INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL最新文献

{"title":"Gender-Related Differences in Access to Financial Account in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Salamata Loaba","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2023.2263891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2023.2263891","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis study analyzes the factors that account for the difference in access to financial account between women and men. To do so, a probit model and Fairlie's ([2005]. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique to logit and probit models. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, 30(4), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.3233/JEM-2005-0259) decomposition method were applied to survey data collected in 2021 in 25 sub-Saharan Africa countries. The results show that, on average, 43.73% of men have access to a financial account compared to only 32.7% of women. The analysis shows that the contribution of factors to the difference varies according to country’s level of development. The difference is explained more by observable characteristics in high-income countries (79.6%) than in low-income countries (65%). Secondary school education is the most decisive factor but the contribution varies according to country development level. In terms of implications, financial inclusion policies for women need to be adapted according to country realities. Thus, in order for women to benefit from financial inclusion policies, it is important to encourage the education of women at least at secondary level by reducing or even abolishing school fees, and also creating a conducive environment to keep women in the education system for as long as possible.KEYWORDS: Financial accountfinancial inclusiongender economysub-Saharan AfricaJEL: G2J71055 AcknowledgementsThe author would like to thank Professors Gervasio Semedo of the University of Tours (France), Esso- Hanam Atake of the University of Lome (Togo), and anonymous reviewers, for their valuable contributions to the creation of this paper.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Sustainable Development Goals.2 In a low-income country like Niger, the number of banking institutions is 14, compared with 28 in a high-income country like Côte d'Ivoire. The number of ATMs in Niger is 199, compared with 1174 in Côte d'Ivoire.Additional informationNotes on contributorsSalamata LoabaSalamata Loaba holds a PhD in economics. She is Associate Professor in the economics department of Thomas SANKARA University. She is interested in financial inclusion, financial education, social protection, gender and family economics.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135697796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Foreign Aid and Human Development in South and South-East Asia: Analyzing the Effectiveness of Macro-Institutional Factors","authors":"Devi Prasad Dash, Narayan Sethi, Paresh Chandra Barik","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2023.2261011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2023.2261011","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractDoes foreign aid impede or catalyze human development in South and South-East Asia post-1990s? We argue that foreign aid impacts human development negatively in the region overall due to the structural differences in infrastructure development, democratic regimes, patterns of external debt, trading intensity and other macroeconomic factors. Our empirical evidence further justifies that other than aid, improvements in infrastructure sectors and quality of democratic settings beget human development in the region. Considering further angles of external debt and domestic investment into the picture, we find that rising external debt negates, improves domestic investment and accelerates human development. While comparing both regions, we find a noticeable difference in the impacts of macro-institutional factors on human development. However, the impacts of aid on human development remain insignificant.KEYWORDS: Foreign aidhuman developmentAsiaexternal debtJEL Codes: F35O15N15 Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsDevi Prasad DashDr Devi Prasad Dash is working as the Assistant Professor of Economics in the School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, India. His areas of specialization are Energy Economics, Economics of Climate Change, Economics of Growth and Development and Economics of Crime.Narayan SethiDr Narayan Sethi is a Professor of Economics and currently Head of the Department (HoD), Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Rourkela, Odisha, India. His area of research includes Macro and Open Economy, Development Economics, Monetary Economics and Energy and Environment.Paresh Chandra BarikMr Paresh Chandra Barik is working as the Assistant General Manager in the State Bank of India Branch, London in the United Kingdom.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135536339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sectoral Wage Differentials in Bangladesh: A Comparison Between the Government and Other Ownerships","authors":"Md Aminur Rahman, Woo-Yung Kim","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2023.2261016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2023.2261016","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractMost of the studies of wage discrimination in Bangladesh have calculated the gap between pairs of sectors, while this study uses multiple sectors using multinomial logit estimation where the sector selection is endogenous. The employment sector is divided into six heterogeneous sectors depending on ownership status. Using QLFS 2016–2017 data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, the probability of being employed in a certain sector is initially estimated by the sector choice equation, and then we estimate both the conditional and unconditional wage gaps between government and other sectors. The estimation result of the sector choice shows that the probability of being included in the government sector mostly depends on educational qualification, and the rural population is mostly included in marginal sectors like individual proprietorship. The decomposition of wage discrimination indicates that government employees have a wage advantage over every other sector, except for females. The decomposition result also suggests that the wage gap is mostly driven by discrimination, with NGOs showing the most discrimination in wages offered, followed by the individual sector. Monitoring the wage structure and implementation of the minimum wage is our main policy recommendation, along with others.KEYWORDS: Multinomial wagewage differentialswage gapsectoral wage gap Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 For the interpretation of dummy variables in semi-logarithmic equations, Halvorsen and Palmquist (Citation1980) explain the exact percentage change is equals to eβ−1.Additional informationNotes on contributorsMd Aminur RahmanMd Aminur Rahman, rising economist and sustainability