THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL最新文献

{"title":"New approaches related to the use of polyamine-free and polyamine-deficient diets in the list of nutritional products for COVID-19 patients","authors":"S. Avagyan, A. Zilfyan, A. Muradyan","doi":"10.56936/18290825-2022.16.2-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56936/18290825-2022.16.2-14","url":null,"abstract":"Researches aimed at finding effective means of pathogenic therapy for this viral infection are extremely relevant. Researches of the last three years have established that some human pathogenic coronaviruses – MERS, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, contain aliphatic polyamines in their structure, which participate in the packaging of genetic material (DNA, RNA), as well as the nucleocapsid. Virus-host cell interactions also provide adhesion processes on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane of target cells. In the intracellular space, aliphatic polyamines actively affect the translation and replication processes of the genetic material and necessary proteins of the virus itself, as well as the formation of daughter viruses. Long-term persistence in the SARS-CoV-2 infected organism is largely due to the absorption of polyamines by coronavirus localized in target cells of the blood and parenchymatous organs. Unfortunately, the above new facts did not serve as a prerequisite for finding effective means of pathogenetic therapy for COVID-19, based on the inhibition of polyamine-dependent processes that ensure long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the infected organism. We are talking about specific drugs such as α-difluoromethylornithine and its analogues, which are successfully used in oncology in the complex treatment of malignant neoplasms with the aim of lowering the level of aliphatic polyamines in the affected areas of malignantly transformed organs. We recommend the use of polyamine-free and polyamine-deficient diets for COVID-19 for the first time. In the planned study, we will present tables with food products of animal and vegetable origin, characterized by extremely low content and/or absence of aliphatic polyamines in them. At the same time, food products with a high content of aliphatic polyamines should be excluded from the general list of products recommended for COVID-19 patients. We also recommend the use of a polyamine-deficient diet (with a preventive purpose) during the COVID-19 pandemic to a wide contingent of practically healthy individuals, convalescents, medical staff of specialized infectious disease clinics, as well as family members of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.","PeriodicalId":353660,"journal":{"name":"THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124166817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rationale behind a minimally invasive approach in the treatment of dental fluorosis","authors":"N. Tiunova, S.S. Naberezhnova, N. V. Saperkin, L. V. Vdovina, F.Ju. Daurova, D. Tomaeva, I. M. Chuvarkova","doi":"10.56936/18290825-2022.16.1-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56936/18290825-2022.16.1-87","url":null,"abstract":"Modern epidemiology of dental fluorosis is characterized by its high global prevalence. Dental fluorosis is a chronic disease that develops before teething with prolonged ingestion of water or foods with a high content of fluorine compounds. In Russia, an increased concentration of fluorine in water is detected in more than 20 administrative regions. In addition, endemic areas can be assisted with anthropogenic factors, particularly certain chemical industry. Improvement of the novel treatment methods for fluorosis turns out to be important and relevant. For the treatment of various forms of fluorosis, sufficiently effective materials have been currently developed, characterized by convenience and ease of use, as well as safety for a patient. Their use alone or in combination allows achieving high aesthetic results and maximum patient satisfaction.\u0000The aim of this study is to measure the adhesive strength of the composite filling material to the Icon infiltrant (infiltration concept), as well as to compare it with the adhesion strength of the composite to the enamel using various adhesive systems. Icon was developed by the German company DMG and has been used worldwide since 2000. To assess the adhesive peel strength, 60 teeth with fluorosis and 60 intact teeth were examined. The largest values of the adhesive shear strength were identified in group 2 (the All bond universal adhesive system) and group 4 (the Icon etch), i.e. the approaches which contained MDP polymer. Overall, the results of our experimental study allowed considering the combined usage of the Icon infiltrant and the low-modulus composite material as a promising strategy in a routine dental clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":353660,"journal":{"name":"THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127297100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orthodontic treatment algorithm for patients with positive drug anamnesis. Glucocorticoids","authors":"М.А. Tsvetkova, S. Sohov","doi":"10.56936/18290825-2022.16.1-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56936/18290825-2022.16.1-94","url":null,"abstract":"Glucocorticoids are the most prescribed drugs for the treatment of inflammatory, allergic and autoimmune diseases. However, a wide range of side effects can negatively affect the process of active orthodontic treatment and the stability of results.\u0000The study aimed to identify the side effects of glucocorticoids that negatively affect orthodontic treatment and retention period, to develop an orthodontic treatment algorithm for patients taking glucocorticoids on regular basis in different drug release forms (intra-articular injections, tablets, inhalations, sprays, ointments/creams), to test the algorithm in clinical practice.