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Barter Machine: An Autonomous, Distributed Barter Exchange on the Ethereum Blockchain 易货机:以太坊区块链上的自治，分布式易货交换
IF 0.7
Ledger Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.5195/ledger.2020.148
C. Özturan
{"title":"Barter Machine: An Autonomous, Distributed Barter Exchange on the Ethereum Blockchain","authors":"C. Özturan","doi":"10.5195/ledger.2020.148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2020.148","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36240,"journal":{"name":"Ledger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70754370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Decentralized Common Knowledge Oracles 去中心化的常识预言机
IF 0.7
Ledger Pub Date : 2019-12-03 DOI: 10.5195/ledger.2019.166
Austin K. Williams, Jack Peterson
{"title":"Decentralized Common Knowledge Oracles","authors":"Austin K. Williams, Jack Peterson","doi":"10.5195/ledger.2019.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2019.166","url":null,"abstract":"We define and analyze three mechanisms for getting common knowledge, a posteriori truths about the world, onto a blockchain in a decentralized setting. We show that, when a reasonable economic condition is met, these mechanisms are individually rational, incentive compatible, and decide the true outcome of valid oracle queries in both the non-cooperative and cooperative settings. These mechanisms are based upon repeated games with two classes of players: queriers who desire to get common knowledge truths onto the blockchain and a pool of reporters who posses such common knowledge. Presented with a new oracle query, reporters have an opportunity to report the truth in return for a fee provided by the querier. During subsequent oracle queries, the querier has an opportunity to punish any reporters who did not report truthfully during previous rounds. While the set of reporters has the power to cause the oracle to lie, they are incentivized not to do so.","PeriodicalId":36240,"journal":{"name":"Ledger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45863046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Difficulty Scaling in Proof of Work for Decentralized Problem Solving 分散问题求解工作证明中的难度标度
IF 0.7
Ledger Pub Date : 2019-11-01 DOI: 10.5195/ledger.2020.194
P. Philippopoulos, A. Ricottone, Carlos G. Oliver
{"title":"Difficulty Scaling in Proof of Work for Decentralized Problem Solving","authors":"P. Philippopoulos, A. Ricottone, Carlos G. Oliver","doi":"10.5195/ledger.2020.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2020.194","url":null,"abstract":"We propose DIPS (Difficulty-based Incentives for Problem Solving), a simple modification of the Bitcoin proof-of-work algorithm that rewards blockchain miners for solving optimization problems of scientific interest. The result is a blockchain which redirects some of the computational resources invested in hash-based mining towards scientific computation, effectively reducing the amount of energy ‘wasted’ on mining. DIPS builds the solving incentive directly in the proof-of-work by providing a reduction in block hashing difficulty when optimization improvements are found. A key advantage of this scheme is that decentralization is not greatly compromised while maintaining a simple blockchain design. We study two incentivization schemes and provide simulation results showing that DIPS is able to reduce the amount of hash-power used in the network while generating solutions to optimization problems.","PeriodicalId":36240,"journal":{"name":"Ledger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48434406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Bitcoin and Venezuela's Unofficial Exchange Rate 比特币和委内瑞拉的非官方汇率
IF 0.7
Ledger Pub Date : 2019-08-02 DOI: 10.5195/LEDGER.2019.170
Jackie Johnson
{"title":"Bitcoin and Venezuela's Unofficial Exchange Rate","authors":"Jackie Johnson","doi":"10.5195/LEDGER.2019.170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/LEDGER.2019.170","url":null,"abstract":"Using Bitcoin trading data in Venezuelan bolivars from the LocalBitcoins peer-to-peer market place and using the theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), Bitcoin, as a single universal asset, is substituted for the ‘basket of goods’ normally used in the PPP, allowing the estimation of the relationship between the Venezuelan bolivar and the United States dollar.  In this analysis Bitcoin is used as a tool to enable the calculation of the bolivars to dollars unofficial exchange rate and consequently the implied inflation rate.  Using Bitcoin’s publicly available prices in this way enables a government’s economic mismanagement to be identified more quickly than the typical approach of measuring changes in the Consumer Price Index.  Venezuela is currently in crisis, which this approach identifies as a problem as far back as 2014, as official and unofficial exchange rates diverge and inflation rates increase yearly reaching an unbelievable 70,000% in 2018 alone.","PeriodicalId":36240,"journal":{"name":"Ledger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43628149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Transaction Fees, Block Size Limit, and Auctions in Bitcoin 交易费用、区块大小限制和比特币拍卖
