{"title":"A Generic Framework for Monitoring Timing Constraints over Uncertain Events","authors":"Honguk Woo, A. Mok, Chan-Gun Lee","doi":"10.1109/RTSS.2006.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS.2006.6","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a comprehensive approach to the problem of monitoring timing constraints over event streams for which the timestamp values are inherently uncertain. We first propose a generic framework for capturing the early detection of the violation of timing constraints, based on the notion of probabilistic violation time. In doing so, we provide a systemic approach for deriving a set of necessary constraints at compilation time. Our work is innovative in that the framework is formulated to be \"modular\" with respect to the probability distributions on timestamp values. We demonstrate the applicability of the framework for two different timestamp models, Gaussian and histogram. The Gaussian model is appropriate for representing event timing from a wide variety of sensors with well-modelled physical noise characteristics; we show how we can efficiently derive the probabilistic violation time of timing constraints by exploiting the relation between the Gaussian distribution parameters. The histogram model can be used where the timestamps of events are available from measurements only as arbitrary probability distributions: we show how to derive an efficient timing constraint monitoring method for the histogram model","PeriodicalId":353932,"journal":{"name":"2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116378068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mutual Consistency in Real-Time Databases","authors":"Abhay Jha, Ming Xiong, K. Ramamritham","doi":"10.1109/RTSS.2006.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS.2006.30","url":null,"abstract":"A real-time database is composed of real-time objects whose values remain valid only within their validity intervals. Each object in the database models a real world entity. The freshness of these objects is maintained by update transactions that sample the real world entities. The literature proposes various ways to derive a schedule of transactions that preserves the freshness (also known as absolute consistency) of these objects. But these approaches do not take care of the mutual consistency of the objects, i.e., whether together they represent a logical state of the system. We investigate the problem of checking whether, given an update transaction schedule, a periodic query would be able to read mutually consistent values. We propose solutions for both single- and multiple-query cases in the presence of non-preemptable query executions. Specifically, we first investigate formulas that give the maximal value of mutual gaps among a set of data read at a certain point in time. (A mutual gap for two object values read from the database refers to the difference between the times at which the two objects were updated.) We then propose design approaches to (1) decide the period and relative deadline of a query so that it would guarantee mutual consistency; (2) decide if a given set of queries with relative deadlines and periods can guarantee mutual consistency. Finally, we suggest ways of reducing the complexity of our proposed approaches for both harmonic periods and general cases","PeriodicalId":353932,"journal":{"name":"2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114186373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Principles for the Prediction of Video Decoding Times Applied to MPEG-1/2 and MPEG-4 Part 2 Video","authors":"M. Roitzsch, M. Pohlack","doi":"10.1109/RTSS.2006.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS.2006.36","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a method to predict per-frame decoding times of modern video decoder algorithms. By examining especially the MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4 pt. 2 algorithms, we developed a generic model for these decoders, which also applies to a wide range of other decoders. From this model, we derived a method to predict decoding times with an up-to-now unmatched accuracy while keeping the overhead low. We show the effectiveness of this method with an example implementation and compare the resulting predictions with the actual decoding times using video material from commercial DVDs","PeriodicalId":353932,"journal":{"name":"2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06)","volume":"245 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122463872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RTSAT-- An Optimal and Efficient Approach to the Task Allocation Problem in Distributed Architectures","authors":"Alexander Metzner, Christian Herde","doi":"10.1109/RTSS.2006.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS.2006.44","url":null,"abstract":"We present an advanced SAT-based approach to the task and message allocation problem of distributed real-time systems. In contrast to the heuristic approaches usually applied to this problem, our approach is guaranteed to find an optimal allocation for realistic task systems running on complex target architectures. Our method is based on the transformation of such scheduling problems into nonlinear integer optimization problems. The core of the numerical optimization procedure we use to discharge those problems is a solver for arbitrary Boolean combinations of integer constraints. While the determination of the task and message placement is done within the satisfiability checking based solver, checking for feasibility w.r.t real-time requirements is performed in a specialized real-time engine under control of the satisfiability solver. Optimal solutions are obtained by imposing a binary search scheme on top of that solver. Experiments show the applicability of our approach to industrial-size task systems","PeriodicalId":353932,"journal":{"name":"2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116107214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sensornet 2.0: The New Frontier","authors":"Feng Zhao","doi":"10.1109/RTSS.2006.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS.2006.46","url":null,"abstract":"Feng Zhao (http://research.microsoft.com/~zhao) is a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research, where he manages the Networked Embedded Computing Group. He received his PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from MIT and has taught at Stanford University and Ohio State University. Dr. Zhao was a Principal Scientist at Xerox PARC and directed PARC's sensor network research effort. He serves as the founding Editor-In-Chief of ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, and has authored or co-authored more than 100 technical papers and books, including a recent book published by Morgan Kaufmann, \"Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.\" He has received a number of awards, and his work has been featured in news media such as BBC World News, BusinessWeek, and Technology Review.","PeriodicalId":353932,"journal":{"name":"2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127465917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resource Sharing in Hierarchical Fixed Priority Pre-Emptive Systems","authors":"Robert I. Davis, A. Burns","doi":"10.1109/RTSS.2006.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS.2006.42","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on resource sharing in hierarchical fixed priority pre-emptive systems where a number of separate applications, each with its own server, reside on a single processor. It defines the hierarchical stack resource policy, an appropriate global resource access policy that bounds priority inversion and also limits interference due to overruns during resource access. The paper provides detailed response time analysis enabling the schedulability of application servers and tasks to be determined for systems with local and global resource access. This analysis is applicable to real-world systems where server-based applications need mutually exclusive access to shared resources such as communications buffers, peripheral devices, operating system calls and data structures shared with interrupt handlers","PeriodicalId":353932,"journal":{"name":"2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127987583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Chakraborty, Yanhong Liu, N. Stoimenov, L. Thiele, E. Wandeler
