Benjamin FranklinPub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0011
D. Hart
{"title":"An Empire Fit for God’s Kingdom","authors":"D. Hart","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 10 examines Franklin’s experience in London during Pennsylvania’s charter crisis of the 1750s, which positioned him to be the chief negotiator in London for American interests during the run up to the War for Independence. His politics were by no means simple since he admired the British constitution, the monarchy, and the British Empire. But the treatment he received in London turned him into a patriot and brought him home to assist the Continental Congress. Still, Franklin’s partiality to the British and his own desires to extend American influence westward made him congenial to Protestants who began to cooperate more consistently during the war and then after established ecumenical and missionary organizations to bring civilization to the American frontier.","PeriodicalId":358260,"journal":{"name":"Benjamin Franklin","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129650335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin FranklinPub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.5840/schoolman19251276
D. Hart
{"title":"The Intellectual","authors":"D. Hart","doi":"10.5840/schoolman19251276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/schoolman19251276","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 8 outlines how Franklin gained international fame for discoveries he made about electricity and the nature of lightning, not to mention the inventions he produced on the basis of this knowledge. The Philadelphian’s scientific achievements, which gained a notable place in the Enlightenment, were largely the product of a curiosity that was indefatigable, as well as a dedication to share information and learn about the discoveries of other natural philosophers. But it was also indirectly an outworking of Protestant understandings of the natural world. Although that outlook was responsible for disenchanting the Christian cosmos of medieval Christendom, it also encouraged inquiry that looked beyond spiritual significance to understanding how nature worked.","PeriodicalId":358260,"journal":{"name":"Benjamin Franklin","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128837391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin FranklinPub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0007
D. Hart
{"title":"Civic Uplift","authors":"D. Hart","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 addresses Franklin’s inherently sociable nature, which led him to join many organizations such as the Masons in Philadelphia. He founded the American Philosophical Society, and the Junto, out of which emerged the Library Company. These institutions were based on high-minded discussion of ideas and provisions for public health as well as ordinary efforts to improve Philadelphia’s physical conditions. The chapter outlines the founding of the College of Philadelphia, the Union Fire Company, and the Pennsylvania Hospital, as well as the improvement of sidewalks, installation of streetlights, and the creation of a private militia. It discusses Franklin’s commitment to life in Philadelphia—another connection to Protestantism which started as an urban faith and in much of its early development depended on institutions and churches located in cities.","PeriodicalId":358260,"journal":{"name":"Benjamin Franklin","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125672140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin FranklinPub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0006
D. Hart
{"title":"Family Man","authors":"D. Hart","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 discusses how Franklin was not a model husband or father, though he dutifully provided for his wife, Deborah Read Franklin, and his three children (Francis and Sarah with Deborah and William, from a previous relationship). He flirted with a number of other women throughout his long life. But Franklin recognized the importance of marriage to civil society and wrote about it for humorous and serious purposes under another alias in his newspaper. His aliases included Anthony Afterwit. He also affirmed the equality of women in ways that were untypical of his time. Although Franklin was unconventional in his roles as husband and father, he was swimming in domestic currents that Protestantism had prompted with its reform of marriage as a secular institution.","PeriodicalId":358260,"journal":{"name":"Benjamin Franklin","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130568600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin FranklinPub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0013
D. Hart
{"title":"Conclusion: The American Creed","authors":"D. Hart","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The Conclusion sums up how, after Franklin’s death, his reputation rested on contemporaries and then historians and other writers. He had limited appeal to prominent Protestants even as business leaders and pastors later embraced Franklin’s understanding of religion in relation to the way to wealth. Historians recognized his remarkable career even while granting other American statesmen, no more devout than Franklin, were more profound than the Founder in their interpretations of divine providence. Franklin did not produce a set of reflections on the tragic aspects of human existence the way that other notable Americans did with the help of Protestant teaching. But he was no less a Protestant culturally than these other figures.","PeriodicalId":358260,"journal":{"name":"Benjamin Franklin","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115680032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin FranklinPub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0002
D. Hart
