Volume 10: Petroleum Technology最新文献

{"title":"A New Approach for Rock Strength Estimation Through a Semi-Point Load Strength Index and Correlation With Destructive and Nondestructive Tests","authors":"A. Abugharara, Salum Mafazy, S. Butt","doi":"10.1115/omae2022-81556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81556","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Multi scale projects of civil, mining, and oil and gas drilling require to determine rock strength as main property of surface and subsurface rocks for safe structures, economic mining operations, as well as drilling performance optimizations. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) as a main rock strength test is considered a time consuming for sample preparation, costly, and unaffordable. However, it is required for correlations for rock strength obtained from other tests. A semi-Point Load Strength Index (Semi-PLSI) is proposed in this research as a new approach to estimate rock strength. The objectives of this research include reducing testing costs, simplifying sample preparation and testing procedure, precisely localizing, stabilizing, and balancing specimens while testing, and improving accuracy and repeatability. For this test, various sample dimensions and length to diameter ratios are prepared from granite rock type. A 400 (kn) Geomechanics Frame is used for testing and an advanced data acquisition system is utilized for data recording. Data obtained from Semi-PLSI are correlated with data obtained from two main strength types including UCS that represent the shear fracture strength and indirect tensile strength (IT) that represent the tensile fracture strength. Data correlation also includes measurements of ultrasound primary and secondary wave velocities that represents nondestructive data measurements. The good correlation agreements and the verity ways of estimating the strength enrich this new approach of the Semi-PLSI proposed for UCS estimation and pave the road of more research.","PeriodicalId":363084,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Petroleum Technology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115068408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing New Guidelines for Stability Testing of Cementing Mix Fluids","authors":"A. Al-Yami, V. Wagle","doi":"10.1115/omae2022-81453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81453","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 American Petroleum Institute (API) has led for more than 85 years the development of equipment and operating standards in petroleum and petrochemical industries. API maintains 685 standards and recommended practices which have been also followed by international organization for standardization (ISO). Currently, there are no established guidelines in the industry to evaluate stability of cementing-mix fluids with time prior to mixing and pumping with cement.\u0000 API specification is not the same as API recommended practice. Specifications apply to pure materials while recommended practices are used on daily basis for cement slurries. Recommended practices can be modified and altered to be more suitable to field cementing operations and this is the main topic of this paper, to establish guidelines addressing stability of mix fluid in terms of thickening time, fluid loss, and most importantly the stability of latex and polymers within the mix fluid to ensure proper resistance against temperature and pressure cycling. To the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first study to establish such guidelines.\u0000 API objective is to have a group of tests that produce consistent, reproducible results from test to test and from one lab to another. API only consider small part of testing so we should not be disqualifying additional tests because they are not API.\u0000 In addition to standard tests such as thickening time, rheology, and fluid loss. New and quick tests were designed to evaluate polymer and latex stability within the mix fluid that can be performed in a quick and an effective way to support the operator decision of dumping or maintaining the mix fluids with time for the cementing operations. Such a critical decision can not only be achieved by the standard API testing such as thickening time, rheology, fluid loss, etc. The consequence can definitely affect wellbore isolation and well performance. If the stability is not tested properly, then the cementing pumping operations can be achieved however we might end up with improper zonal isolation when changing mud weight or conducing fracturing operations.","PeriodicalId":363084,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Petroleum Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114720551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigation of Barite Sagging for Proper Well Control: Lab Investigation and Field Application","authors":"V. Wagle, A. Alyami","doi":"10.1115/omae2022-81450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81450","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For high-density fluids, achieving the right fluid formula with the right fluid rheology is difficult since excessive heat, dehydration, and solid loading can deteriorate mud properties. Addition of weighting materials such as barite is needed to achieve the desired density to overbalance the well and avoid any possible flow from the formation. However, maintaining a high volume of solid content for barite particles in suspension might be challenging, especially for extended period. The separation of barite from the mud can lead to undesirable density fluctuation as drilling fluid is being circulated throughout the hole. This phenomenon may lead to potential well control incidents and stuck pipes.