How Nations LearnPub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0003
D. Poon, Richard Kozul-Wright
{"title":"Learning from East Asia","authors":"D. Poon, Richard Kozul-Wright","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an account of China’s institutional and policy learning efforts to move from a centrally planned to a development-state model of structural transformation. What distinguishes China’s experience—as in the case of other East Asian countries—in successfully building and upgrading local sectors and firms lies not so much with a unique set of policy tools, as a willingness to experiment with those tools and to attach performance criteria that helped guide the behavior of firms towards wider national development objectives. While many other developing countries under structural adjustment programmes quickly adopted export promotion, China was closely studying East Asian countries in its transition by strategically blending an export push with selective import substitution. In short, Chinese policymakers had direct experience on how powerful industrial policies could be misused, but this did not stop them from actively trying to find better ways of using them. Doing so was a matter of political economy.","PeriodicalId":360452,"journal":{"name":"How Nations Learn","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128655093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How Nations LearnPub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0010
Wilson Peres, Annalisa Primi
{"title":"Industrial Policy and Learning","authors":"Wilson Peres, Annalisa Primi","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter contributes to the understanding of how nations learn by looking at Latin America. It focuses on the experiences of some of the most advanced countries in the region, notably Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay. Industrial policies have been no strangers in these countries, however, diversifying the economy and catching up are still pending challenges. The analysis of the evolution of policies for industrialization and technological development from the 1950s onward clarifies why, in most cases, they had limited impact on domestic learning and catching-up dynamics. The review of some recent successful cases (from Chile, Uruguay, and Mexico) sheds light on which specific institutional and political economy dynamics enabled the activation of learning and change in the economy. The achievements and the persistent shortcomings of the region contribute to identifying lessons for growth and development whose relevance goes beyond Latin America and contributes to the overall global debate on how countries can achieve prosperity.","PeriodicalId":360452,"journal":{"name":"How Nations Learn","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128822599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How Nations LearnPub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0014
Arkebe Oqubay, K. Ohno
{"title":"How Nations Learn","authors":"Arkebe Oqubay, K. Ohno","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, latecomer countries have moved up the development ladder by learning from forerunners and adopting what has been learned to their specific starting conditions and resource endowment. However, it has always been puzzling and difficult to understand why some nations managed to learn and emulate technologies and catch-up successfully while others encounter difficulties and remain lagging behind despite the opportunities to learn from or even copy others. To a large extent, these variations are influenced by the long-term strategies and types of policies that countries pursue to initiate economic development and kick-start the process of technological learning and industrialization. This volume has attempted to shed light on the ‘how’ aspect of the learning and catch-up processes and the potential for late-latecomer countries to promote technological learning and catch-up. The combination of theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence in this volume provides a particular contribution to the ongoing debate on the dynamics of learning and catch-up. This chapter looks into the future and considers the implications of its key findings for late-latecomer countries learning and catching up in the twenty-first century. The discussion focuses on the key dynamics of technological learning; industrial policy and manufacturing as prime drivers of learning and catch-up; and finally, catch-up and the scope for policy space in the twenty-first century.","PeriodicalId":360452,"journal":{"name":"How Nations Learn","volume":"265 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123970884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How Nations LearnPub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0004
M. Mazzucato
{"title":"Catch-up and Mission-oriented Innovation","authors":"M. Mazzucato","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Innovation has not only a rate but also a direction: the twenty-first century is becoming increasingly defined by the need to respond to major social, environmental, and economic challenges. This chapter looks at how innovation policy can be reframed around ‘missions’, to guide both innovation policy and industrial strategies around key societal challenges facing countries. This means changing the focus from technologies and sectors to problems that different sectors (across manufacturing and services), actors (public and private), and disciplines are required to solve together. The chapter first reviews the characteristics of mission-oriented programmes before looking at key features of those programmes that can provide lessons.","PeriodicalId":360452,"journal":{"name":"How Nations Learn","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124793497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How Nations LearnPub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0001
Arkebe Oqubay, K. Ohno
{"title":"Technological Learning, Industrial Policy, and Catch-up","authors":"Arkebe Oqubay, K. Ohno","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Why is catch-up rare? And why have some nations succeeded while others failed? What are the prospects for successful learning and catch-up in the twenty-first century? This chapter introduces the aims, themes, and analytical perspectives of How Nations Learn, outlining the focus of each chapter, and considering pathways to the future. The volume examines how nations learn by reviewing key structural and contingent factors that contribute to dynamic learning and catch-up. It uses historical as well as firm-, industry-, and country-level evidence and experiences to identify sources and drivers of successful learning and catch-up and the lessons for late-latecomer countries. It aims to generate interest and debate among policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on the complexity of learning and catch-up, not only for late late developers but also for middle-income countries in the early stages of industrialization.","PeriodicalId":360452,"journal":{"name":"How Nations Learn","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124810859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How Nations LearnPub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0012
