Journal of Communicable Diseases最新文献_第7页

Standardisation of Units for Assessment of Adult Disease Vector Density under Vector Control Programmes in India 印度病媒控制方案下成年病媒密度评估单位的标准化

Journal of Communicable Diseases Pub Date : 2022-12-31 DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022105

S. Kamal

{"title":"Standardisation of Units for Assessment of Adult Disease Vector Density under Vector Control Programmes in India","authors":"S. Kamal","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.2022105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022105","url":null,"abstract":"Vector density is one of the most frequently used monitoring parameters of entomological surveillance under any vector control programme. Vector control applications are guided by the density of vectors or their abundance in different seasons and settings. The vectors of different common vector-borne diseases viz. malaria, filaria, kala-azar, dengue, chikungunya, Zika and Japanese Encephalitis (JE) have different bionomics. Scientists, researchers, and public health entomologists of various research institutes and programmes are engaged in studying vector bionomics through vector surveillance activities. The most common parameter used to estimate the density of vector and non-vector species of both mosquitoes and flies is the collection of species in a given unit of time. In the malaria control programme, it started as a collection of resting vector mosquitoes at a specified time of dawn and dusk. These are expressed in a number of forms viz. ‘per man hour’, ‘per ten man hour’ and ‘ten man hour’ to ascertain the level of vector population and its increasing or decreasing trend with climatic factors which may be correlated with the active transmission of the disease. The minimum level of density at which active transmission was evidenced has been termed as ‘critical density’. Various vector species have different critical densities. Many other parameters are used to estimate vector or non-vector populations but such different units may often lead to confusion among the field functionaries. This article describes the significance of ‘per man-hour density’, the methodology which has been in practice for ages and the statistical method for its calculation. To avoid misconception, it should be understood that the density expressed for a particular species is the ‘differential density’ and not the absolute density.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45892532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Study of Malaria in Sikkim 锡金地区疟疾的研究

Journal of Communicable Diseases Pub Date : 2022-12-31 DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022110

Arvind Nath

引用次数: 0

Malaria Risk Factor at the Tabalong Cross-Bor-ders, South Kalimantan, Indonesia 印度尼西亚南加里曼丹Tabalong Cross Bor ders的疟疾风险因素

Journal of Communicable Diseases Pub Date : 2022-12-31 DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022102

M. P. Sari

{"title":"Malaria Risk Factor at the Tabalong Cross-Bor-ders, South Kalimantan, Indonesia","authors":"M. P. Sari","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.2022102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022102","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aims to determine risk factors related to ma-laria incidence in Muara Uya and Jaro in Tabalong, South Kalimantan. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on communities. The research was conducted in November 2021. Thin and thick blood films were prepared, stained, and examined microscopically following standard protocol. Data were analysed by Fisher exact using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Software. Results: 59% of the 311 respondents were male. Most of the respond-ents were between the ages of 15 and 30 years (39%). The majority had a non-risky occupation. There were 5 (1.6%) positive malaria cases among 311 people. Plasmodium falciparum was the most common cause of infection (60%), followed by Plasmodiumvivax (20%) and mixed infections (20%). There was a significant relationship between the behaviour of staying in the forest and occupation with malaria incidence. The forest is bounded by malaria-endemic districts in East Kalimantan. According to the questionnaire, the respondent’s knowl-edge was quite good (55-67.5%). Despite the fact that community awareness was quite high, occupational factors contributed significantly to the spread of malaria. Conclusion: We discovered a role for cross-border transmission in the context of individual occupational risks. Optimisation of cross-border monitoring is required to help determine the dynamics of cross-border malaria in order to achieve accelerated malaria control and elimination. These findings imply that the epidemiology of imported malaria should be updated on a regular basis in order to review and refine malaria prevention strategies.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47358428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Observational, Cross-sectional Study on Epidemiology and Clinical Spectrum of Tuberculous Meningitis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India and Role of CSF CBNAAT for Rapid Diagnosis 印度东部一家三甲医院结核性脑膜炎流行病学和临床谱的观察、横断面研究以及CSF CBNAAT在快速诊断中的作用