\u0000 The objective of this study is to design new high-density water-based drilling fluids with lower solid content and mitigate the issues arising due to drilling with high-density drilling fluids. The experimental work in this paper involved rheological properties, thermal stability, HT/HP filtration, and static sagging (vertical and deviated) of 120 pcf and 150 pcf high density water-based drilling fluids. The paper will highlight field cases of proper maintenance program on fluid properties to mitigate any potential well control incidents and will recommend fluids formulation properties when using high solid content water-based fluids.","PeriodicalId":363084,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Petroleum Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125036252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in the Implementation of the Air Injection EOR Method: The Venezuelan Experience","authors":"Fernancelys Rodriguez M.","doi":"10.1115/omae2022-79250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79250","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Air Injection, or in-situ combustion (ISC), is one of the oldest thermal EOR methods that has been applied in Venezuela to increase the production of highly viscous crude oils, with a first field application in 1959 in the Tia Juana Field-Lake Maracaibo Basin. This method, which is characterized by a high energy efficiency, consists of injecting air into the reservoir where exothermic oxidation reactions are initiated to increase the mobility of the oil by reducing its viscosity and increasing the API gravity. Compared to other thermal EOR methods such as steam injection, the air injection method has a lower environmental impact in terms of water and fuel consumption, and emission of gases, as the produced gases can be reinjected or stored.\u0000 According to the literature, several air injection projects have been carried out in Venezuela in Tia Juana, Morichal, Miga and Melones fields. Although the technical results have been satisfactory in terms of viscosity reduction and improved crude oil properties (such as °API), other important aspects of project evaluations have not been convincing due to the following factors: operational problems, high temperatures in producing wells, corrosion, and high CAPEX and OPEX costs in low oil price environment, among others. Nevertheless, a recent literature survey has shown that additional research works have been conducted on process optimization, using solid and liquid catalysts to better address the other factors mentioned.\u0000 Due to the great need to increase hydrocarbon production in Venezuela, and to the advantages of air injection as an upgrading technique where low-carbon fuels and hydrogen as by-products are generated, this paper presents a review of the air injection projects in Venezuela from research aspects and field applications. This paper seeks to identify the main insights on success and failure of ISC projects and make substantiated recommendations in case of future application of this technology.","PeriodicalId":363084,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Petroleum Technology","volume":"546 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122503606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Cementing of Horizontal Wellbores With Solid Cutting Beds","authors":"Rodrigo S. Mitishita, P. Sarmadi, Nile Waldal, Anastasia Vogl, I. Frigaard","doi":"10.1115/omae2022-78935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-78935","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We present an experimental and numerical investigation of displacements of viscoplastic fluids in an eccentric, horizontal annulus with a cutting bed left in the well. This problem is of interest to both industrial and academic viewpoints. Firstly, the experiment provides a simplified, analogous effect to a cuttings bed in industrial situations. Secondly, while successful and failed displacements of viscoplastic fluids with various eccentricities have been well documented in the literature, displacements with a blockage in the annular geometry have not been experimentally studied before. We carry out the experiments with a pump driven flow loop with a 7.5m annular test section, with a borosilicate glass outer pipe and stainless steel inner pipe. To model the cutting bed, a solid insert is attached to the narrow side of the annulus. Carbopol solutions, widely known as model yield-stress fluids, are displaced from the blocked annulus. Our protocol consists of direct visualization of the interface between the displaced and displacing fluids with a high-speed camera and UV-lighting setup, along with pressure and flow rate measurements. We compare our experimental data and images with 3D numerical simulations, using a Volume of Fluid method to capture the interface between the fluids. The 3D model provides us with a more detailed analysis of the concentration and velocity profiles, along with comparisons to snapshots of the experimental displacements.