Case Reports in Anesthesiology最新文献

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Awake Thoracotomy in an Obese Case of Cardiac Tamponade: A Case Report.
Case Reports in Anesthesiology Pub Date : 2025-02-11 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/cria/7867957
Malek Itmaiza, Peter Bael, Talha Isayed, Ali Abufarah, Islam Frijat, Majdi Hamamdeh
{"title":"Awake Thoracotomy in an Obese Case of Cardiac Tamponade: A Case Report.","authors":"Malek Itmaiza, Peter Bael, Talha Isayed, Ali Abufarah, Islam Frijat, Majdi Hamamdeh","doi":"10.1155/cria/7867957","DOIUrl":"10.1155/cria/7867957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Awake thoracic surgery is an old procedure still being used to this day for various indications, utilizing many different techniques for local analgesia. <b>Case Presentation:</b> We described the case of a 60-year-old obese heavy smoker, with significant respiratory and cardiac morbidity, who presented with signs of cardiac tamponade secondary to hypothyroidism. Our patient was treated with a pericardial window, using serratus anterior and parasternal blocks. <b>Discussion:</b> We presented the first case to our knowledge that employed parasternal and serratus anterior blocks as local analgesia for an awake thoracotomy, we also discussed different techniques, indications, benefits, and complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":36504,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Anesthesiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"7867957"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11835473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143450502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Rare Case of Intraoperative Anaphylaxis Secondary to Central Venous Catheter Placement: A Case Report.
Case Reports in Anesthesiology Pub Date : 2025-02-11 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/cria/1310392
Yusuf Ali, Andres Gonzalez, John Pallan, Emily Anne Smith Bergbower
{"title":"A Rare Case of Intraoperative Anaphylaxis Secondary to Central Venous Catheter Placement: A Case Report.","authors":"Yusuf Ali, Andres Gonzalez, John Pallan, Emily Anne Smith Bergbower","doi":"10.1155/cria/1310392","DOIUrl":"10.1155/cria/1310392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Central venous catheters (CVCs) are often used intraoperatively for large volume resuscitation and the administration of vasoactive medications. Many of these catheters are impregnated with antimicrobials to prevent infection but independent reports of anaphylaxis directly following catheter placement have been increasing. Here, we report the case of a severe episode of anaphylaxis attributed to a chlorhexidine-coated CVC in a middle-aged man who presented for an L5-S1 Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (ALIF) revision due to hardware failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":36504,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Anesthesiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"1310392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11835472/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143450501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Uniportal Robotic-Assisted Tracheal Resection and Reconstruction Under Spontaneous Ventilation.
Case Reports in Anesthesiology Pub Date : 2025-01-30 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/cria/4991280
Ricardo Eli Guido Guerra, Francina Valezka Bolaños Morales, Oscar Francisco Silva Gómez, Hector Olvera Prado, Sarahí Ibáñez Barzalobre, Mugurel Bosinceanu, Diego Gonzalez-Rivas
{"title":"Uniportal Robotic-Assisted Tracheal Resection and Reconstruction Under Spontaneous Ventilation.","authors":"Ricardo Eli Guido Guerra, Francina Valezka Bolaños Morales, Oscar Francisco Silva Gómez, Hector Olvera Prado, Sarahí Ibáñez Barzalobre, Mugurel Bosinceanu, Diego Gonzalez-Rivas","doi":"10.1155/cria/4991280","DOIUrl":"10.1155/cria/4991280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Tracheal resection and reconstruction for airway tumors are traditionally performed using general anesthesia, tracheal intubation, and thoracotomy. Modern techniques, such as tubeless tracheal surgery and robotic uniportal approaches, offer several advantages including better surgical conditions, reduced postoperative complications, and faster recovery. <b>Case Report:</b> A 42-year-old woman with a tracheal neuroendocrine tumor underwent nonintubated uniportal robotically assisted tracheal resection and reconstruction. Thoracic epidural anesthesia, airway topicalization, and intravenous anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway allowed the procedure to be performed under nonintubated spontaneous ventilation, through a single 3-cm incision. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with the patient experiencing minimal pain and no nausea or vomiting. <b>Conclusions:</b> Nonintubated uniportal robotically assisted tracheal resection and reconstruction is a feasible, less invasive technique that offers significant benefits in terms of recovery and patient comfort when performed by experienced surgeons.</p>","PeriodicalId":36504,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Anesthesiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"4991280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11824845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143415486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Anesthetic Management and Considerations for Cesarean Delivery in a Patient With Cystic Fibrosis.