Journal of Communicable Diseases Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202283

Soumya Das

{"title":"An Observational, Cross-sectional Study on Epidemiology and Clinical Spectrum of Tuberculous Meningitis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India and Role of CSF CBNAAT for Rapid Diagnosis","authors":"Soumya Das","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202283","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tubercular meningitis (TBM) accounts for 70 to 80 percent of all neurological tuberculosis and is a major health issue in a country like India. But we don’t have adequate amount of data regarding the epidemiology and clinical pattern of TBM. In this study we aimed at exploring the epidemiological, clinical picture of TBM and compared different diagnostic modalities for early detection. Methods and Materials: 50 patients with history and clinical features compatible with tuberculous meningitis were assessed through a detailed history and clinical examination followed by CSF study and an MRI of the brain. Results: CSF study showed lymphocytic pleocytosis (92% cases) along with raised mean CSF protein 182.2±80.2 mg/dl (Mean ± SD) and reduced mean sugar 35.8 ±12.3mg/dl. CSF for AFB had least sensitivity (4%) but highest specificity (100%). CBNAAT showed both acceptable sensitivity (77%) and specificity (96%). CSF ADA had high sensitivity (85%)but low specificity (18%). Age >40 years, Altered consciousness, GCS<10, TBM stage 3, CSF glucose ≤30mg/dl& Presence of hydrocephalus were significantly associated with mortality from TBM (p-value<0.05). Conclusion: CSF CBNAAT having acceptable sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of TBM and can be used for early diagnosis as an alternative to CSF culture due to its rapidity and other bio-medical advantages. Factors associated with adverse outcome can be used in future as components of risk prediction models.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49611311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Study on Clinico-Social Profile of Animal Bite Cases Attending an Anti-Rabies Clinic of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Odisha - A Cross Sectional Study 奥迪沙一家三级护理医院抗狂犬病诊所动物咬伤病例的临床社会特征研究——一项横断面研究

Journal of Communicable Diseases Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202282

M. Biswas

{"title":"A Study on Clinico-Social Profile of Animal Bite Cases Attending an Anti-Rabies Clinic of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Odisha - A Cross Sectional Study","authors":"M. Biswas","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202282","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Human rabies continues to be endemic in India and according to a recent estimate 20,000 people die of this disease every year. However at the same time, it is also 100% preventable through timely and proper post exposure prophylaxis. Aims and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to assess the socio-clinical profiles of animal bite cases attending the anti-rabies clinic of a tertiary care hospital of Odisha, to find out the association of socio-clinical factors with Category III bite cases and to study the first aid practices of such patients. Methodology: A hospital based cross section study was conducted at an anti-rabies clinic of S.C.B. Medical College & Hospital, Odisha between the months of January and March 2018. New animal bite cases that gave the consent to participate were included in the study. 20% of the new eligible cases i.e., 1200 were taken by using consecutive sampling of 15 patients per day. A pretested and predesigned questionnaire was used to collect the data. Analysis was done in SPSS. Results: In this study Males (70%). are predominantly affected. About 26% cases were children <15 yrs. Dog bite was seen in 80% cases. Lower limb (60%) was the most commonly the bitten site. A majority had category III (76%) exposure. About 75% bites were unprovoked bites. Most of the cases (55%) came from the rural area. 43% cases applied bitter gourd and turmeric paste on their wounds. Conclusion: From this study, we observed that males have a higher incidence of animal bite than females and most of the cases were >15 years age. The most common animal biting people is a dog. A majority had category III exposure.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42441518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Review on Antimalarial Activities of Aloe species Extracts 芦荟提取物的抗疟活性研究进展

Journal of Communicable Diseases Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202290