researcher. His notable publication in Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2021) delves into innovative eco-footprint solutions for south asia.Woo-Yung KimWoo-Yung Kim, a professor of economics, writes papers on both labor and regional economics. Among his recent publications are Do Unions Provide Employment Protection in Times of Economic Crisis?: A Natural Experiment of COVID-19 (International Labour Review 2023) and The Decline of the Self-employment Rate in Australia (Australian Economic Review 2014).","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134960853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Reshoring Policy on the Host and Home Countries","authors":"Chul-Woo Kwon, Uk Hwang","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2023.2261005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2023.2261005","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis theoretical study explores how a home country's policies influence where multinational companies choose to produce. The study models subsidy negotiations between firms and both the home and foreign countries, revealing that offering reshoring subsidies might lead to repatriation of the multinational firm. If the host country values job creation's welfare gain from reshoring, a large reshoring subsidy from the home government can be seen as socially acceptable and encourage reshoring. However, if the home governments prioritize job creation less and the foreign government aims to retain the firm, pushing for reshoring may increase costs for the foreign country and reduce its social welfare.KEYWORDS: MultinationalsreshoringoffshoringsubsidyJEL Classifications: F21H25 Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Examples of government-level reshoring policy promotion or efforts can be found in ‘Bring Jobs Home Act’ (U.S.) and ‘Act on Assistance to Korean Off-shore Enterprises in Repatriation’ (South Korea) etc.2 Most studies related to the threat effect are related to wage negotiations, such as Kwon and Hwang (Citation2018), but some studies are also related to analyzing the threat effect of stringent tax audit policies on overseas relocation of firms (Kwon & Hwang, Citation2019) and of the burden of environmental regulations on overseas relocation (Kwon & Hwang, Citation2021).3 If the representative consumer in each country has the following diversity preference utility function, the demand function shown in the main text can be derived. Here, the following process of deriving the demand function is omitted. (Dixit & Stiglitz, Citation1977; Krugman, Citation1979):4 In a typical Concentration-Proximity framework (Brainard, Citation1997; Helpman et al., Citation2004), a firm's local production entails high fixed costs. However, since this paper considers the withdrawal of firms that already produce locally, fixed costs for local production are already sunk costs at the point of analysis. In real world, when firms repatriate to their home country and expand their existing production facilities, there may be incurred fixed costs. On the one hand, reshoring firms can recover fixed costs by selling production facilities located in foreign country. Thus, net change in fixed costs may be negligible comparing to other fixed costs, and, hence, we assume fixed costs to be zero upon repatriation.5 Fixed costs accompanying production activities are introduced to consider the equilibrium of monopolistic competition in later discussion.6 If the issue of reshoring is analyzed using an oligopoly model instead of a monopolistic competition model, the analytical results would differ due to the different market structures.7 The superscript ‘us’ denotes ‘under subsidy’.8 Firm h can be considered foreign production from the home country’s perspective or local production from the host country’s perspective. We us","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"15 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136059322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Women Benefit from Women Education Aid? <i>Evidence from Panel Data</i>","authors":"Admasu Asfaw Maruta","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2023.2255581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2023.2255581","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractGenerally, the literature on aid focuses on the potential growth effects of aggregate aid. Due to the fact that donors have consistently asserted the multidimensionality of their purposes, it is necessary to conduct a much more disaggregated analysis of aid effectiveness. In this study, the effect of women education aid on 72 developing countries is examined empirically over the period 1990–2016. Using cross-country regression, this study examines the effectiveness of aid targeted at women’s education. Based on the fact that donors provide a large amount of women’s education aid to countries whose voting positions in the UN General Assembly are similar, this analysis exploits an instrumental variable. This study shows that women’s education aid has a significantly positive effect on women’s education. The results of this study are robust when different sensitivity checks are performed. The findings have significant policy implications for donor countries and international aid organizations, as they assist in identifying the most effective types of foreign aid flow to the various sectors of the recipient country’s economy.KEYWORDS: Women’s education aidwomen’s educationpanel datadeveloping countries Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Source AidData database. Link: http://aiddata.org/.2 This analysis considers only bilaterally committed aid provided for educating women rather than the disbursed amount. Theoretically, examining the effect of the disbursed aid on recipients’ outcome variables might give compelling findings since the recipient countries have already received the aid capital. However, the aid literature shows some limitations in the use of disbursed aid. First, in many cases, the data for disbursed aid is missing as it is ‘spotty’ in most of the aid data sources. Second, aid disbursement is unpredictable compared to commitments because the amount of aid could be disbursed mainly in periods when output or domestic revenue are high and held back when domestic economic activity is shrinking (see Bulíř & Hamann, Citation2008). Hence, the analysis incorporates recipient and time-fixed effects in all models to consider any bias from systematic divergences between commitments and disbursements.3 I only use bilaterally committed aid because the instruments of women's education aid (i.e. donor and recipient countries voting similarity in the United Nations General Assembly) directly affect bilateral aid but not multilateral aid. However, in other unreported results, I regress overall women's education aid (i.e. bilaterally plus multilaterally committed aids) on measures of women's education using OLS and GMM estimations. Nevertheless, the qualitative nature of the results stays similar to the baseline findings (the results are available upon request).4 It is common to use this scaling