Case Reports in Anesthesiology Pub Date : 2025-01-21 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/cria/6388254
Richard Pham, Chris Mehdizadeh, Christopher Baker, Leonard J Soloniuk, Ioana Pasca, Ashish Sinha
{"title":"Anesthetic Management and Considerations for Cesarean Delivery in a Patient With Cystic Fibrosis.","authors":"Richard Pham, Chris Mehdizadeh, Christopher Baker, Leonard J Soloniuk, Ioana Pasca, Ashish Sinha","doi":"10.1155/cria/6388254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cria/6388254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advancements in therapeutics and risk reduction in the management of cystic fibrosis have increased the life expectancy of cystic fibrosis patients to the fifth decade of life. As the life expectancy of cystic fibrosis patients has increased, more cystic fibrosis patients have opted to pursue pregnancy. Normal pregnancy is accompanied by physiological changes that affect anesthetic management. These normal physiological changes, combined with the pathological manifestations of cystic fibrosis, create a unique set of anesthetic challenges. Here, we report on the management and clinical course of a 37-year-old parturient with cystic fibrosis, focusing on the anesthetic approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":36504,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Anesthesiology","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6388254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11774568/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143068411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Arrhythmia Induced by Positional Change Under General Anesthesia Related to Caudal Movement of the Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter: A Case Report. 全身麻醉下体位改变引起的心律失常与周围置管中心静脉导管尾侧运动有关1例。
Case Reports in Anesthesiology Pub Date : 2024-12-27 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/cria/9185758
Isao Utsumi, Tomasz Hascilowicz, Yasushi Mio, Sachiko Omi
{"title":"Arrhythmia Induced by Positional Change Under General Anesthesia Related to Caudal Movement of the Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter: A Case Report.","authors":"Isao Utsumi, Tomasz Hascilowicz, Yasushi Mio, Sachiko Omi","doi":"10.1155/cria/9185758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/cria/9185758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The novel case report of a temporary arrhythmia that developed after a positional change in a patient under general anesthesia emphasizes the possibility of potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias that may develop owing to caudal movement of the peripherally inserted central venous catheter ([CVC] PICC) tip when changing patient positions. <b>Case Presentation:</b> We present a case of temporary arrhythmia that developed after a positional change in a 44-year-old female patient scheduled for laparoscopic adrenalectomy under general anesthesia. She had undergone preoperative insertion of a PICC using an electrocardiogram (ECG)-guided tip confirmation system (TCS). <b>Conclusion:</b> The case report discusses the optimal TCS and emphasizes vigilant ECG monitoring, suggesting measures to prevent these arrhythmias under general anesthesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":36504,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Anesthesiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"9185758"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11698605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Surviving the Nightmare: Massive Bleeding From Large Intraoral Arteriovenous Malformation During Airway Management for Angioembolization Procedure. 从噩梦中幸存:在血管栓塞手术的气道管理过程中,巨大的口内动静脉畸形引起的大出血。
Case Reports in Anesthesiology Pub Date : 2024-12-19 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/cria/6311200
Muhammad Faisal Khan, Muhammad Khuzzaim Khan, Sidra Nazir, Faisal Shamim
{"title":"Surviving the Nightmare: Massive Bleeding From Large Intraoral Arteriovenous Malformation During Airway Management for Angioembolization Procedure.","authors":"Muhammad Faisal Khan, Muhammad Khuzzaim Khan, Sidra Nazir, Faisal Shamim","doi":"10.1155/cria/6311200","DOIUrl":"10.1155/cria/6311200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the head and neck present significant challenges due to airway management complexities and hemorrhage risks. This case report describes a 15-year-old female with a congenital facial AVM causing dyspnea and obstructive symptoms. The patient required angioembolization of the AVM, but many hospitals deferred the procedure due to the anticipated difficult airway and severe bleeding risks. We did two attempts of awake fiberoptic intubation but could not