International Journal of Phytopathology最新文献

{"title":"Effect of NaCl on the development of the oil palm vascular wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis.","authors":"J. Dossa, Michaël Pernaci, E. Togbe, E. Agbossou, B. Ahohuendo","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2788","url":null,"abstract":"Oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae) is one of the cash crops that mainly contributes to the gross domestic production of growing countries. This crop is grown worldwide throughout the humid intertropical belt. Its production in Africa is mainly threatened by the telluric fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis, causal agent of the oil palm vascular wilt. It has been reported that some environmental factors, such as soil and air salinity, may determine the survival, development and severity of phytopathogenic agents including Fusarium. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of NaCl on growth, reproduction and pathogenic traits of this fungus by measuring mycelium daily growth, mycelium dry weight, sporulation rate, germination rate and number of infectious spores under four NaCl concentrations (0 g.L-1, 2.5 g.L-1, 5 g.L-1 ,10 g.L-1) of culture medium (MM solid medium and Armstrong liquid medium). The results indicated that NaCl reduced the radial daily growth and mycelium dry weight. In addition, the NaCl reduced significantly the sporulation rate and number of infectious spores while increasing the germination rate. Overall, these results indicated the negative NaCl effect on the development and the fitness of this pathogenic fungus. Thus, NaCl inputs appeared to be a potential solution for managing Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis in the field, if a good balance between a decrease of disease incidence and yield loss is reached.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83951438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of Rhizopus stolonifer causing Rhizopus bunch rot on grapes in Pakistan","authors":"S. Ghuffar, G. Irshad, A. Gondal, Raees Ahmad, H. Rosli, Xiaoyu Zhang, H. Aslam, M. Iqbal, M. Gleason","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2776","url":null,"abstract":"During June 2016, a postharvest survey of table grapes was carried out in the main fruit markets of Attock (33°46'07.9\"N 72°21'43.0\"E) and Jehlum (32°56'22.3\"N 73°43'31.4\"E) districts of Punjab Province. At the time of sampling, two cultivars (King’s Ruby and Perlette) were sampled at five different locations of both districts. Disease incidence % of bunches averaged 3 to 4 %. Some infected fruit appeared water-soaked, light brown and covered by fluffy mycelium consisting of erect sporangiophores with black sporangia on the top (Figure 1). Symptomatic tissue pieces were surface-sterilized with 0.1% NaOCl for 30 sec, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, dried on filter paper for 45 sec and incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C. After 1 day, mycelium on PDA was transferred to a fresh PDA plate and incubated at 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Within 3 days, white to yellow colonies with black aerial sporangia were formed (Figure 2). A total of 64 isolates were examined morphologically. Sporangiophores were erect, light brown and 623 to 3800 µm long. One to three rhizoids were observed opposite to each sporangiophore. Sporangia were black, globose to sub-globose, 91 to 124 μm in diameter. Columellae were conical to cylindrical and 86 to 187 μm long × 72 to 205 μm wide. Sporangiospores were hyaline to light dark grey, globose, ellipsoidal in shape and 6.8 to 12.4 × 3.6 to 12.5 μm (Figure 3). These features were identical to the description of Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill (Liou et al., 2007). For molecular identification, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of two representative isolates (Rizo 05 and Rizo 07) was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990). Sequence comparison of two isolates Rizo05 and Rizo 07 (Accession no. MH348205  and MH356272) revealed 100% identity with previously reported isolates of Rhizopus stolonifer (Accession no. MG865992, KU729185, HM051076, and MF374842). To complete Koch’s postulates, 10-µl aliquots of spore suspensions (106 spores/ml) of Rizo 05 and Rizo 07 were pipetted onto three non-wounded and four wounded asymptomatic grape berries (seven berries per isolate), Sterile distilled water was applied to asymptomatic berries to serve as a negative control. Berries were incubated at 25 ± 2°C in sterile moisture chambers, and the experiment was conducted twice (Ghuffar et al., 2018). Black to light brown, fluffy mycelium with the original symptoms was observed on both wounded and non-wounded inoculated berries after 3 days, whereas no symptoms were recorded on the negative control (Figure 4). The morphology of the fungus that was re-isolated from each of the inoculated berries was identical to that of the original cultures. Previously, Rhizopus stolonifer has been reported as a pathogen on grapes in Chile (Latorre et al., 2002). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Rhizopus stolonifer causing bunch rot of grapes in Pakistan. This finding will help to plan effective disease management st","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80774505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of the Movement and Coat Proteins of a New Elm Mottle Virus Isolate Infecting European White Elm (Ulmus laevis Pall.)","authors":"A. Eisold","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2742","url":null,"abstract":"European white elms (Ulmus laevis Pall.) growing in a park in Caputh near Berlin (Germany) were regularly monitored over a period of 18 years showing virus infection-like symptoms such as chloroses, chlorotic ringspots, mottling and dieback. To obtain the evidence for viral infection, RNA-seq using an Illumina Hi Seq2500 was conducted and three contigs were obtained. They match with the three EMoV genomic RNAs and cover the open reading frames for the viral replicase, the polymerase and the movement and coat proteins (MP, CP). The contigs show identities of 95.3–96.4%, 91.9–93.3% and 89.0–92.5% at the nucleotide level with RNA 1, RNA 2 and RNA 3 of reference sequences, respectively. The analyses of the MP and CP showed significant differences in amino acid sequence compositions compared to those of reference EMoV sequences. These results demonstrate the presence of a so far unknown isolate of EMoV. This is the first report of sequence data of EMoV infecting U. laevis.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73662620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-Control of the Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus coffeae Using Lixiviate from Banana Rachis (Musa sp.)","authors":"Seri Serge Pacome, G. Phillipe, Assiri Kouamé Patrice, L. Turquin, Serge V. O. Theodore, Séka Koutoua, H. Diallo","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2735","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of lixiviate on the tolerance of plantain to root attacks of Pratylenchus coffeae has been examined. During the growing phase which lasted a month, four different treatments were applied to Banana plants of cultivars CORNE 1 and PITA 3: lix- (no lixiviate), lix100 (100% lixiviate), lix25 (25% lixiviate) and lix5 (5% lixiviate). Then, these plants were inoculated with 500 individuals of P. coffeae to assess the effect of lixiviate treatments against nematodes on both cultivars CORNE 1 and PITA 3. This study showed that 5% lixiviate and 25% lixiviate doses gave better agronomic parameters (mass of root system, the collar circumference, pseudo stem height, leaf area and a number of leaves) evaluated on vivoplants. Cultivars CORNE 1 treated with 25% lixiviate dose and cultivars PITA 3 treated with 5% lixiviate dose, gained tolerance against nematode’s attacks. Otherwise, cultivars PITA 3 were resistant to nematodes after 25% lixiviate dosage because P. coffeae were reduced by 80 % in this treatment. The results presented in this work are encouraging for the development of biological control methods of banana nematodes by lixiviate","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74654900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Colletotrichum Species Responsible for Anthracnose on Synsepalum dulcificum (Miracle Fruit)","authors":"H. H. Truong, Toyozo Sato, Seiju Ishikawa, A. Minoshima, T. Nishimura, Y. Hirooka","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2658","url":null,"abstract":"By 2016, fruit rot and two different leaf diseases (leaf spot and leaf blight) were found on Synsepalum dulcificum (miracle fruit) in Tokyo, Kanagawa and Kagoshima prefectures of Japan. From the lesions, abundant conidial masses and acervuli of three Colletotrichum species, two of which produced sexual state, were observed. We conducted a pathogenicity assay using these Colletotrichum species on healthy fruits and leaves of S. dulcificum. Our artificial inoculation tests showed symptoms of disease on tested fruit and leaf and indicated all three Colletotrichum species as causal agents of anthracnose on S. dulcificum. Based on morphological characters and molecular phylogenetic analyses using ITS, GAPDH, ACT, CAL and TUB2 loci, these species were identified as Colletotrichum aenigma (MAFF 246750), C. siamense (MAFF 246751) and C. karstii (MAFF 245966). They have been previously reported as plant pathogenic fungi elsewhere in the world. This is the first report of fruit rot, leaf blight and leaf spot on S. dulcificum caused by these three Colletotrichum species.