{"title":"Growing up Puritan","authors":"D. Hart","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 chronicles the family background of Benjamin Franklin, whose English Protestant father, Josiah, emigrated from Northampton in England to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1683. The chapter describes Franklin’s childhood, including the Boston background of his maternal grandfather, Peter Folger, also an English emigré, and the influence of his uncle, Benjamin Franklin the elder. The chapter indicates the family’s religious affiliations, including their close associations with pastors Samuel Willard and Ebenezer Pemberton. Family friends included the parents of Charles Chauncey, whose adult convictions differed from those of Benjamin. The chapter explains how Josiah originally intended his youngest son to take up a career in the ministry, but came to understand that he lacked some of the requisite convictions. It relates how the search for alternative work in various trades led to an onerous apprenticeship in printing under his brother James. Ben learned about both the trade and himself—by his late teens, he realized that he needed other outlets for his independence of mind.","PeriodicalId":358260,"journal":{"name":"Benjamin Franklin","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116603760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Way of Print","authors":"D. Hart","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1220pw8.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1220pw8.8","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 discusses how, in addition to printing a newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, Franklin produced books, documents, and records as part of his successful print shop. One of his most celebrated best-sellers was Poor Richard’s Almanac: one part diary for its owners, several parts trivia, and advice from the fictious Poor Richard. The chapter shows how, throughout his publications, Franklin’s understanding and sympathy for aspects of Christianity became apparent. His interest in making a profit was part of his larger effort to improve the morals of fellow colonists. Franklin’s work in an industry that was crucial to the spread of Protestantism reveals another link between his life and the world that the Reformation made.","PeriodicalId":358260,"journal":{"name":"Benjamin Franklin","volume":"30 19","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113934419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin FranklinPub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0010
D. Hart
{"title":"Pennsylvania’s Protestant Politics","authors":"D. Hart","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 9 discusses how Pennsylvania gave Franklin more room for his talents, doubts, and questions than Boston did, thanks to the Quakers’ commitment to intellectual and religious freedom. The colony’s religious diversity, especially among German Protestants, was a challenge to its well-being especially when Quaker pacifism proved a liability in defending against French and Native American military forces. It shows how Franklin continued to rely on his knowledge of Protestantism and skills as a civic leader while he served in the Pennsylvania Assembly during the French and Indian War and then as the colony’s chief negotiator in London with the Penn family and British government officials in efforts to secure a royal charter for Pennsylvania.","PeriodicalId":358260,"journal":{"name":"Benjamin Franklin","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115682505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin FranklinPub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0003
D. Hart
{"title":"Young, Restless and Deist (Briefly)","authors":"D. Hart","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 traces the intellectual genealogy of the young Benjamin Franklin during a time when he was the most free-spirited and least restrained by social conventions. At age seventeen, having learnt the printing trade, he left Boston. For almost three years, while attempting to find regular work as a printer first in Philadelphia and then London, Franklin continued to read widely and think deep thoughts about his place in the universe. This was the period when he espoused deism and wrote (and published) a short treatise on predestination and determinism (subsequently destroyed) as well as A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity. The chapter discusses the influence on Franklin of the Earl of Shaftesbury, John Locke, and William Wollaston. In 1726, Franklin produced Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion.","PeriodicalId":358260,"journal":{"name":"Benjamin Franklin","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122022792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin FranklinPub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0001
D. Hart
{"title":"Introduction: A Different Kind of Protestant","authors":"D. Hart","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The Introduction addresses the question that has long absorbed the biographers of Benjamin Franklin: how to regard his writing about religion as well as many of his endeavors that were friendly to religion. The question of Franklin’s spirituality is even more pressing thanks to his Puritan upbringing in Boston and his marriage to an active Anglican. This chapter lays out the debates and suggests an alternative to the interpretations that historians have offered. Roman Catholics and Jews refer to non-observant members of their groups as “cultural”—people who observe parts of the faith and live with an awareness of it but do not join the church or synagogue. Subsequent chapters attempt to do this for Franklin as a cultural Protestant.","PeriodicalId":358260,"journal":{"name":"Benjamin Franklin","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122288853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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