\u0000 The dynamics of the displacement of two fluids in a horizontal circular annulus is governed by buoyancy, eccentricity and the rheology of the fluids. A positive density difference promotes slumping of the displacing fluid towards the bottom of the annulus. Nevertheless, high eccentricity values (e = 1-standoff) are common due to the weight of the casing pulling downwards, opposing the buoyancy force. Finally, the rheology of the fluids is relevant to determine the presence of un-displaced layers of mud, e.g. at the walls. The same competition described above holds true in the annulus with cutting beds. The blockage incorporates an additional way of altering the velocity field around the annulus. Here we show that the blockage can affect the mud removal in the annular space of the well.","PeriodicalId":363084,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Petroleum Technology","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122519139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treating Agent for Reducing Adsorption Damage of Slick Water on Coal Rock Surface","authors":"Guodong Wu, Bojun Li, Maieryemuguli Anwaier, Yuan Li, Hongda Ren, Erdong Yao","doi":"10.1115/omae2022-80060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-80060","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hydraulic fracturing is generally required for coalbed methane to achieve economic production. Slickwater fracturing is one of the most commonly used technology. During fracturing, a million gallons of slickwater are pumped downhole to create fractures, and lots of fluid would filtrate into the formation matrix. The polymers in the fracturing fluid will be absorbed in the porous medium of coal rocks and then decrease the permeability of the reservoir. This paper studies the adsorption amount and the form of slickwater on the coal seam surface and proposes a method to relieve slickwater damage. First, we tested the damage of coal rocks caused by slickwater of different molecular weights. Then the adsorption capacity of different types of slickwater was measured through static adsorption experiments. The changes in adsorption morphology was analyzed according to the micro-morphology of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Finally, the effect and mechanism of the adsorption release agent were discussed. The study shows that coal seam reservoirs block the gas-liquid percolation channels by forming a water film and polymer adhesion in the pore throat by adsorbing the slick water, resulting in a decrease in permeability and affecting subsequent drainage and gas recovery processes, thereby increasing the damage of slickwater to coal rock. After the improvement of the nano-emulsion NLR, the coal core injury removal rate reached 27.75%, the “gas-liquid-solid” static contact angle of the coal chips was reduced from 129° to 107°, and the surface hydrophilicity was weakened. Adsorption morphology changed from flat and smooth to a rough structure. NMR results prove that NLR reduces adsorption and retention.","PeriodicalId":363084,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Petroleum Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129625061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physic Based Approach for Solid Transport in Deviated and Horizontal Well","authors":"S. Purwandari, B. Lund, S. Hovda","doi":"10.1115/omae2022-78532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-78532","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cuttings transport is one significant challenge during drilling especially in high deviated and horizontal wellbores. At high degree of inclination, cutting particles may settle to the low side of the wellbore. Below a threshold flow rate, the fluid forces on a particle at the wall will be insufficient to re-entrain the particle and a moving bed of particles will accumulate. The removal of cuttings bed could be difficult once it is formed. Cuttings bed accumulation can create operational problems with respect to drill time and drill cost. Therefore, a good strategy is needed to combine drilling parameters that influence the cuttings transport in efficient and economical ways.\u0000 In this study, bed shear stress from cuttings transport experiments in a 10 m annular flow loop is estimated using three different methods. The bed shear stress predicted using bedload transport model differed by less than 5% from the average wall shear stress calculated from experimental values for pressure drop and bed hold up. Calculation using a friction factor correlation gave significantly lower values than obtained with the other two methods. Inclination appears to have larger effect on particle transport properties to water based mud (WBM) than oil based mud (OBM) at low flow rate.","PeriodicalId":363084,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Petroleum Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125049922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Probability-Based Approaches to Estimate Leakage Rates in Plugged and Abandoned Wells in CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery Fields","authors":"Thinh On, T. Nguyen, R. Balch","doi":"10.1115/omae2022-80974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-80974","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 When a well is at the end of its lifetime, it must be permanently plugged and abandoned to prevent fluid migration. Federal and local governmental authorities in different regions regulate plug and abandonment activities by setting minimum requirements for oil and gas operators. The regulatory requirements should be informed by an understanding of how wellbore damage occurs. Near-wellbore environments may experience long-term and complex coupled hydro-mechanical-chemical processes, such as those at CO2-enhanced oil recovery fields, where internal pressure loading on the casing varies greatly and essentially unpredictably due to changing injection operations, production operations, and/or reservoir flow conditions. The time-varying loading inside the wellbore may result in damage to the wellbore cement, especially the bond between casing and cement. We present results of an experimental setup that simulates the representative cement, casing, and internal casing pressure for field conditions, including measurement of evolving cement permeability and X-ray computed tomography to quantify near-wellbore damage and potentially identify damage mechanisms due to time-dependent and cyclic loading. Findings include an increase in cement permeability due to cyclic loading and the chloride ion’s effects