Adamu Tizazu Yadeta

{"title":"A Review on Antimalarial Activities of Aloe species Extracts","authors":"Adamu Tizazu Yadeta","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202290","url":null,"abstract":"Among the most prevalent diseases caused by protozoan parasites, the parasites of the genus Plasmodium cause malaria. Malaria is transmitted to humans by the infected female anopheles mosquito. Malaria is a vector-borne disease and it continues to have devastating effects on people’s lives, especially in developing countries. To control malaria, many popular practices exist to avoid the nuisance of mosquito bites such as fumigation, burning green leaves on the hut’s threshold, mosquito coils, insecticide sprays, and repellents. Due to the vast metabolic diversity of plants, natural products may offer relatively cheaper and an easy alternative treatment opportunity to treat malaria. The genus Aloe is one of the top medicinal plants that has maintained its popularity over the course of time. Aloe in one form or another is a common domestic medicine and is the basis of most pharmaceutical preparations. Various components present in the Aloe species have been found effective against many diseases, including malaria. Although most of the antimalarial activities were based on in vivo tests, in vitrotests were also analyzed by certain researchers. The leaf latex in all Aloespecies and the isolated compounds displayed antimalarial activity in a dose-independent manner. Considering that natural molecules have acted as natural templates in the development of antimalarial agents, it is encouraged to investigate further analyses into Aloe constituents and their values against malaria. It should be followed with phytochemical and pharmacological analyses to give scientific ground to medicinal knowledge and future potential utilization.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47108358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing the Knowledge, Awareness, and Preventive Particles of Dengue Fever in Beled Hawo District, Somalia 索马里贝莱德哈沃地区登革热知识、意识和预防颗粒的评估

Journal of Communicable Diseases Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202289

Ali Osman Gaal

{"title":"Assessing the Knowledge, Awareness, and Preventive Particles of Dengue Fever in Beled Hawo District, Somalia","authors":"Ali Osman Gaal","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202289","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue fever is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical environments. The rising prevalence of the disease is posing a significant threat to public health across Sub-Saharan Africa. The primary goal of the study is to evaluate the level of knowledge and awareness as well as the preventive measures implemented in the Beled Hawo district of Gedo, Somalia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was used for the investigations, and a structured questionnaire was used to gather sociodemographic data as well as knowledge-based dengue fever treatment and prevention practices among the residents of Beled Hawo District. Findings: The results indicate that a majority of 78.1% and 86.4% of the respondents were knowledageble and had a reasonable understanding of the disease respectively. Notwithstanding this, a majority of them were mistaken about the peak biting period of the Aedes mosquito. In addition, 61 percent of responses identified fever as a typical disease symptom. Futhermore, some had the wrong impression of the preventive measures as more than 17% of those surveyed failed to mention environmental cleanup as a mitigating strategy. The study results may be useful to local authorities and healthcare institutions as it provides information on the gravity of the dengue problem in particular pockets of Beled Hawo district, thus aid in informing them on necesary mitigation measures and local health programming strategies. The study may also inform policy makers at the Ministry of health and health departments. The study shall also contribute to the academia and serve as a source of literature in guiding future researches.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46219118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Risk Assessment and Impact of Floods on the Transmission of Vector Borne Diseases 洪水对媒介传播疾病传播的风险评估和影响

Journal of Communicable Diseases Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202284

SN Sharma

{"title":"Risk Assessment and Impact of Floods on the Transmission of Vector Borne Diseases","authors":"SN Sharma","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202284","url":null,"abstract":"Floods are the result of natural disasters in an area due to prolonged continued and heavy rains and are frequently followed by a proliferation of mosquitoes due to the creation of a large number of breeding habitats. In the endemic zones for VBDs, vector mosquito species require special attention for planning immediate control measures as these areas may pose a threat to public health. Natural disasters continue to strike unabated, flash floods due to heavy rains, riverine floods,coastal floods and cloud burst floods. In general, floods are witnessed due to the concentrated spells of heavy rains during the monsoon months and seasonal disturbances. The low lying areas are submerged under water and remain water logged for a long duration. Slowly, the low lying water bodies thus created after receding of flood water, act as a breeding potential source for the vector mosquitoes. Some of the areas receive water from flushing of water from high altitude areas due to heavy rains or melting of ice. There is definite need for public health preparedness and response for the flood affected areas to reduce the transmission of VBDs with proper risk assessment. There are chances for the onset of transmission of VBDs to the population shifted to temporary shelter homes away from homes. Given the situation with the presence of congenial conditions owing to presence of favourable climatic variables for propagation of vectors, pathogens and susceptible population, there are chances of disease outbreaks. Therefore, the risk assessment of the flood affected area with the vulnerable population is essential to make preparedness and response to any onset of VBDs transmission. Disease and vector surveillance are the key elements to be in place for such flood affected areas during and after the floods.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46425854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Radio Imaging of Pneumonia: A Comprehensive Review 肺炎的放射影像学：综述