K. Vu, K. Hartley
{"title":"Learning to Catch up in South East Asia","authors":"K. Vu, K. Hartley","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"The term ‘nation learning’ describes consistent and strategic cross-sector efforts to identify pathways towards economic catch-up. This chapter examines the global dynamics of national-level catch-up between 1995 and 2015 to gain insights into the relevance of nation-learning efforts. Over this period, most developing Asian countries made significant progress on catch-up. Focusing on their experience, the study finds capital accumulation and growth in total factor productivity to be crucial determinants of catch-up performance. However, some countries have lagged in promoting capital accumulation (Pakistan, Malaysia, and the Philippines) and total factor productivity (Vietnam, Indonesia, and Bangladesh). Focusing on these determinants, the chapter generates insights into relevant aspects of nation-learning efforts. Enablers of nation learning include pressures, leadership vision, and absorptive capacity; obstacles include the costs of learning and ‘status-quo bias’.","PeriodicalId":360452,"journal":{"name":"How Nations Learn","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114973487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How Nations LearnPub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0011
Arkebe Oqubay, Taffere Tesfachew
{"title":"The Journey of Ethiopian Airlines","authors":"Arkebe Oqubay, Taffere Tesfachew","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Despite sceptics who believed Ethiopia lacked the comparative advantage to adopt the latest aviation technologies, Ethiopian Airlines (EAL) has in the past seven decades narrowed the gap between itself and leading global players in the aviation industry by upgrading its technological, organizational, and management capabilities. This chapter reviews EAL’s journey to build an internationally competitive airline, explores the challenges and complexities of learning for African firms, and examines implications for capability building and catch-up in late-latecomer countries. One key to EAL’s success was the partnership with a leading global player, TWA. Another was a strong commitment to ‘Ethiopianization’ from an early stage, which increased learning intensity and highlighted the industry’s narrow latitude for poor performance. In the early twenty-first century, EAL embarked on Vision 2025, at the heart of which are technological capability development, skills formation, aggressive new market development, and commitment to Pan-Africanism. The story shows that African firms can successfully move closer to the productivity frontier in a particularly challenging industry.","PeriodicalId":360452,"journal":{"name":"How Nations Learn","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133866036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How Nations LearnPub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0007
Keun Lee
{"title":"The Origin of Absorptive Capacity in Korea","authors":"Keun Lee","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Absorptive capacity (AC), defined by Cohen and Levinthal (1989, 1990) as a firm’s ability to identify, value, assimilate, and exploit knowledge from the environment, is a binding constraint for latecomer economies. Its origin is particularly relevant for latecomer countries where firms rely on imported technology. This chapter investigates how latecomer firms in Korea built absorptive capacity before being able to conduct in-house R&D, and generate innovation outcomes. Three forms of foreign technology acquisition are distinguished: know-how-only licensing, know-how-and-patent licensing, and patent-only licensing. Korean firms tend to use know-how licensing before starting in-house R&D, whereas patent licensing is not significantly linked to R&D. It seems that that the origin of AC in Korea is the learning process that follows licenced import of foreign technology, especially tacit knowledge in the form of know-how. A specific policy implication is that technology licensing contracts for a latecomer firm should include know-how transfer, and the potential substituting effect of foreign patent licensing must be considered because it may interfere with formation of in-house AC.","PeriodicalId":360452,"journal":{"name":"How Nations Learn","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114540151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How Nations LearnPub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0005
K. Ohno
{"title":"Meiji Japan","authors":"K. Ohno","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"In the second half of the nineteenth century, Japan transformed itself from an agro-based feudal society to one of the leading industrial nations of the world. This was attained by aggressive learning and local adaptations of Western technology. Meiji Japan’s learning began with simple methods such as book study and turnkey projects directed by foreign advisers, but in time progressed to the generation of a large number of proficient Japanese engineers, analysis and copy production of imported machinery, and selective acquisition of frontline technology through licensing, technical cooperation agreements, and joint ventures with foreign giants. In most cases, the Japanese side quickly mastered the technology offered and graduated from foreign help. Country ownership in technology transfer also increased over time. Private dynamism inherited from previous periods was the main driver of technology learning while policies of the Meiji government were mostly appropriate and supportive of private effort.","PeriodicalId":360452,"journal":{"name":"How Nations Learn","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128771607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How Nations LearnPub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0009
G. Yeo, Tan Kong Yam, T. K. Giap
{"title":"Learning and Catch-up in Singapore","authors":"G. Yeo, Tan Kong Yam, T. K. Giap","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198841760.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the learning and catch-up experience of Singapore between 1965 and 2018. It attempts to contribute to both academic and practical policy discussion by examining the critical role of the state, and its determination of the policies, incentives, and institutions that played a crucial role in the pace and direction of learning. Case studies of industrial strategy and upgrading, public housing, and the development of regional transport hubs illuminate the experience of technological learning and policy learning as well as the process of catching up. The experience of past policy failures will also be highlighted. Finally, given the present challenging global and trade environment, relevant lessons for developing countries are drawn.","PeriodicalId":360452,"journal":{"name":"How Nations Learn","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127735162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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