IF 0.7
Ledger Pub Date : 2019-06-07 DOI: 10.5195/LEDGER.2019.145
N. Dimitri
{"title":"Transaction Fees, Block Size Limit, and Auctions in Bitcoin","authors":"N. Dimitri","doi":"10.5195/LEDGER.2019.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/LEDGER.2019.145","url":null,"abstract":"Confirmation of Bitcoin transactions is executed in blocks, which are then stored in the Blockchain. As compared to the number of transactions in the mempool, the set of transactions which are verified but not yet confirmed, available space for inclusion in a block is typically limited. For this reason, successful miners can only process a subset of such transactions, and users compete with each other to enter the next block by offering confirmation fees. Assuming that successful miners pursue revenue maximization, they will include in the block those mempool transactions that maximize earnings from related fees. In the paper we model transaction fees as a Nash Equilibrium outcome of an auction game with complete information. In the game the successful miner acts as an auctioneer selling block space, and users bid for shares of such space to confirm their transactions. Moreover, based on expected fees we also discuss what the optimal, revenue maximizing, block size limit should be for the successful miner. Consistently with the intuition, the optimal block size limit resolves the trade-off between including additional transactions (which possibly lower the unit fees collected) and keeping the block capacity limited (with, however, higher unit fees).","PeriodicalId":36240,"journal":{"name":"Ledger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45912683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
Token-Curated Registry with Citation Graph 令牌管理注册表与引文图
IF 0.7
Ledger Pub Date : 2019-06-05 DOI: 10.5195/ledger.2019.182
Kensuke Ito, Hideyuki Tanaka
{"title":"Token-Curated Registry with Citation Graph","authors":"Kensuke Ito, Hideyuki Tanaka","doi":"10.5195/ledger.2019.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2019.182","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we aim to incorporate the expertise of anonymous curators into a token-curated registry (TCR), a decentralized recommender system for collecting a list of high-quality content. This registry is important, because previous studies on TCRs have not specifically focused on technical content, such as academic papers and patents, whose effective curation requires expertise in relevant fields. To measure expertise, curation in our model focuses on both the content and its citation relationships, for which curator assignment uses the Personalized PageRank (PPR) algorithm while reward computation uses a multi-task peer-prediction mechanism. Our proposed CitedTCR bridges the literature on network-based and token-based recommender systems and contributes to the autonomous development of an evolving citation graph for high-quality content. Moreover, we experimentally confirm the incentive for registration and curation in CitedTCR using the simplification of a one-to-one correspondence between users and content (nodes).","PeriodicalId":36240,"journal":{"name":"Ledger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43852625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Blockchains, Real-time Accounting, and the Future of Credit Risk Modeling 区块链、实时会计和信用风险建模的未来
IF 0.7
Ledger Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.5195/LEDGER.2019.100
H. Byström
{"title":"Blockchains, Real-time Accounting, and the Future of Credit Risk Modeling","authors":"H. Byström","doi":"10.5195/LEDGER.2019.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/LEDGER.2019.100","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I discuss how blockchains potentially could affect the way credit risk is modeled, and how the improved trust and timing associated with blockchain-enabled real-time accounting could improve default prediction. To demonstrate the (quite substantial) effect the change would have on well-known credit risk measures, a simple case-study compares Z-scores and Merton distances to default computed using typical accounting data of today to the same risk measures computed under a hypothetical future blockchain regime.","PeriodicalId":36240,"journal":{"name":"Ledger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43010043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 56
