Beyond DutyPub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0017
Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
{"title":"Beyond Respect and Beneficence","authors":"Thomas E. Hill, Jr.","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This essay focuses on ideal moral attitudes in close personal relationships, respect for persons as human beings and as particular individuals, beneficence or “caring,” and appreciation that is distinct from both respect and beneficent caring for another’s happiness and well-being. In good friendships, for example, one not only respects the friend but appreciates good things about the friend and in the friend’s life. Appreciation is not the same as gratitude, though to be grateful is in part to appreciate the evident good will of another person. The essay notes several merits of supplementing standard accounts by including appreciation as an ideal.","PeriodicalId":360352,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Duty","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125210546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond DutyPub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0010
Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
{"title":"Varieties of Constructivism","authors":"Thomas E. Hill, Jr.","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This essay contrasts several versions of constructivism proposed by Onora Neill and John Rawls, and reviews critically O’Neill’s objections to Rawls’ theory of justice. O’Neill’s objections to Rawls also seem to implicate the author’s Kantian constructivist framework for normative ethics, but arguably neither this nor Rawls’ constructivisms need necessarily compete with O’Neill’s deepest aspirations for the constructive powers of reason.","PeriodicalId":360352,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Duty","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123601392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond DutyPub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0015
Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
{"title":"Stability, A Sense of Justice, and Self-Respect","authors":"Thomas E. Hill, Jr.","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This essay reviews the role of a sense of justice and self-respect in Rawls’ arguments in A Theory of Justice that a well-ordered society based on his principles of justice would be relatively stable. Questions concern Rawls’ conception of the relation between ethics and empirical psychology, the potential value of his discussion of a sense of justice independently of the particular developmental story that he proposes (following Kohlberg), Rawls’ conception of self-respect, and how it differs from a Kantian conception of self-respect, and Rawls’ reasons for abandoning his argument for stability in A Theory of Justice in favor of an argument from overlapping consensus in Political Liberalism.","PeriodicalId":360352,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Duty","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128764176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond DutyPub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1002/9780470776438.ch4
Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
{"title":"The Groundwork","authors":"Thomas E. Hill, Jr.","doi":"10.1002/9780470776438.ch4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470776438.ch4","url":null,"abstract":"This essay notes background in Kant’s first Critique, reviews the aims and arguments of his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals section by section, and calls attention to several remaining questions and controversies. The Preface states the overall aim to identify the supreme principle of morality and to defend its claim to be rationally necessary. Section one uses common moral thought about duty and moral worth to identify the basic principle of a good will. Section two argues from the common idea of duty that this same principle is the supreme moral principle, that its requirements are expressed in several formulations, that this is the only possible Categorical Imperative, and that it presupposes that moral agents have autonomy of the will. The third section argues from a practical standpoint that we must take ourselves to be rational agents with autonomy of the will and therefore subject to the Categorical Imperative.","PeriodicalId":360352,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Duty","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126457893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond DutyPub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0018
Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
{"title":"Ideals of Appreciation and Expressions of Respect","authors":"Thomas E. Hill, Jr.","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes and illustrates ideals of appreciation and positive expressions of respect in personal relationships and argues that these are distinct from beneficence, that they are aspects of a full recognition of human dignity, and that they have important general and special implications for relationships involving persons with disabilities. With sketches of characters to illustrate, the chapter emphasizes that especially among family, friends, and care-givers, the ideal of proper respect calls for positive affirmations of persons, not merely dutiful constraint, and the ideal of appreciation calls for being open and responsive to the good in life, in other persons, and in oneself. Among other things, respect and appreciation for and by us, as persons with disabilities, requires confronting and changing cultural stigmas that undermine these morally important attitudes.","PeriodicalId":360352,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Duty","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134275873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond DutyPub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0003
Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
{"title":"Imperfect Duties to Oneself","authors":"Thomas E. Hill, Jr.","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This essay comments on a particular text in Kant’s Doctrine of Virtue that concerns imperfect duties to oneself regarding one’s natural and moral perfection. After reviewing Kant on ethical duties, duties to oneself, and imperfect duties, the essay asks regarding both duties: what is required, and why? Special questions include: What does Kant mean by the qualification “for a pragmatic purpose” and why is it a duty to oneself “to make oneself a useful member of the world”? Also, why the duty to increase one’s moral perfection is “imperfect” even though it does not allow the same kinds of latitude as the imperfect duties of beneficence and cultivation of one’s natural powers.","PeriodicalId":360352,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Duty","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114272661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond DutyPub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0016
Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
{"title":"Two Conceptions of Virtue","authors":"Thomas E. Hill, Jr.","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This essay was written for a Stanford conference on philosophy of education on whether virtue can be taught. The general questions considered are: What is virtue? How can social conditions promote it? How can individuals effectively strive for it? The specific focus is on the conceptions of virtue in the works of Immanuel Kant and John Rawls. Kant regarded virtue as a good will that is also strong enough to resist contrary passions, impulses, and inclinations. Childhood training can prepare children for virtue but becoming virtuous requires an empirically inexplicable commitment and effort that is up to each individual. Rawls explains a sense of justice as a civic virtue that he conjectures will develop naturally, according to certain psychological laws, if the basic structure of society is just. Rawls’ reliance on empirical studies addresses questions left mysterious by Kant, but his theory faces problems of its own.","PeriodicalId":360352,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Duty","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116904330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond DutyPub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0005
Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
{"title":"Rüdiger Bittner on Autonomy","authors":"Thomas E. Hill, Jr.","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This essay addresses several of Bittner’s challenges, including his radical dismissal of ideas of freedom imbedded in ordinary language and his argument that it is incoherent to claim, as Kant does, that fundamental principles are both moral laws and self-imposed. By analogy with a legal system, Kant can view the supreme moral principle as the necessary constitutional requirements on moral legislation, which is distinct the activities of deriving specific principles and imposing them on oneself. The metaphors of law-giving and self-imposing must be interpreted differently when referring to a rational person’s recognition of an unconditionally rational principle and when referring to a rational person’s working out more specifically what must be done and resolving to do it.","PeriodicalId":360352,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Duty","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122449517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond DutyPub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0011
Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
{"title":"Human Dignity and Tragic Choices","authors":"Thomas E. Hill, Jr.","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This essay comments on the aspirations and limits of normative ethical theory, some merits of a broadly Kantian version, the common complaint that Kantian ethics refuses to admit exceptions to familiar moral principles, objections to the idea of human dignity, examples of lies and torture, and the value of details and simplicity in ethics.","PeriodicalId":360352,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Duty","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116576587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond DutyPub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0013
Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
{"title":"Killing Ourselves","authors":"Thomas E. Hill, Jr.","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845481.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This essay notes varying definitions of suicide, reviews different perspectives on the morality of suicide, and describes a modified Kantian alternative that emphasizes human dignity. Then a relevant ideal of appreciation is introduced, going beyond the Kantian value of functioning as a rational agent. Appreciation of the good things in life is an ideal attitude that may give reasons for self-preservation even as rational agency diminishes, and it is not the same as wanting pleasure or comfort. The essay comments briefly on the special concerns relevant to public policies permitting assisted suicide.","PeriodicalId":360352,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Duty","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132352619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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