succeed due to patient intolerance. Subsequently, inhalational induction started and video laryngoscopy performed but also failed due to anatomical distortion. With attempts to bag mask ventilate, severe venous engorgement started and patient experienced massive hemorrhage and circulatory collapse, necessitating prolonged resuscitation and intubation efforts. Eventually, intubation was successful after 40 min using suction assisted laryngoscopy and decontamination (SALAD) technique by video laryngoscope. She underwent angioembolization and shifted to the ICU where she remained on mechanical ventilation for 9 days. After tracheostomy was performed, she was gradually weaned off from ventilator and was later discharged. This case highlights the need for meticulous planning, comprehensive airway evaluation, backup strategies, and multidisciplinary support, suggesting video laryngoscopy as a valuable alternative in high-bleeding-risk cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":36504,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Anesthesiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6311200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11681977/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hand Compartment Syndrome After Prolonged Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Rectal Resection: A Case Report and Literature Review. 长时间机器人辅助腹腔镜直肠切除术后的手室综合征:病例报告和文献综述
Case Reports in Anesthesiology Pub Date : 2024-10-24 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5358112
Han Y Zhang, Susan Samudre, Xiuli Zhang, Justin J Lui, Fenghua Li
{"title":"Hand Compartment Syndrome After Prolonged Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Rectal Resection: A Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Han Y Zhang, Susan Samudre, Xiuli Zhang, Justin J Lui, Fenghua Li","doi":"10.1155/2024/5358112","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5358112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hand compartment syndrome is a rare condition due to trauma and vascular obstruction or injury, such as fluid extravasation, vascular obstruction, or arterial injury from arterial line insertion during anesthesia. However, perioperative hand compartment syndrome with no apparent preexisting cause during anesthesia that requires fasciotomy is extremely rare. We report a case on a 54-year-old male with history significant for stage IIIA moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum who was scheduled for ultralow rectal resection and cystourethroscopy with insertion of urethral stent. Following surgery, in which he was in a safe-T-Secure positioner in a prolonged Trendelenburg position, the patient developed compartment syndrome of the right hand. This case and literature review highlights the risk for hand compartment syndrome when patients have increased Body Mass Index, positioning involves tucking of the arms, and the procedure duration is prolonged.</p>","PeriodicalId":36504,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Anesthesiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5358112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11527522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142559047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cervical Spinal Epidural Hematoma After Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section in the Parturient Using Long-Term Low Dose Aspirin. 使用长期小剂量阿司匹林进行剖腹产脊髓麻醉后的颈椎硬膜外血肿。
Case Reports in Anesthesiology Pub Date : 2024-10-16 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6729275
Kham Van Vu, Hoang Van Nguyen, Quyen Thi Vu, Thang Toan Nguyen
{"title":"Cervical Spinal Epidural Hematoma After Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section in the Parturient Using Long-Term Low Dose Aspirin.","authors":"Kham Van Vu, Hoang Van Nguyen, Quyen Thi Vu, Thang Toan Nguyen","doi":"10.1155/2024/6729275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6729275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spinal epidural hematoma (SEDH) is a rare but serious complication associated with spinal anesthesia (SA). We present an unusual case of cervical SEDH occurring 24 h after a lumbar puncture for a cesarean section. The patient, who was on low-dose aspirin due to preeclampsia, initially exhibited neurological symptoms resembling a stroke. Despite a normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, further investigations revealed a SEDH located between the C3 and T1 segments, well beyond the L3-L4 puncture site. Although coagulation tests were normal, this case underscores the potential risk of low-dose aspirin in affecting platelet function, which may contribute to SEDH development. It also emphasizes the importance of considering spinal MRI when neurological symptoms arise after SA, even if initial cranial MRI results are normal. She underwent emergency C3-T1 laminectomy through a dorsal midline approach. Her motor, sensory, and sphincter functions fully recovered at follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":36504,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Anesthesiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6729275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11498970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Accidental Intrathecal Tranexamic Acid Injection During Caesarean Section: A Case Report. 剖腹产时意外鞘内注射氨甲环酸:病例报告。