{"title":"Interface-Based Rate Analysis of Embedded Systems","authors":"S. Chakraborty, Yanhong Liu, N. Stoimenov, L. Thiele, E. Wandeler","doi":"10.1109/RTSS.2006.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS.2006.26","url":null,"abstract":"Interface-based design is now considered to be one of the keys to tackling the increasing complexity of modern embedded systems. The central idea is that different components comprising such systems can be developed independently and a system designer can connect them together only if their interfaces match, without knowing the details of their internals. We use the concept of rate interfaces for compositional (correct-by-construction) design of embedded systems whose components communicate through data streams. Using the associated rate interface algebra, two components can be connected together if the output rate of one component is \"compatible\" with the input rate of the other component. We formalize this notion of compatibility and show that such an algebra is non-trivial because it has to accurately model the burstiness in the arrival rates of such data streams and the variability in their processing requirements. We discuss how rate interfaces simplify compositional design and at the same time help in functional and performance verification which would be difficult to address otherwise. Finally, we illustrate these advantages through a realistic case study involving a component-based design of a multiprocessor architecture running a picture-in-picture application","PeriodicalId":353932,"journal":{"name":"2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134319716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"System-Level Energy Management for Periodic Real-Time Tasks","authors":"Hakan Aydin, V. Devadas, Dakai Zhu","doi":"10.1109/RTSS.2006.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS.2006.48","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we consider the system-wide energy management problem for a set of periodic real-time tasks running on a DVS-enabled processor. Our solution uses a generalized power model, in which frequency-dependent and frequency-independent power components are explicitly considered. Further, variations in power dissipations and on-chip/off-chip access patterns of different tasks are encoded in the problem formulation. Using this generalized power model, we show that it is possible to obtain analytically the task-level energy-efficient speed below which DVS starts to affect overall energy consumption negatively. Then, we formulate the system-wide energy management problem as a non-linear optimization problem and provide a polynomial-time solution. We also provide a dynamic slack reclaiming extension which considers the effects of slow-down on the system-wide energy consumption. Our experimental evaluation shows that the optimal solution provides significant (up to 50%) gains over the previous solutions that focused on dynamic CPU power at the expense of ignoring other power components","PeriodicalId":353932,"journal":{"name":"2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133926729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Delay Analysis in Temperature-Constrained Hard Real-Time Systems with General Task Arrivals","authors":"Shengquan Wang, R. Bettati","doi":"10.1109/RTSS.2006.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS.2006.16","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study temperature-constrained hard real-time systems, where real-time guarantees must be met without exceeding safe temperature levels within the processor. Dynamic speed scaling is one of the major techniques to manage power so as to maintain safe temperature levels. As example, we adopt a simple reactive speed control technique in our work. We design a methodology to perform delay analysis for general task arrivals under reactive speed control with first-in-first-out (FIFO) scheduling and static-priority (SP) scheduling. As a special case, we obtain a close-form delay formula for the leaky-bucket task arrival model. Our data show how simple reactive speed control can decrease the delay of tasks compared with any constant-speed scheme","PeriodicalId":353932,"journal":{"name":"2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132896931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Process-Aware Interrupt Scheduling and Accounting","authors":"Y. Zhang, R. West","doi":"10.1109/RTSS.2006.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSS.2006.37","url":null,"abstract":"In most operating systems, the handling of interrupts is typically performed within the address space of the kernel. Moreover, interrupt handlers are invoked asynchronously during the execution of arbitrary processes. Unfortunately, this allows for a process's time quantum to be consumed by arbitrary interrupt handling. To avoid significant impact to process execution and also to respond quickly enough to interrupts, interrupt servicing is usually split into two parts: a \"top\" and \"bottom\" half. The top half executes at interrupt time and is meant to be short enough to complete all necessary actions at the time of the interrupt. In contrast, the bottom half can be deferred to a more suitable point in time to complete servicing of a prior interrupt. Systems such as Linux may defer bottom half handling to a schedulable thread that may be arbitrarily delayed until there are no other processes to execute. A better approach would be to schedule bottom halves in accordance with the priorities of processes that are affected by their execution. Likewise, bottom half processing should be charged to the CPU-time usage of the affected process, or processes, where possible, to ensure fairer and more predictable resource management. This paper describes some of our approaches, both algorithmically and in terms of implementation on a Linux system, to combine interrupt scheduling and accountability. We show significant improvements in predictability of a Linux system by modifying the kernel to more accurately account for interrupt servicing costs and more precisely control when and to what extent interrupts can be serviced","PeriodicalId":353932,"journal":{"name":"2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133574848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}