\u0000An electronic search of published meta-analyzes and systematic reviews included in databases (Cochrane Library, EMBASE and MEDLINE, Web of Science) was used. In clinical part of our own research 348 patients were included with any type of orthodontic pathology (patients age 5-53 years). \u0000The total number of articles found was 23. The algorithm contains clinical recommendations during active treatment and retention period for patients taking glucocorticoids in various drug release forms. Among 348 patients, 27 patients (7.8%) aged 6 to 53 years, used glucocorticoids on regular basis. From them 8 patients (29.6%) used glucocorticoids nasal sprays (beclomethasone, budesonide), 8 patients (29.6%) – ointments/creams (betamethasone, methylprednisolone), 9 patients (33.3%) used corticosteroids by inhalation (budesonide, beclomethasone) and 2 patients (7.4%) – per os 3 patients (11.1%) simultaneously used glucocorticoids in 2 different forms (nasal sprays + inhalations, inhalations + ointments).\u00001. Decreased bone mineral density, a possible skeletal growth retardation in children, increased risk of caries, candidiasis and xerostomia are the most common side effects, which could affect orthodontic treatment negatively. \u00002. For 27 patients (7.8%) treatment plan and orthodontic procedures were carried out in accordance with medical and positive drug anamnesis.","PeriodicalId":353660,"journal":{"name":"THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123676475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial biocenosis of apical periodontitis in the root canal system (Part 1)","authors":"Z. Khabadze, D. Nazarova, Z.M. Suleimanova, Yu. A. Generalova, A. Kotelnikova","doi":"10.56936/18290825-2022.16.1-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56936/18290825-2022.16.1-76","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this review article is to assess systematically the available scientific evidence about difference in microbiota of apical periodontitis in root canals during time and its antibiotic susceptibility.\u0000The study of publications was produced in the electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed during a systematic review of the literature. Included articles contain information about microorganisms in the root canal system of different forms of apical periodontitis. The publication date criterion was selected from January 2000 to December 2012.\u0000Overall 52 articles were reviewed. After analyzing the literature for inclusion criteria, the total number of publications has become 10.\u0000According to literature data, bacteria located in the apical root canal system potentially participate in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic, primary and secondary apical periodontitis. Anaerobic bacteria are dominated with similar proportion of gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. During twelve years there were some changes in microbiota’s community. The most common ones in early 2000 were Streptococcus spp. and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Then in 2008 the leading positions were taken by Olsenella uli, Eikenella corrodens and Porphyromonas endodontalis. Beta-lactams, macrolides, metronidazole are the choices for antibiotic therapy of apical periodontitis, depending on its microbial biocenosis. All authors contributed equally to the writing of the article.","PeriodicalId":353660,"journal":{"name":"THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125214657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Workplace Violence amongst Psychiatric Nurses","authors":"M. Alharthi","doi":"10.56936/18290825-2022.16.3-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56936/18290825-2022.16.3-15","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Violence has increased in the workplace, and in health institutions, as it is an important occupational risk for nurses, as violence against nurses from relatives and patients is a danger, as this is due to the level of frequent contact with patients. \u0000Aim (s): To assess the workplace violence among psychiatric nurses at Eradahh Complex and Mental Health, in Taif, Saudi. \u0000Methods: A Cross-sectional study design was used. We recruited the psychiatric nurses by random probability technique. The study sample consists of psychiatric nurses who are presently working in the Eradahh Complex and Mental Health, Taif, Saudi Arabia, nurses who are in direct contact with psychiatric patients, and nurses who have the desire and voluntary consent to participate in the study selected. The sample size was 141 nurses, and 10 % were added in case of non-response, so the sample size was 141+10=151 psychiatric nurses. \u0000Results: The researcher found that there is a high prevalence of violence in the workplace (90.1%) in the Eradahh Complex and Mental Health in Taif, where the researcher found that the source of Violence in the workplace was patients themselves (90.8%), relatives (42.6%) and visitors (32.6%), in addition to co-workers (25.5%), where the organization must be taken into account to avoid victims of violence in the workplace and create a safe and orderly environment, in addition to a high percentage of nurses who are considering leaving their jobs because of violence in the workplace. \u0000Conclusions: There was an effect of violence in the workplace on the nurses in the Eradahh Mental Health Complex, and there are different types of violence to which they are exposed, as the above led to unsatisfactory results regarding the nurses’ thinking in terms of thinking about leaving work.","PeriodicalId":353660,"journal":{"name":"THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL","volume":"209 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126895844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The characteristics of microbial landscape of the oral cavity in patients with viral hepatitis B, viral hepatitis C and HIV infection","authors":"Vahe Azatyan, L. Yessayan, M. Shmavonyan, K. Porksheyan","doi":"10.56936/18290825-2022.16.4-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56936/18290825-2022.16.4-79","url":null,"abstract":"Viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain a major global public health problem. The microbiota plays a key role in maintaining normal homeostasis, morphogenesis, metabolism and immune system function.