT) over the past two decades. The aim is to provide novel means of understanding and engineering biological systems. These efforts have produced substantial body of literature that sets the groundwork for bio-inspired, artificial Molecular Communication (MC) systems. This ICT-based perspective has also contributed to the understanding of natural MC, with many of the results from these endeavors being published in this journal.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6687308/10255331/10255347.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67982992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Ultrasonic Power Splitting Receiver With Improved Complexity-Reliability Trade-Off for Intra-Body Communications","authors":"Yuankun Tang;Qianqian Wang;Miaowen Wen;Quansheng Guan;Fei Ji;Julian Cheng","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3315517","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3315517","url":null,"abstract":"Data transmission that is reliable and relies on low-complexity transceiver techniques is of practical importance for ultrasonic intra-body communications (IBCs). Considering the trade-off between reliability and computational complexity, this paper proposes an ultrasonic dynamic power splitting (UDPS) scheme. UDPS consists of statistic power splitting (SPS) and time switching (TS), where SPS splits the received signal to coherent detection (CD) and energy detection (ED) with an adjustable power splitting ratio, and TS switches between CD and ED with an adjustable power coefficient. Therefore, the proposed UDPS can exploit the reliability of CD and meanwhile benefit from the low complexity of ED. We also derive the theoretical bit-error rate (BER) of UDPS. Both theoretical and simulated results demonstrate that due to the linear noise in CD and non-linear noise in ED, the optimal power splitting ratio of SPS is 1 and the optimal power coefficient of TS is within (0, 1). More importantly, UDPS can achieve much lower complexity than CD at the cost of a slight BER loss for IBCs.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135441898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Si3N4-SiO2-Based Silicon Photonics Nano-Biosensor for Molecular Communication","authors":"Shelma Cheeran Sajan;Anamika Singh;Prabhat Kumar Sharma;Santosh Kumar","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3308695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3308695","url":null,"abstract":"In molecular communication (MC), information is conveyed between nano-scale transmitters and receivers using molecules. The environment sensing is a significant component of any MC system. The design of biological sensors thus is an important aspect for implementing MC systems. This paper presents a novel \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$textit {Si}_{{3}}{N}_{{4}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$textit {SiO}_{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 silicon photonics (SiPh) nano-biosensor for detection of cancer cells. This design utilizes a micro-ring resonator (MRR) structure and takes advantage of the distinct optical characteristics of various cancer cells and MC by leveraging the interaction between cancer cells and CD47 proteins. The proposed sensor design can be used in artificial nano-machines deployed in a MC system for the applications like cancer cell detection and targeted drug delivery.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67982993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Network Medicine: From Conceptual Frameworks to Applications and Future Trends","authors":"Enes Sefa Ayar;Sina Dadmand;Nurcan Tuncbag","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3308689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3308689","url":null,"abstract":"The intricate nature of biological processes is orchestrated by molecular interactions. The complexity of these interactions stems from the sheer number of components involved and their relationships. To overcome this complexity, network medicine adopts a holistic, integrative approach at multiple levels. The human interactome involves over 100,000 molecules, including proteins, RNAs, and metabolites, all interconnected by a network of connections. One challenge in understanding the human interactome is associating specific parts of this network with biological phenomena such as diseases, drug resistance, and other abnormalities. Although molecular measurements can quantitatively identify many altered molecules, making sense of these molecular changes within the broader network context is a formidable task. Notably, alterations in the human interactome often occur in closely connected regions of the network. By using prior biological knowledge and applying the context-specific molecular interplays, specific sub-networks can be extracted. These network modules can provide valuable insights into complex biological questions. Furthermore, a range of learning and graph-based methodologies are employed to deduce meaningful clinical outcomes in these modules. In this context, we present a comprehensive overview of the standard workflows utilized in network medicine, along with a discussion of its applications and future directions.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67981861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Umut Eren Usturalı;Bayram Cevdet Akdeniz;Tuna Tuğcu;Ali Emre Pusane
{"title":"Low-Complexity Timing Methods for Molecular Communication via Diffusion","authors":"Umut Eren Usturalı;Bayram Cevdet Akdeniz;Tuna Tuğcu;Ali Emre Pusane","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3305390","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3305390","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular communication is expected to be instrumental in the advancement of nanotechnology. Implementation of robust molecular communication channels that work in conjunction with other nanodevices necessitates the development of synchronization techniques for such systems. Although a number of works exist in this area, most of the proposed solutions are infeasible given the computational limitations of the components. In this paper, we propose two related methods within the framework of molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) paradigm. These methods require only the most basic computational resources. We assess their performance analytically and computationally, indicate the error margins for each one, and discuss when one is more useful than the other.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79312616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wearable Electrochemical Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring: A Review of Current Developments and Future Prospects","authors":"Fariborz Mirlou;Levent Beker","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3304240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3304240","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable devices and biosensors have gained significant attention due to their high potential to continuously monitor the biomarkers in human body biofluids through non-invasive and minimally invasive methods and give feedback to the users in real-time. Numerous developments have been made in the electrochemical devices field for the non-invasive measurements of the desired biomarkers, including detecting different electrolytes, metabolites, and hormones. Integrating multiplexed human health monitoring, using biosensors, and transmitting the acquired data using wireless systems has been achieved and miniaturized. These systems have been combined with flexible materials to enhance their conformability and easy use. Such precise monitoring of the target biomarker and physiological data through wearable devices would significantly improve life quality by providing critical health-related information in real time. On the other hand, there needs to be an in-depth understanding of analyte concentrations in blood and their correlation to other biofluids, which will help improve the biosensors’ reliability. Thus, conducting large-scale in-vivo studies on different subjects using wearable biosensors and clinical equipment is an essential validation factor for the biosensors. Here, we focus on wearable electrochemical devices that can non-invasively measure and track the human body’s vital health information and transmit it to the users’ mobile devices.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67981862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}