USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP最新文献

{"title":"DNA barcoding: A practical tool for the taxonomy and species identification of entomofauna","authors":"I. Szyp-Borowska, K. Sikora","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract DNA barcoding is an innovative system designed to provide rapid, accurate, and automatable species identification by using short, standardized gene regions as internal species codes. The mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) gene was proposed by Paul Hebert as an official marker for animals, because of its small intraspecific but large interspecific variation. Since the launch of the project Barcode of Life, this simple technique has caught the interest of taxonomists, ecologists and plant-quarantine officers charged with the control of pests and invasive species. The great diversity of insects and their importance have made this group a major target for DNA barcoding. In most cases, the identification of insect species by traditional methods based on morphological features requires specialist knowledge and is labor-intensive. DNA barcoding aims at meeting the challenge of monitoring and documenting the biodiversity of insects. The utility of DNA barcoding for identifying small insects, cryptic taxa or rare species, as well as many species of forest entomofauna that are impossible to discriminate morphologically throughout all of their life stages, is a subject discussed in this review. Due to its usefulness, also in Poland in the Forestry Research Institute, a method for identifying selected species of saproxylic beetles based on the sequence of the COI region was developed. In the future, this method will be used to assess the state of biodiversity and the naturalness of forest ecosystems. Therefore, this and other future implications of this promising new technique are also discussed here.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86963346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Scots pine regeneration established by sowing and planting at various times of year","authors":"W. Barzdajn, W. Kowalkowski, Robert Tomczak","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the practical feasibility of two forest regeneration methods using Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. To this end, comparative experiments were established in the Złotoryja and Legnica Forest Districts. The site in Złotoryja had been clear cut, while the experimental plot in Legnica was established at a location damaged by wind in 2009 and cleared from wind throws and wind-broken trees before the experiment. Four different dates for sowing and two for planting were chosen in order to investigate the potential forest regeneration with respect to time. Both experiments were established according to the same design: a complete random block design with five replication blocks. To each plot we applied approximately 53 g (1.2 kg/ha) of seeds and planted 230 seedlings (10 200 seedlings/ha). In 2017, the height of the pine trees was recorded and their increment in height was measured in 2016 as well as 2017. A preliminary analysis of results was conducted using ANOVA for multiple experiments in order to identify significant differences and to then combine variables to form homogeneous groups to which the Duncan multiple range test could be applied. For growth traits, the ANOVA showed significant differences between experimental sights as well as a significant interaction of factors with the experimental site. In terms of planting, April was the most advantageous resulting in the greatest tree height in both forest districts, while in the Legnica Forest District the saplings planted in April also showed the greatest annual increments. Among the sowing dates, the most advantageous was the winter sowing, while the April sowing date produced the least desirable results. In conclusion, both sowing and planting are effective methods to establish pine cultures in coniferous forest. Furthermore, both methods may be performed at the currently recommended spring date, but they may also be postponed to summer and winter dates provided favorable weather conditions prevail.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87025850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges concerning terminology and methodology in forest sciences","authors":"T. Wodzicki","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Commonly used scientific terms and their specific meaning in the context of forest sciences and services were the focus of this article. Special attention was devoted to analyzing the meaning of ecological terminology such as “niche”, “homeostasis”, “natural” and “succession” in order to better understand problems related to the interaction between and within complex biological structures such as forest multi population ecosystems and the human population. Especially the role of Homo sapiens occupying an ecological niche in forest ecosystems, as well as in the Earth’s biosphere, formed the core in this discussion. One important challenge in terms of terminology and methodology concerns the considerable progress and interaction between achievements in the general sciences such as biology, physics, physiology, mathematics, sociology and economy as compared to forest sciences. Challenges are obviously accompanying the development in scientific terminology and are thus an important factor when conveying knowledge to the future doctors of forest sciences.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89231235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using nest-boxes in pine stands of the Augustów Forest","authors":"G. Zawadzki, J. Zawadzki, D. Zawadzka, Anna Sołtys","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 2011–2014, the occupancy of nest-boxes by secondary hole-nesting birds and their breeding success was investigated in pine stands of the Augustów Forest (North-Eastern Poland). In the studied area of 12600 ha, the share of Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris L. in the stands was 92%. On average, birds occupied 54% and bats 3% of the 224–317 nest boxes controlled yearly. Nest boxes were also used by the Pygmy Owl Glaucidium passerinum L. as food caches. In total, broods of nine secondary hole-nesting species were observed, but only four bird species nested in each year of study. The most numerous species, occupying 53–60% of all boxes each year was the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca Pall. The Great Tit Parus major L. occupied 15–24% and the Coal Tit Periparus ater L. 10–12% of available nest-boxes, while the Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus L. used 2–7% of nest boxes. The yearly breeding success was highest for tits (Great Tit – 52–84%, Coal Tit – 50–72%) and strongly variable for the Pied Flycatchers – 38–78%. Broods were lost due to predation by martens Martes sp. (38%) and great spotted woodpeckers Dendrocopos major L. (6%) as well as nest competition (2%). The nest-boxes were occupied at a constant rate during the following four years after their exposition. Over 67% of the new nest-boxes were occupied annually which means new nest-boxes (up to 4 years) were occupied significantly more often than boxes older than 4 years.