\u0000The aim of the study was to examine the most frequently detected oral microorganisms in patients with viral hepatitis B, C and HIV-infection.\u0000The main study group included 135 patients (I group with hepatitis B virus n=45, II group with hepatitis C virus n=45, III group HIV-infection n=45, IV group control group n=45) with oral mucosal lesions in the age range of 18-67 years. The control group involved 45 patients without hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and HIV-infection with oral mucosal lesions, their age fluctuated from 20 to 69. \u0000We have studied the features of the formation of pathological biotopes in the oral cavity of patients with viral hepatitis B, C and HIV. The results of the microbiological examination of the oral cavity showed that the qualitative composition of the microflora did not differ in all main groups studied by us and in the control group. The spectrum of detected microorganisms was represented as pathogenic as well as conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and fungi. The presented data between different types of oral microorganisms will help overcome the limitations of current treatments and identify new targets for the treatment of complex polymicrobial infections. \u0000Taking into account the peculiarities of pathological changes and dysbiotic changes in the oral cavity of patients with viral hepatitis B and C and HIV-infection, it is necessary to develop and implement adapted schemes for individual oral hygiene, and the use of local probiotics in parallel with antiviral treatment of major diseases will lead to the correction of oral cavity microbiocenosis, depending on degree of dysbiotic shift.","PeriodicalId":353660,"journal":{"name":"THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123083443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between the perforation size and patency of eustachian tube and graft uptake in intact canal wall tympanoplasty surgery: a study of 32 benign-type chronic suppurative otitis media patients","authors":"A. Artono, N. Purnami, E. Handoko, I. S. Moon, S. N. Janitra","doi":"10.56936/18290825-2022.16.2-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56936/18290825-2022.16.2-45","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Factors that contribute to the success of Intact canal wall Tympanoplasty have yet to be certainly known. Several studies show varied success rates and success criteria.\u0000Objective: To investigate the correlation between the perforation size and patency of Eustachian Tube and the results of graft uptake on benign-type chronic suppurative otitis media patients that undergo intact canal wall tympanoplasty surgery.\u0000Methods: This research used observational descriptive analysis. The participants were patients diagnosed with benign-type chronic suppurative otitis media who were treated with intact canal wall tympanoplasty surgery in 2018. Data such as demographic data, smoking history, clinical findings including perforation size of tympanic membrane, Eustachian Tube patency, results of pure-tone audiometry examination, results of graft uptake, and type of Tympanoplasty were collected from each participant. The statistic tests in use included contingency coefficient correlation test and Fisher exact test.\u0000Result: Most of the participants were male (53.13%), the average age was 28.03 ± 12.32 years old, and most participants do not smoke (71.87%). The overall graft uptake success rate is 71.87% (n = 23), while the failure rate is 28.12% (n = 9). Pure Tone Average (PTA) was 37.19 dB at pre-op and 25.79 dB at post-op, which is a significant improvement (p=0.000) with average hearing improvement (PTA-Gain) of 15.75 dB. The patent Eustachian Tube functions give the best graft uptake results of 88.90%, followed by partial patency at 75% and non-patent at 40% (p=0.020). The highest average of PTA in non-patent function of the tube is 20.94 dB. Hearing threshold improvement (PTA-Gain) on patent, partial, and non-patent ETF groups differs significantly (p=0.046). Results of graft uptake on small and medium perforation size show the highest rate of (81.80%), followed by large perforation (50%). The highest PTA in total perforation size is (18.90 dB), then medium (15.14 dB), and small (6.22 dB). The perforation size of TM before surgery does not correlate with the success of graft uptake (p=0.297). The size of perforation correlates with improvement of hearing threshold (p=0.011).\u0000Conclusion: Eustachian Tube’s function has correlation with the success of graft uptake and hearing threshold improvement (PTA-Gain), while the perforation size of TM before surgery correlates with hearing threshold improvement (PTA-Gain).","PeriodicalId":353660,"journal":{"name":"THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131381091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Serum Amylase Level Evaluation Facilitate Early Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis, as an adjunctive biomarker?","authors":"H. Motamed, M. Mehrabi","doi":"10.56936/18290825-2022.16.2-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56936/18290825-2022.16.2-60","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Acute Appendicitis is considered as a medical emergency, one of the most prevalent etiologies for acute abdominal pain. Perforated cases of acute appendicitis are possible sequences of late diagnosis. One of the biomarkers that can be a potential target in diagnosis of acute appendicitis is serum amylase level evaluation which this study is focused on. \u0000Material and Method: 627 patients with acute abdominal pain included in the trial. 