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81947172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report of Botrytis cinerea Causing Gray Mold Disease on Peach from Pakistan","authors":"R. Ahmed, A. Gondal, M. Khan, S. Shahzaman, S. Hyder","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2668","url":null,"abstract":"Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is an important disease that attacks fruits, leaves and twigs of peach. Peach is grown on an area of 18,008 ha with an average production of 72,085 tons per year in Pakistan (FAO, 2017). During May 2017, brown spots on 33% of the peach fruits examined were observed in Swat district of KPK province of Pakistan. Infected fruits were incubated at 25±2 °C in a humid chamber resulted in greyish mycelial growth with light brown lesions. Hyphal growths on infected fruits were cultured on PDA media and purified by hyphal tip method. Morphologically whitish grey growth was observed on PDA and later on dark sclerotia were observed after 6-7 days of incubation. Hyphae were found septate with branched hyaline conidiophores having a bunch of ovoid conidia at their tips. Further confirmations were done by amplifying internal transcribed spacer regions (Andrew et al., 2009) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) region of the isolates (Li et al., 2012). Amplicons sequenced from Macrogen Korea were blasted and submitted in NCBI showed that ITS sequences (Accessions MH049690 and MH049691) were 99% identical with already reported (MG878388 and MG654661) sequences and the G3PDH gene sequences (Accessions MH560352 and MH560353) were 99 % identical with already reported (Accessions MG204876) sequences of B. cinerea. Pathogenicity was confirmed on healthy peach fruits disinfected with 50% ethanol, inoculated by placing a plug of about 1cm2 taken from the edge of actively growing B. cinerea isolate (BTS-16). Fruits were incubated at 25±2 °C in a humid chamber (Abata et al., 2016). A set of healthy fruits mock-inoculated with a plug of agar medium were used as control. Three days after inoculation, inoculated fruits showed sunken lesions with cottony greyish mycelial growth on their surface. Fungus isolated from these infections was re-confirmed as B. cinerea. Conducive environment for the disease progression in nearby areas can result into a huge loss in peach produce so there is a need to devise management strategies to cope with the pathogen. This is the first report of gray mold disease of peach caused by B. cinerea from Pakistan. ","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80065672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenic Variability of Bipolaris oryzae Causing Leaf Spot Disease of Rice in West Africa","authors":"A. Boka, A. Bouet, A. Tiendrebéogo, Abalo Itolou Kassankogno, I. Ouédraogo, Ghislain Noumouha Epa N’Da, Odette D. Denezon, A. Adiko","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2643","url":null,"abstract":"An assessment of rice crop resistance to Bipolaris oryzae, a causal agent of rice brown leaf spot or helminthosporium disease was carried out.  Ten (10) irrigated and upland rice varieties were used in this study. Seven (7) isolates of B. oryzae from Burkina Faso, seven (7) from Côte d’Ivoire and six (6) from Togo were used. The ten (10) varieties were inoculated with B. oryzae strains to assess their effect and determine the resistance level of these varieties to rice leaf spot (Helminthosporium). The varieties Bouaké- AM, FKR60N, NIL130, V10, FKR62N and CY2 showed a good level of resistance against all the isolates. The incidence of the disease on leaves reached 62.22% of severity index. Results revealed also that the strain effects are not linked to their country of origin. The investigation on the pathogenicity of Bipolaris oryzae isolates displayed the existence of a pathogenic variability among the fungus populations. These findings suggest that the tested varieties possess resistance genes that can be used in varietal selection.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72996215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of pH and Aeration on Sclerotium rolfsii sacc. Mycelial Growth, Sclerotial Production and Germination","authors":"F. Ayed, H. Jabnoun-Khiareddine, Rania Aydi-Ben-Abdallah, M. Daami‐Remadi","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2688","url":null,"abstract":"Sclerotium rolfsii is one of the devastating soilborne fungus responsible for significant plant losses. The effects of pH and aeration on pathogen mycelial growth, sclerotial production and germination were investigated for three Tunisian isolates. Optimal mycelial growth occurred at pH 6 for Sr2 and Sr3 isolates and at pH 6-7 for Sr1. Dry mycelial growth was optimum at pH values ranging between 4 and 7. Sclerotial initiation started on the 3rd day of incubation at all pH values tested and mature sclerotia were formed after 6 to 12 days. Optimal sclerotial production was noted at pH 5. The dry weight of 100 sclerotia varied depending on isolates and pH and occurred at pH range 4-7. At pH 