A Blockchain Enhanced Framework for Social Networking b区块链增强的社会网络框架
IF 0.7
Ledger Pub Date : 2019-04-09 DOI: 10.5195/LEDGER.2019.178
R. Murimi
{"title":"A Blockchain Enhanced Framework for Social Networking","authors":"R. Murimi","doi":"10.5195/LEDGER.2019.178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/LEDGER.2019.178","url":null,"abstract":"Social networking sites have given users unprecedented opportunities for the generation and dissemination of content. A variety of social networking sites exist for different purposes, to afford users a range of anonymous and non-anonymous options for self-expression, and the ability to be a part of a virtual community. These “affordances” enable users to create and share content; however, the ability to partially or wholly detach user identity from the content has resulted in unique challenges for content access and content attribution. This paper proposes a framework for secure, trustworthy social networking that also creates value for user-generated content by using a blockchain-enhanced framework for social networking. This work explains the application of such a framework for collocated spaces of robots and IoT devices and identifies key challenges that result as a consequence of merging social networking sites and blockchain technology.","PeriodicalId":36240,"journal":{"name":"Ledger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45986961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
SwarmDAG: A Partition Tolerant Distributed Ledger Protocol for Swarm Robotics Swarm机器人的分区容忍分布式账本协议
IF 0.7
Ledger Pub Date : 2019-04-09 DOI: 10.5195/LEDGER.2019.174
Jason A. Tran, G. Ramachandran, Palash M Shah, C. Danilov, Rodolfo A. Santiago, B. Krishnamachari
{"title":"SwarmDAG: A Partition Tolerant Distributed Ledger Protocol for Swarm Robotics","authors":"Jason A. Tran, G. Ramachandran, Palash M Shah, C. Danilov, Rodolfo A. Santiago, B. Krishnamachari","doi":"10.5195/LEDGER.2019.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/LEDGER.2019.174","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain technology has the potential to disrupt applications beyond cryptocurrencies. This work applies the concepts of blockchain technology to swarm robotics applications. Swarm robots typically operate in a distributed fashion, wherein the collaboration and coordination between the robots are essential to accomplishing the application goals. However, robot swarms may experience network partitions either due to navigational and communication challenges or in order to perform certain tasks efficiently. We propose a novel protocol, SwarmDAG, that enables the maintenance of a distributed ledger based on the concept of extended virtual synchrony while managing and tolerating network partitions.","PeriodicalId":36240,"journal":{"name":"Ledger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43708344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
A Decentralized Context Broker Using Byzantine Fault Tolerant Consensus 使用拜占庭容错共识的去中心化上下文代理
IF 0.7
Ledger Pub Date : 2019-04-09 DOI: 10.5195/LEDGER.2019.173
Aswin Karthik Ramachandran Venkatapathy, M. T. Hompel
{"title":"A Decentralized Context Broker Using Byzantine Fault Tolerant Consensus","authors":"Aswin Karthik Ramachandran Venkatapathy, M. T. Hompel","doi":"10.5195/LEDGER.2019.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/LEDGER.2019.173","url":null,"abstract":"A context broker is a reliable message-relaying service used to connect devices by integrating all device protocols and communication methods, and reliably transporting messages while isolating data from other application service layers and networking complexities. A highly scalable decentralized context broker stack is composed of three layers—starting with a peer-to-peer network connecting a byzantine fault-tolerant (i.e., blockchain-based) consensus protocol—and it manages the communication using a web-socket streaming protocol as interface to other applications. This paper presents such a concept for a decentralized context broker stack for intercommunication between heterogeneous materials handling systems, and deploys the stack as proof-of-concept using ROS-based robots in a logistics scenario.","PeriodicalId":36240,"journal":{"name":"Ledger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41810725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
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