{"title":"Les dispositifs de sécurisation du paiement des loyers : une voie facilitée d’accès au logement pour les personnes précaires ?","authors":"Muriel Fonder, Mathieu Mosty","doi":"10.3917/rpve.583.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/rpve.583.0103","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35880,"journal":{"name":"Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70536358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Imposition du travail, du capital et de la consommation : l’apport de taux implicites à l’analyse des évolutions de politique fiscale","authors":"Christian Valenduc","doi":"10.3917/rpve.581.0173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/rpve.581.0173","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article met a jour des publications anterieures sur l’imposition du travail, du capital et de la consommation. Les indicateurs utilises sont des taux d’imposition implicites. Ils sont calcules au niveau macroeconomique et sont donc ex post, a l’inverse des indicateurs microeconomiques d’imposition effective qui sont ex ante. Ils mesurent donc davantage l’effet des politiques qui ont ete menees.Ces taux d’imposition implicites sont utilises par la Commission europeenne, selon une methodologie qui lui est propre. Notre methodologie differe sur trois points : l’interpretation de l’imposition du travail par rapport a une evolution a politique inchangee, la prise en compte des subventions salariales et une analyse plus desagregee de l’imposition du capital.L’impact du tax shift decide par le gouvernement en 2014 est bien visible sur les annees 2015-2016. Il se traduit dans une baisse du taux d’imposition implicite du travail de 1,6 point par rapport a une evolution a politique inchangee. On note aussi une hausse du taux d’imposition implicite de la consommation. Ces changements rompent une periode de relative stabilite.","PeriodicalId":35880,"journal":{"name":"Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70536650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Essays on the Economics of Sustainable Energy Policies","authors":"Luisa Dressler","doi":"10.3917/RPVE.584.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/RPVE.584.0031","url":null,"abstract":"This dissertation seeks to contribute to the policy discussion on how to design efficient and sustainable energy policies. In three self-contained chapters, it applies microeconomic theory and empirical analysis to identify three market failures in European energy markets and to evaluate specific policy measures that strive to overcome these failures in order to increase market efficiency and to enhance environmental or societal sustainability. Chapter 1 and 2 study European electricity markets, which play an important role in the transition towards a carbon-neutral energy future. Overcoming barriers to efficient electricity markets is a crucial step to keep the costs of this transition as low as possible to society. Both chapters focus on obstacles to electricity market efficiency that have recently been highlighted by the European Commission. On the supply side, subsidies for renewable electricity may distort production incentives and competition in wholesale electricity markets. Chapter 1 applies a theoretical model to study the effect of different subsidies on producer strategies and competition in wholesale electricity markets. On the demand side, the European Commission seeks to overcome the reluctance of residential electricity consumers to switch electricity supplier in order to ensure effective competition in the retail electricity market. Chapter 2 empirically quantifies different reasons for switching inertia using a structural discrete choice model and performs counterfactual analysis to study the effect of different policy measures that seek to overcome switching inertia. Chapter 3 looks at the building sector, which accounts for 40% of final energy consumption in Europe and is a major emitter of carbon emissions. In the residential housing market information asymmetries hamper incentives to invest in energy efficiency improvements of rental property. This chapter empirically analyzes the effect of a European policy that mandates the use of energy performance certificates aiming at establishing an efficient market for energy efficient dwellings.","PeriodicalId":35880,"journal":{"name":"Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70536941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Navigating a complex world: Belgian compliance with the European Rules (2014-2018)","authors":"Bert Ydiers","doi":"10.3917/RPVE.581.0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/RPVE.581.0069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35880,"journal":{"name":"Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70535820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Financement des pensions : rétrospectives et perspectives","authors":"Jean Hindriks, Arno Baurin","doi":"10.3917/RPVE.581.0097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/RPVE.581.0097","url":null,"abstract":"Nous commencons par une analyse retrospective du financement des pensions et de la securite sociale sur base de series longues issues des comptes nationaux pour la periode 1995-2017. Cette premiere partie revele trois faits saillants : le glissement progressif vers le financement alternatif, la repartition stable entre les cotisations employeurs, employes et independants, et l’evolution plus rapide des depenses de pension par rapport aux cotisations depuis 2003. Concernant la dynamique entre 2007 et 2017, on constate une augmentation des depenses de pension de 14,6 milliards dont plus des trois quarts sont liees a la hausse de la pension moyenne et un quart a l’accroissement du nombre de pensionnes. Dans la seconde partie, nous etudions les perspectives de financement sur base des projections demographiques et d’emploi du Bureau federal du Plan. Nous simulons differents