9, mycelial growth, sclerotial production and dry weight of 100 sclerotia were restricted. The optimum sclerotial germination, noted after 24 h of incubation, varied depending on isolates and pH and occurred at pH 4-9. Mycelial growth was optimum in aerated plates with a significant isolates x aeration treatments interaction. Sclerotial initiation occurred at the 3rd day of incubation and mature sclerotia were observed after 6-9 days. Sclerotial development was very slow in completely sealed plates and dark sclerotia were produced only after 15 days of incubation. The highest sclerotial yields were noted in aerated plates. The highest dry weight of 100 sclerotia for Sr1 isolate was recorded in ½ sealed, no sealed and completely sealed plates, while for Sr2, it was noted in ½ and ⅔ sealed plates. For Sr3, the maximum dry weight of 100 sclerotia was recorded in ½, ⅔ and completely sealed plates. Germination of S. rolfsii sclerotia, after 24 h of incubation, did not vary significantly depending on aeration treatments and ranged from 90 to 100% for all isolates.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79200491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Survey of Pineapple Heart Rot Disease in Lake Victoria Crescent Basin of Uganda","authors":"B. Bosco, Ocwa Akasairi, Oculi Jasper","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.02.2441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.02.2441","url":null,"abstract":"Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merril) is a key horticultural crop in tropical and sub-tropical countries valued for its economic and nutritional importance. However, the recent outbreak of pineapple heart rot disease (PHRD) in Uganda is a serious threat to production. Yet, information on the prevalence, incidence and severity is limited and scanty. This study, therefore, assessed the prevalence, incidence and severity of pineapple heart rot disease in the districts of Masaka, Luwero, Kayunga and Mukono in the Lake Victoria crescent of Uganda in 2015. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to solicit information from 216 respondents. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics of SPSS computer package versions 16.0. Varying incidences and severities of pineapple heart rot disease was observed in all fields surveyed. The disease was more prevalent in Kayunga than Masaka districts, respectively. Overall, 48% and 05% pineapple fields were infected with pineapple heart rot disease in Kayunga and Masaka district, respectively. Similarly, the highest and the lowest disease incidence were recorded in Kayunga and Masaka district, respectively. Overall, the incidence and severity varied from field to field. The findings have therefore shown that pineapple heart rot disease is widespread and devastating in central Uganda. Therefore, there is a need for the policymakers to priorities resources to develop an appropriate disease management strategy to combat this devastating epidemic to save the pineapple industry.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89398651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Botanicals and Carbofuran for the Control of Meloidogyne incognita Affecting Solanum lycopersicum L.","authors":"Lukman Ahamad, M. Siddiqui","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.02.2522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.02.2522","url":null,"abstract":"Fresh leaves of Calotropis procera, Wedelia chinensis, Lantana camara, Jatropha pandurifolia, Parthenium hysterophorus and Nerium indicum were evaluated for their hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne incognita. After that tested plants were used as an organic amendment for the management of M. incognita affecting Tomato. Four concentrations S, S/10, S/100 and S/1000 of leaf extracts of tested plants were prepared. All the plant extracts showed varied and significant results over control. The “S” concentration of leaf extracts of C. procera, P. hysterophorus, L. camara and W. chinensis exhibited 100% mortality over J. Pandurifolia, N. indicum after 48 h exposure period. Similarly, larval hatching was completely inhibited by “S” concentration of extracts of tested plants except for N. indicum after five days of the exposure period. Increased dilution showed a direct effect on hatching but a contrary effect on mortality. The juvenile mortality increased with increase in exposure period. In pot condition, soil amended with chopped leaves of tested plants 50 g and100 g alone and in combination with 50 g leaves plus carbofuran significantly enhanced the plant growth and decreased host infestation caused by M. incognita over control. Among treatments, C. procera leaves plus carbofuran were found to be the best in increasing plant growth and chlorophyll content.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81982656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}