on steel corrosion. We include a case study for a well in the Farnsworth Unit, Texas, where the cement plug was designed based on the minimum requirements of U.S. regulations. Based on the experimental results of permeability increase due to cyclic loading, we develop a probability-based approach for well-integrity using a normal distribution and rejection sampling to estimate potential leakage rates through the cement plug.","PeriodicalId":363084,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Petroleum Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130538972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of Tight Oil Recovery by Amphiphilic Janus Nanosheets","authors":"Yuan Li, Fu-jian Zhou, Bojun Li, Hang Xu, Erdong Yao, Minghui Li, Lufeng Zhang","doi":"10.1115/omae2022-79920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79920","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Recently, nanofluid flooding has become one of the promising technologies in enhanced oil recovery. The agglomeration and the insufficient interfacial activity of nanoparticles in an aqueous solution are two major concerns affecting the application effect of nanofluids. Amphiphilic Janus nanomaterials make up for the deficiencies in both aspects compared with homogeneous modified nanomaterials. In this work, we investigate the potential use of an amphiphilic Janus molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheet (JMDN) as an enhanced oil recovery agent.\u0000 JMDN was synthesized by the SiO2 Template Method. Firstly, molybdenum disulfide nanosheets were adsorbed on the surface of SiO2 nano-microspheres as a single-sided modification. Then KOH was used to dissolve the SiO2 nano-microspheres, and the other side of the nano-sheet was modified to obtain JMDN. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to systematically characterize the morphology and structure of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets. The properties such as wettability, stability and interfacial tension were tested. The effect of using JMDN on low-permeability reservoir recovery was emphasized. Low-permeability core flooding and microfluidic experiments were conducted with a concentration of 50ppm nanofluids.\u0000 The JMDN with 40nm particle size was synthesized under certain conditions. The results of SEM showed it has 5–6 layers of nanostructures and TEM indicates that hydrophilic carboxyl group and hydrophobic alkyl group respectively exist in two sides of the nanosheet. The modified nanosheet can be stable for 7 days at 90°C. The contact angle experiment shows that the JMDN could effectively change rocks from oil-wet to water-wet. Oil-water interfacial tension is as low as 2.87 mN/m. The core flooding experiment show that the nanofluid could significantly increase oil recovery.\u0000 Numerous studies focused on the uniform modification of nanomaterials in tight oil recovery. Compared with conventional nanomaterials, the JMDN could strip oil from rock surfaces more efficiently due to its amphiphilic structure. This paper reveals the physical and chemical properties of JMDN and provides a new and efficient nanofluid system for EOR.","PeriodicalId":363084,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Petroleum Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131111623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Approach to Predict the Filtrate Invasion of Nanoparticle-Based Drilling Mud Using Artificial Neural Network","authors":"Moamen Gasser, A. Naguib, O. Mahmoud","doi":"10.1115/omae2022-81524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81524","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During drilling of hydrocarbon reservoirs, loss of mud filtrate into the formations occurs due to the difference between mud hydrostatic and formation pressures. Filtrate invasion is a vital parameter that should be optimized to reduce formation damage. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) — among different additives — have been thoroughly examined to minimize mud invasion and showed promising performance. Modeling the impact of NPs on the filtrate loss can fasten the process of selecting their optimum type, size, concentration, etc. to meet the drilling conditions.\u0000 In this work, artificial neural network (ANN) was used to develop a model that can predict the filtrate invasion of nano-based mud under wide range of temperature and pressure up to 350 °F and 500 Psi, respectively. Seven types of nanoparticles with size and concentration ranges from 15 to 50 nm and 0 to 2.5 wt%, respectively, have been included in the model. Almost 2,863 data points were used to develop the ANN-model. Experimental work was conducted to collect 806 data points, whereas the rest were collected form the literature. The data set was divided into 70% for training and 30% for validating the model. A total of 6,750 different combinations for the model’s hyperparameters were evaluated to select the optimal combination. N-encoded method was used to convert the categorical data into numerical one. The model was evaluated through calculating the statistical parameters.\u0000 The developed ANN-model showed high accuracy for predicting the filtrate loss at different pressures and temperatures. The obtained results showed that the average absolute relative error (AARE) is less than 0.5%, and coefficient of determination (R2) is more than 0.99 for the overall data. The developed ANN-model covers wide range of pressures and temperatures. Moreover, it covers various NPs’ types, concentrations, and sizes, which confirms its useability and coverability.","PeriodicalId":363084,"journal":{"name":"Volume 10: Petroleum Technology","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126679948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}