procedure in the aid literature (see, e.g. Wilson, Citation2011; d’Aiglepierre & Wagner, Citation2","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135149743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on Trade Performance in the World Economy","authors":"Mui-Yin Chin, Sheue-Li Ong, Lee-Peng Foo, Simba Mutsvangwa","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2023.2255852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2023.2255852","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted international economic activities. This study examines its impact on the world economy, analyzing different regions and income groups separately. The empirical findings reveal that COVID-19 had a negative and substantial impact on global trade performance. Surprisingly, high-income countries experienced a positive impact on trade due to COVID-19, showing greater adaptability and, in some cases, emerging as exporters of medicines and COVID-19-related products. In contrast, middle-income and low-income countries did not observe any significant impact on trade performance from COVID-19. This finding implies that trade deterioration during the pandemic might be attributed to mediating factors rather than the direct influence of COVID-19 itself. Furthermore, when examining the effects by region, the results are mixed, reflecting the diverse characteristics of different regions. Consequently, it becomes evident that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities, with the trade performance of affluent and advanced countries being the least negatively affected. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic had far-reaching consequences on global trade, impacting various regions and income groups differently. The study highlights the need for targeted policies to address the disparities in trade performance and foster a more resilient and equitable global economy.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135982020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insurance Penetration and Inclusive Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Panel Linear and Nonlinear Analysis","authors":"Sylvester Senyo Horvey, D. B. Osei, I. Alagidede","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2023.2251027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2023.2251027","url":null,"abstract":"This study contributes to the emerging literature on the insurance industry in sub-Saharan Africa by investigating both the linear and nonlinear relationship between insurance penetration and inclusive growth. We employ a panel dataset in a system generalised method of moments approach and a dynamic panel threshold to account for endogeneity and turning points in the insurance-inclusive growth nexus. The linear evidence suggests a significant positive impact of insurance penetration (life, nonlife and total) on inclusive growth. Further, there exists a significant threshold level of nonlife and total insurance penetration, which countries must surpass to realise the positive impact of insurance on inclusive growth. The paper argues that below this threshold value, the relationship tends to be negative, suggesting a U-shaped relationship. We found no significant threshold for the life insurance industry. Important policy implications for fine-tuning the insurance industry to deliver the intended effects of managing risk in the wider economy are discussed.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45763429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cayman Over China: Trends and Accounting Factors of South Korea’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment","authors":"Kyung-hyun Kim, Soohyung Lee","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2023.2239205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2023.2239205","url":null,"abstract":"We examine recent trends of South Korea’s outward foreign direct investment from 2001 to 2021, which shows substantial change in terms of the total amount and compositions. Using gravity models, we test whether these differential time trends across the industries and destination countries survive after incorporating economic factors. Controlling for economic conditions, we find that the FDI to China has been declining much earlier than the China–South Korea political dispute, while the FDI to USA shows a steady increase, making it the top FDI destination throughout the sample period. Investment in tax haven shows rapid increase across all sizes of South Korean investors and therefore, further research is needed on its implications for tax evasion.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"37 1","pages":"424 - 445"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48801605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aggregate Markup and Its Impact on Income Inequality: Country Panel Evidence","authors":"Hyun-Gil Lee, Junsang Lee","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2023.2239204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2023.2239204","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the relationship between market power, as measured by aggregate markups, and income inequality across 34 countries between 1991 and 2016. We find that market power is positively associated with income inequality in developing countries, while the relationship between markups and income inequality in advanced economies is more nuanced and statistically insignificant. Our study reveals that a higher collective bargaining rights mitigate the impact of market power on income inequality, emphasizing the importance of robust worker protection systems for fostering a more equitable labor market environment.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"37 1","pages":"387 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42844501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of the US-China Trade War on Chinese Firms' Investment","authors":"Yanliang Miao, Xu Fei, Jingyi Sun, Hao‐Yen Yang","doi":"10.1080/10168737.2023.2229282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2023.2229282","url":null,"abstract":"We study the effects of the US-China trade war on Chinese firms' investment using the detailed quarterly financial data of Chinese listed firms merged with firm-level Chinese customs data. We construct the firm-level measures of direct trade exposure and the financial measures of indirect exposures to the US-China trade tension using firms' equity responses during the trade war escalation periods. We document that the trade war reduced Chinese firms' investment by two percent. In particular, we find significant heterogeneous firms' responses to the trade war, depending on their firm characteristics. Chinese firms that are more dependent on exports to the US have lower stock returns; large firms and state-owned firms suffer more compared to small firms and private-owned ones.","PeriodicalId":35933,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC JOURNAL","volume":"37 1","pages":"485 - 510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49040522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}