mecanismes d’ajustement (au dela de l’allongement des carrieres), notamment la hausse des cotisations ou la baisse du taux de remplacement. Nous montrons qu’il est possible en combinant ces deux mesures de reduire de 1/3 l’ajustement des cotisations et de 2/3 l’ajustement des pensions. Nous montrons enfin qu’en l’absence d’un ajustement des cotisations ou du taux de remplacement, le financement alternatif augmentera a l’horizon 2040 de 33 % dans la perspective d’une croissance du taux d’emploi et de 50 % dans la perspective d’un taux d’emploi constant.Codes JEL : H55, J11, J14, J26","PeriodicalId":35880,"journal":{"name":"Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70535892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Migration internationale : du potentiel pour la croissance potentielle à long terme ?","authors":"Nicole Fasquelle, Marie Vandresse","doi":"10.3917/rpve.581.0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/rpve.581.0121","url":null,"abstract":"Le solde migratoire international est et restera, sur la base des projections du Bureau federal du Plan et de Statbel, une composante importante de la croissance de la population en Belgique. En outre, la structure d’âge specifique des migrants, majoritairement âges de 18 a 66 ans, influence l’economie et en particulier le marche du travail. Cet aspect est aborde au travers de l’impact de la migration internationale sur la croissance economique potentielle a long terme. L’analyse d’impact est effectuee a l’aide d’un scenario alternatif de moindre solde migratoire ou la population d’âge actif est reduite de 2,2 % en 2060 en comparaison avec le scenario de reference. Cet effet sur la population d’âge actif mene a une baisse de meme ampleur de l’emploi, et par consequent une baisse de 2,2 % du PIB potentiel en 2060. A titre illustratif, cette baisse de la croissance potentielle releve le cout budgetaire du vieillissement de 0,5 point de pourcentage du PIB entre 2016 et 2060. Au fil des ans, cette – a priori – faible augmentation du cout budgetaire du vieillissement alourdit davantage une dette publique deja tres importante.","PeriodicalId":35880,"journal":{"name":"Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70536024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Autour des élections fédérales : quelques enjeux de politique économique","authors":"Christian Valenduc","doi":"10.3917/rpve.581.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/rpve.581.0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35880,"journal":{"name":"Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70535847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"La compétitivité de la Belgique : d’où venons-nous, où allons-nous ?","authors":"H. Bogaert, Chantal Kegels","doi":"10.3917/RPVE.581.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/RPVE.581.0013","url":null,"abstract":"In the five years after the financial crisis of 2008, the competitiveness of the Belgian economy deteriorated. Starting in 2014, the government took a set of corrective measures to improve wage competitiveness. These measures helped to restore competitiveness, export market shares, and the current account balance. Employment has increased significantly, and the economy is moving towards full employment. Under these conditions, labor shortages will drive up wages and the 1996 law as reformed in 2017 will have to be strictly enforced. The social and environmental context is pushing to radically change budgetary priorities with the end of reductions in general and untargeted employer social security contributions and more resources devoted to education, training, research, and public investment.","PeriodicalId":35880,"journal":{"name":"Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70535931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does firms’ position in global value chains matter for workers’ wages?","authors":"N. Gagliardi, B. Mahy, F. Rycx","doi":"10.3917/rpve.584.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/rpve.584.0055","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an overview of the economic literature regarding the impact of firms’ position in global value chains on workers’ wages and the gender pay gap. Particular attention is devoted to empirical results obtained for the Belgian economy. The latter suggest that workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in relatively more upstream firms. Nevertheless, such gains are found to be very unequally shared. Male top-earners are the main beneficiaries, whereas women, irrespective of their earnings, appear to be unfairly rewarded.JEL Classification: F61, F66, J16, J31","PeriodicalId":35880,"journal":{"name":"Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70536997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Santé mentale chez les francophones en situation linguistique minoritaire","authors":"L. Bouchard, Ian Colman, R. Batista","doi":"10.7202/1053864AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1053864AR","url":null,"abstract":"Bien que la plupart des études considèrent l’importance des déterminants sociaux sur l’existence des troubles mentaux, aucune ne désagrège les données en fonction de l’appartenance à une communauté de langue officielle en situation minoritaire, un fait pourtant reconnu pouvant avoir un impact sur la santé. L’incidence des langues et de la communication sur l’accès, la qualité et la sécurité des soins acquiert une portée plus grande dans le contexte canadien où coexistent deux langues officielles. Nous partons de cette prémisse pour dresser ici le portrait de la santé mentale de la population francophone vivant en situation linguistique minoritaire à partir des données de l’Enquête de santé dans les collectivités canadiennes — Santé mentale (ESCC, 2012)1.","PeriodicalId":35880,"journal":{"name":"Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80049694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}