125 cases out of these 627,18-65 years old patients with acute abdominal pain whom were suspected of appendicitis were undergone appendectomy surgery due to clinical and paraclinical scoring during standard treatment. At arrival serum amylase evaluation was done for all participants. Macroscopic reports of surgery and histopathologic reports have been recorded. Amylase serum level and its correlation with the acute appendicitis diagnosis and their complications were analyzed with the use of variance test, chi-square tests, ROC curve. \u0000Results: Findings showed, in patients with normal appendix, serum amylase level mean was 55.40mg/dl, and in patient with simple acute appendicitis was 33.32mg/dl, and in complicated appendicitis was 62.40mg/dl which had statistically significant differences (P-value=0.003). Data also showed serum amylase level in the diagnosis of complicated appendicitis in the cutting point 34.5, had Sensitivity , specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value 100%, 56%, 64.5% and 100%, and the total accuracy of the test is 75.5%. \u0000Conclusion: Serum amylase level can be used in more precise diagnosis of acute appendicitis, complicated appendicitis as an adjunctive biomarker. possibly it can help that acute appendicitis and its complication get early diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":353660,"journal":{"name":"THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114683481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional melatonin and somatostatin dependent mechanisms in pancreatic incretory activity and in intestinal bacterial homeostasis.","authors":"A. Muradyan","doi":"10.56936/18290825-2022.16.4-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56936/18290825-2022.16.4-6","url":null,"abstract":"For many years, it was generally accepted that melatonin and somatostatin have intracerebral sources of synthesis.\u0000Melatonin is produced in the pineal gland and somatostatin in the hypothalamus. However, there are very informative data regarding the extracerebral sources of melatonin and somatostatin synthesis in numerous literary sources published over the past 60 years. At the same time, the biological purpose of extracerebral somatostatin and melatonin has been insufficiently studied. This article presents the readers with an analysis of modern literature and the results of own researches on the biological role of melatonin and somatostatin produced in the pancreas and intestinal tract.\u0000Under experimental conditions on arginine-induced acute pancreatitis model in rats, structural and hormonal changes were studied in the pancreas, mucosa of the small and large intestines in regional pathological process using morphological, morphometric, immunomorphological and enzyme immunoassay methods.\u0000According to the morphological and morphometric analysis results, gross dystrophic changes in the pancreas and intestinal mucosa were observed at relatively early stages of the pathological process – in 2 and 24 hours after the arginine administration. Immunomorphological studies established that the content of melatonin-positive secretory cells noticeably decreased, especially in the areas of mucosal damage in this very period of the pathological process in pancreas, in the mucous membrane of the small and large intestines. At the same time, the content of somatotropin in blood serum and pancreas markedly increased during the indicated period of the experiment.\u0000Severe dystrophic processes on small intestinal mucosa, which are particularly expressed by inhibition of local melatonin-secreting cell function, apparently exclude the inhibitory effect of melatonin on somatostatin synthesis process in pancreas. It is not excluded that there is a directed activation of pancreatic delta cells responsible for the somatostatin synthesis at relatively early stages of “arginine pancreatitis”.\u0000Based on our own researches in context with available very informative literature data, we can conclude that extrapineal melatonin and extrahypothalamic somatostatin should be given an important role in the integrative activity of organ-digestive system – the pancreas and small intestine.","PeriodicalId":353660,"journal":{"name":"THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129905818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of smear layer removal techniques in the treatment of dental caries","authors":"Z. Khabadze, Ya. A. Negorelova, A. A. Gevorkyan, D. Nazarova, E. Shilyaeva, A. Kotelnikova, O. Mordanov","doi":"10.56936/18290825-2022.16.1-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56936/18290825-2022.16.1-49","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this systematic literature analysis is to review the application features of various types of acids and to determine the most effective etching technique to achieve maximum elimination of the smear layer.\u0000Materials and methods: the analysis of up-to-date Russian and English literature was carried out in Google Scholar and PubMed electronic databases. The analysis identified the features of various etching techniques using phosphoric, maleic and polyacrylic acids to achieve maximum elimination of the smear layer.\u0000Results: during the analysis, 67 articles were examined. After analyzing the literature on the inclusion criteria, the total number of publications amounted 31.\u0000Conclusion: smear layer should be removed using phosphoric or maleic acids according types of tissues: phosphoric acid application used on the enamel, maleic acid is applied on the dentine due to ensure a high-quality adhesive protocol, taking into account the sparing effect on the structural and functional units of tissues. Recommended exposure: applied to the enamel for 15-30 seconds, taking into consideration the type and the molecular weight of the acid. The exposure time of acid on dentin is recommended from 10-15 seconds, but an increase in the exposure time of maleic acid on dentin did not lead to negative changes in the structure of dentin, which significantly distinguishes the use of orthophosphoric acid. Also, static batching is not enough for high-quality treatment, because, in case of static etching, only the internal areas consisting of enamel prisms can be fully etched. Consequently, the use of dynamic etching is recommended. All authors contributed equally to the writing of the article.","PeriodicalId":353660,"journal":{"name":"THE NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131314215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}