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85173086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of organic plant material on seed germination and development of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings","authors":"Damian Kwiatkowski, K. Słowiński, Jarosław Knapek","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article we analysed the influence of plant-based organic admixtures on the germination process of seeds and the early development of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings. The intensity of dumpin-off diseases within the culture was recorded after applying each of the admixtures. Organic material of nettle Urtica dioica L., softwood litter, hardwood litter and peat were applied to the nursery substrate in two ways, either as an admixture in crushed form or in granulated form. None of the introduced admixtures influenced the germination of seeds or the survival rate of pine seedlings positively. The best results were obtained with a substrate without admixtures used as a control, which is the most common nursery substrate. The worst seed germination rate was observed on the substrate enriched with the organic material from nettles. In pots with granulated organic material from hardwood litter, significantly more seedlings showed signs of post-emergence dermatitis. In all other cases, there was no clear difference between the crushed or granulated admixture in either germination or survival of seedlings. We furthermore demonstrated that the process of granulating plant material leads to an approximately 10-fold increase in the bulk density of the granulated substance, which translates directly into volume reduction.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85609207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the tourism carrying capacity of hiking trails in the Szczeliniec Wielki and Błędne Skały in Stołowe Mts. National Park","authors":"M. Rogowski","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the tourism carrying capacity on hiking trails in the Szczeliniec Wielki and Błędne Skały. Those attractions are located in the Stołowe Mts. National Park of the Sudetes in the South-Western part of Poland along the border with the Czech Republic. The total area of the Stołowe Mts. NP is 6,340 ha and it contains around 100 km of marked hiking trails. Tourist traffic in the Szczeliniec Wielki and Błędne Skały has its peaks during weekends and holiday periods reaching mass tourism scales. For this reason it is important to establish a clear tourism carrying capacity and to ensure this capacity is not exceeded. In this study, tourism carrying capacity was estimated based on trail width measurements and observations on the visitors’ behavior on trails. As a result an optimal distance between the visitors on a hiking trail was determined to be 4 meters of trail length per person. Whether the tourist carrying capacity was exceeded, was determined by calculating an index based on visitor data collected through the Monitoring System of tourist traffic (MStt). The MStt system consists of 38 infrared traffic counters (pyro-electric sensors) installed at the tourist trail entrances within the Stołowe Mts. National Park borders. Visitor data were aggregated into daily, monthly and annual reports, taking into account the direction of the visitors traffic on the studied hiking trails, i.e., entries only (IN), exits only (OUT) and total passings (IN+OUT). The tourist flow in Stołowe Mts. NP was characterized by its strong fluctuations over time with the carrying capacity index being exceeded only during long weekends and holiday periods. Additionally, the peak in traffic occurred around midday in spring and summer months. During those periods, the average traffic exceeded the hourly tourism carrying capacity by ca. 30%. Significant differences in tourist traffic were due the variability in visitor numbers, time of peak traffic and the dynamics of visitor numbers.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78267636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptation stability of European beech Fagus sylvatica L. after five years of growth","authors":"Jakub Jaźwiński, J. Banach, K. Skrzyszewska, Paulina Strejczek-Jazwinska","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study was focused on the evaluation of beech adaptation on test plots in the Góra Śląska and Świebodzin Forest Districts. For this purpose, we examined offspring from seed stands of beech growing in the Regional Directorates of State Forests in Szczecin, Szczecinek, Piła, Zielona Góra and Poznań, which were brought to both test plots. The aim was to determine the adaptive response of the offspring from these stands after five years of growth with respect to the changed environmental conditions compared to the site of origin. Our analysis revealed a relatively low survival rate, which was 60.8% and 72.2% in Góra Śląska and Świebodzin respectively. Interestingly, beeches grown on the plot in Góra Śląska were about 40% higher than those grown in Świebodzin (77.6 cm). The trees from both plots were significantly different from each other in terms of the analysed features and a significant interaction was observed between the test plot and the site of origin. However, the variability in the adaptive response of the seedlings was large. Using a regression coefficient and the average height value, we determined the seedlings’ stability, which indicated high quality in offspring from the beech stand in the Łopuchówko Forest District (Buczyna forest range, sub-compartment 95n) and a high degree of adaptation to growth in adverse environmental conditions. Our results also indicate a low survival rate and reduced height of beech offspring from commercial seed stands (local standard).","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77415005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New data on the occurrence of buprestid beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in the Białowieża Primeval Forest","authors":"J. Gutowski, R. Królik, J. Ługowoj, K. Sućko, J. Sweeney","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this work was to expand current knowledge on the species composition and distribution of the jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF) based on research conducted in 2000–2018 and a literature review. The BPF is considered the best-preserved forest of the European lowland and is a reference point for all forest research. Thus, knowledge of its fauna is vital. This research was conducted and incorporated the whole Polish part of the BPF, including Białowieża National Park (BNP), using standard methods for the faunistic studies of terrestrial beetles. We also investigated potential microhabitats of saproxylic buprestid beetles and reared larvae from inhabited host material. Collected larvae and/or pupae were identified in the laboratory or grown to the adult stage. However, most specimens were collected using various traps (Lindgren, Moericke, Netocia barrier type and IBL-2), especially traps placed in the upper tree canopy. Two species previously unrecorded in the BPF (Agrilus graminis, A. mendax) and new information on several of the rarest central European Buprestidae species (Buprestis splendens, Eurythyrea quercus, Anthaxia chevrieri, Chrysobothris chrysostigma, Agrilus antiquus croaticus, A. ater, A auricollis, A. convexicollis, A. pseudocyaneus) are presented here. Currently, 54 species of Buprestidae are known to occur in the BPF area, of which 49 were collected from the Polish part and 26 from the Belarusian part, while two species (Dicerca berolinensis and Eurythyrea austriaca) have no specified location data. Up to 39 species of buprestid beetles have been found in the BNP, which covers about 17% of the Polish part of BPF. We also provide an original key for differentiating Agrilus nicolanus – a species recently discovered in Poland (BPF and Biebrza Valley), that was previously known to occur only in Asia and the Lipetsk region in the European part of Russia – from the Agrilus betuleti species group. In conclusion, the BPF is an important refugium of buprestid beetle richness, including known forest relics.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81055350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Getting to know the potential of social media in forest education","authors":"Radosław Lewoń, E. Pirożnikow","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The development of social network sites not only facilitates the acquisition and deepening of knowledge but also provides the possibility of easily contacting foresters, specialists in natural sciences and nature enthusiasts. In addition, for some years already, Internet users have been able to make use of websites operated by institutions and participate in nature-related social network groups. The purpose of our survey was to evaluate the possibility of using the main fanpage of the State Forests and virtual nature groups in Poland and Great Britain to propagate knowledge about nature and forestry. The aim was to verify the recipient groups and explore the benefits derived by users from informal forest education as well as to determine how they assess the work of foresters or the reliability of the provided content posted on the portals. The research found that the majority of respondents use portals to gain knowledge and communicate with specialists whilst social networks are a motivating factor encouraging people to take advantage of recreation in forest areas by collecting mushrooms and herbs. Our results clearly point out the advantages and disadvantages of the State Forests’ fanpage and other nature-related social groups. The importance of social networks in education and communicating with the public is steadily increasing. Therefore, social networking websites should be refined and accommodate the constantly-changing needs of society as well as allow members of virtual groups to converse with foresters. The State Forests should support nature-related groups in attracting real enthusiasts. Organisational and substantive support for these groups would allow an increase in ecological awareness and knowledge about forest management directly from the practitioners.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76073161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the natural and artificial regeneration of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. stands in the Forest District Nowa Dęba","authors":"J. Długosiewicz, S. Zając, Emilia Wysocka-Fijorek","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main purpose of this article was to highlight the potential for enhancing positive silvicultural effects and their dependency on the management method in Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. stands. We therefore assessed the impact of natural and artificial regeneration on vitality and health, compaction, surface coverage and seedlings height. Another important goal was to assess the severity of damage in the selected forest sites. A comparative analysis was carried out based on results from field work conducted in the autumn 2010 in the Forest District Nowa Dęba. As part of this field work, also the breeding quality of the analyzed pine renewals was assessed. The obtained results indicate that natural regeneration of Scots pine under the conditions of a fresh coniferous forest as well as a fresh mixed coniferous forest is the most reasonable management practice. In wet mixed coniferous forests however, the naturally regenerating Scots pine seedlings are of lower silvicultural quality and growth parameter values compared to those in artificially regenerated stands. In fresh mixed broadleaved forests, naturally regenerated Scot pine trees showed slightly lower silvicultural quality and vitality than artificially regenerated trees. Our results indicate furthermore that there are indeed conditions under which the restoration of Scots pine in the Nowa Dęba Forest District using natural regeneration is preferable. We also found that the employed method of renewing has a significant impact on pine growth parameters in the moist mixed coniferous forest habitat. Naturally renewing pines are characterized by a lower overall viability, but at the same time natural regeneration provides a larger number of individuals with the best viability (1st vitality class), which can be a valuable selection basis for trees used in breeding.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89422359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}