Journal of Communicable Diseases Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202292

A. Chouhan

{"title":"Radio Imaging of Pneumonia: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"A. Chouhan","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202292","url":null,"abstract":"Pneumonia, a major leading problem existing since centuries, is considered a respiratory infection including all the parts of the respiratory tract. In the case of medical health, it can be classified into two major categories; CAP (Community-acquired pneumonia), and HAP (Hospital-acquired pneumonia). This infection cause is defined by the existence of various bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses inside the body causing sepsis and other difficulties related to the upper respiratory tract. The survival rate from pneumonia is very low when it is diagnosed much later. Pneumonia highly affects the children of the age group of 0-5 years and the elderly aged more than 50 years or in their 60s. The risk of getting infected primarily depends on the immune response of the host and the species of pneumonia. Traditional radiography should always be the first step in any imaging assessment. When normal radiography results are inconclusive, computed tomography is required. The optimum approach to pulmonary infectious processes is a combination of pattern recognition and clinical expertise. However, nowadays it’s easy to detect the infection by means of radiological and clinical investigations. As pneumonia is much more manifested in the case of COVID infection, so research is still going on in this field. This article explains the different elements of pneumonia, including definition, risk factors, aetiological agents, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, with a focus on current developments.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42602512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hypoxia and Cigarette Smoke - A Combined Threat to the Brain: Role of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Neuroinflammatory Changes 缺氧和吸烟-对大脑的双重威胁:toll样受体4在神经炎症变化中的作用

Journal of Communicable Diseases Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202291

Jayalakshmi Krishnan

{"title":"Hypoxia and Cigarette Smoke - A Combined Threat to the Brain: Role of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Neuroinflammatory Changes","authors":"Jayalakshmi Krishnan","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202291","url":null,"abstract":"The mammalian brain is composed of 20% of oxygen. The depletion in the level of oxygen may lead to hypoxia, resulting in neurological changes. Recent findings of Toll-like receptors (TLR) such as TLR-2, 3, 4 and 8 in the mammalian nervous system showedneuroinflammation in the brain. The activation of TLR4 by both exogenous and endogenous ligands leads to various inflammatory diseases likeatherosclerosis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis and prostate cancer. This study confirms the involvement of NF-κB in TLR4-axis-induced neuroinflammationin the brain. Cigarette Smoke contains many toxic chemicals such as carcinogenic compounds which areinjurious to health, causing death worldwide. The role of TLR4 in activating the Brain during Cigarette Smoke exposure is not yet understood. Hence this study reviewed the use of the cell culture in vitro model as well as in vivo mouse model of TLR4-/- mouse exposed to hypobaric hypoxia to test hypothesis. Methodology: This review explored articles fromthe past 15 years to study the action of toll-like receptor 4 in neuroinflammatory changes. Those articles which lacked full texts were excluded from the review. A total of 61 articles were enrolled in this review article. Results: The recent findings of TLR in Neurons, showed the involvement of external stimuli such as Cigarette smoke causing various neurological disorders and brain inflammation. The role of TLR4 in activating the brain during acute and chronic cigarette smoke exposure is not yet investigated and also the neuroimmune mechanisms of cigarette smoke are not yet clearly understood. Conclusion: Smoking-related neurological disorders requirea proper understanding of the mechanisms of such damage for therapeutic development. Hence research should be carried out to study the TLR4 mechanisms and pathways in various inflammatory diseases.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46148806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0