Case Reports in Anesthesiology Pub Date : 2024-10-15 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4731010
Raymond Oyugi Samuel, Victoria Adonicam, Andrew Hans Mgaya
{"title":"Accidental Intrathecal Tranexamic Acid Injection During Caesarean Section: A Case Report.","authors":"Raymond Oyugi Samuel, Victoria Adonicam, Andrew Hans Mgaya","doi":"10.1155/2024/4731010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4731010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Tranexamic acid (TXA) is increasingly used in the management of haemorrhage during and after delivery and haemorrhage caused by other medical conditions due to its efficacy and safety. However, increasing report of fatal complications from inadvertent intrathecal TXA injection remains a cause of concern. The aim of this case report is to demonstrate clinical presentation and predictors of accidental intrathecal injection of TXA within the structure and processes of care in a health facility. <b>Case Description:</b> A 37-year-old woman, multiparous woman presented with a diagnosis of obstructed labour and, therefore, was scheduled for emergency caesarean section. She was assigned the American Society of Anesthesiology II physical status. Spinal anaesthesia was performed at a sitting position through L4-L5 interspace using a 25-G spinal needle gauge. The anaesthetist injected 3 mL of an aesthetic agent that was prepared earlier as hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%. About 2 min after receiving the injection, the patient reported gluteal discomfort and itching and severe back pain. She subsequently developed progressive altered mentation followed by generalized tonic-clonic seizures. General anaesthesia was conducted with propofol (100 mg), pethidine (50 mg) and suxamethonium (100 mg). Episodes of tonic-clonic seizures continued despite treatment with multiple doses of diazepam (10 mg), propofol (100 mg) and phenytoin infusion (1 gm). Postoperatively, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit with persistent tachycardia (125-138 beats per minute), hypertension (157/105-175/118 mmHg) and oxygen saturation of 90%-95%. She died due to cardiac arrest after 21 h of stay. <b>Conclusion:</b> Medication error such as accidental intrathecal injection of TXA continues to jeopardise the safety of surgery under spinal anaesthesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":36504,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Anesthesiology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"4731010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11496572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Persistent Paradoxical Reaction to Midazolam despite General Anesthesia with Dexmedetomidine 使用右美托咪定进行全身麻醉后对咪达唑仑的持续副反应
Case Reports in Anesthesiology Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4152422
Sarah Park, Mariam Ibrahim, Augusto Torres
{"title":"Persistent Paradoxical Reaction to Midazolam despite General Anesthesia with Dexmedetomidine","authors":"Sarah Park, Mariam Ibrahim, Augusto Torres","doi":"10.1155/2024/4152422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4152422","url":null,"abstract":"Midazolam is a widely used benzodiazepine due to its rapid onset of action and relatively safe side effect profile. It is used for sedation, anxiolysis, and induction of general anesthesia. However, in <1% of instances, it may cause a paradoxical excitement: agitation, restlessness, myoclonus, stiffening of the limbs, and aggression. We report a case report in which preoperative administration of midazolam caused onset of the aforementioned symptoms that were not attenuated by general anesthesia with dexmedetomidine. This case report aims to create awareness about the rare adverse reactions of midazolam and prepare clinicians to manage these situations.","PeriodicalId":36504,"journal":{"name":"Case Reports in Anesthesiology","volume":"108 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140379592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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