Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL)最新文献_第5页

Penyisihan Fosfat dan Amonium Pada Air Limbah Menggunakan Presipitasi Struvite Dengan Penambahan Bittern 磷酸化和废水中的铵使用结构沉淀与胎面加法

Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) Pub Date : 2022-03-27 DOI: 10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1185

Adhi Setiawan, Falenia Firdatul Jannah, Tarikh Azis Ramadani, T. Dewi

{"title":"Penyisihan Fosfat dan Amonium Pada Air Limbah Menggunakan Presipitasi Struvite Dengan Penambahan Bittern","authors":"Adhi Setiawan, Falenia Firdatul Jannah, Tarikh Azis Ramadani, T. Dewi","doi":"10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1185","url":null,"abstract":"The fertilizer industry generally produces wastewater with relatively high ammonium and phosphate content, so processing is necessary so as not to cause eutrophication effects that harm the environment. Struvite precipitation with bittern media was an alternative method to remove struvite content in wastewater. This study aimed to analyze the effect of pH and molar ratio [Mg2+] : [NH4+] : [PO43-] on the struvite precipitation process in reducing the ammonium and phosphate content in the artificial wastewater of the fertilizer industry and to characterize the struvite obtained from the precipitation process. The precipitation process was conducted in batches with various pH and molar ratios [Mg2+]: [NH4+]: [PO43-]. The variation of pH used is 8−10. The molar ratios used are 1.5 : 1.0 : 1.0 and 3.0 : 1.0 : 1.0. Struvite characterization was conducted using SEM-EDX and XRD methods. The results showed that pH and molar ratio had an effect on the efficiency of removal ammonium and phosphate using struvite precipitation. The best pH value and molar ratio that can be used to remove content of ammonium and phosphate is at pH 9 with a molar ratio of [Mg2+] : [NH4+] : [PO43-] 3.0 : 1.0 : 1.0 which results in the removal efficiency of 86.50% and 99.96% respectively. The morphology of struvite obtained from precipitation is irregular rod-shaped with an average size of 28.53 μm. XRD results have detected peaks indicating the struvite phase.","PeriodicalId":351721,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128478224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Pengaruh Kecepatan Udara Primer Dan Sekunder Terhadap Kenerja Kompor Biomassa Berbahan Bakar Cangkang Kemiri 主要和次要空气速度对热壳燃料生物燃料炉子Kenerja的影响

Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) Pub Date : 2022-03-27 DOI: 10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1200

Sopyan Ali Rohman, Abdurrahman Abdurrahman, Shafwan Amrullah

{"title":"Pengaruh Kecepatan Udara Primer Dan Sekunder Terhadap Kenerja Kompor Biomassa Berbahan Bakar Cangkang Kemiri","authors":"Sopyan Ali Rohman, Abdurrahman Abdurrahman, Shafwan Amrullah","doi":"10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1200","url":null,"abstract":"Household energy need in Indonesia, especially for cooking, are still dominated by LPG fossil fuels with 70% of LPG needs being imported. On the other hand, the availability of biomass waste, especially candlenut shells, is abundant. One way to optimize the use of candlenut shells is to use candlenut shells as fuel for biomass stoves by optimizing the efficiency of biomass stoves. In this study, a biomass stove with primary and secondary airflow was used with a combustion chamber diameter of 200 mm and a height of 340 mm. The biomass waste used is candlenut shells as fuel. The purpose of this study was to explain the increase in the performance of a biomass stove fueled with candlenut shell which is influenced by primary and secondary air velocity. Biomass stove testing includes thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, CO and CO2 emissions. The performance test results show that the biomass stove with a primary air velocity of 3.7 m/s, a secondary air velocity of 3.7 m/s has the highest thermal efficiency of 45.77%. The lowest specific fuel consumption is obtained from a biomass stove with a primary air velocity of 1.5 m/s, a secondary air velocity of 1.5 m/s, which is 0.583 kg/hour, and the emission test results show that complete combustion occurs with 0% CO emotion. on all air velocity variables studied.","PeriodicalId":351721,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116973827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analisis Pupuk Organik Cair Limbah Industri Tahu Dan Air Cucian Beras 豆腐、豆腐、有机肥料和大米水分析

Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) Pub Date : 2022-03-27 DOI: 10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1101

S. Sukmawati, Sufi Ainun Nisa, Ardi Pratama, Fadli Nur Fauzi

{"title":"Analisis Pupuk Organik Cair Limbah Industri Tahu Dan Air Cucian Beras","authors":"S. Sukmawati, Sufi Ainun Nisa, Ardi Pratama, Fadli Nur Fauzi","doi":"10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1101","url":null,"abstract":"Domestic waste contains good organic matter for plant growth. One of the domestic wastes owned by each house is rice washing water. In addition, the tofu industry is also widely found in Indonesia, one of which is Cilacap City. The content of organic matter possessed by the two wastes is a source of plants. To reduce the environment, this waste can be used as raw material for making liquid organic fertilizer (POC). In addition to being environmentally friendly, the raw materials used are also easy to find. This study aims to analyze pH, temperature and levels of C-Organic in liquid organic fertilizer from tofu industrial waste and rice washing water. The manufacture of liquid fertilizer is carried out using the anaerobic method, which utilizes bacteria that are active without oxygen through a fermentation process for 14 days. To determine the effect of adding EM4 and molasses, compositional variations were carried out on samples of liquid fertilizer, namely KO, P1, P2, and P3 with molasses volume sequentially 0 grams, 5 grams, 5 grams, 10 grams. Meanwhile, the volume of EM4 added sequentially is 0%, 5%, 10% and 5%. Measurements of pH and temperature were carried out every 4 days, but measurements of C-Organic were carried out at the beginning and end of the mini-research. The final pH of POC was in accordance with quality standards with KO = 4.5 and P1, P2 and P3 = 4. The final temperature of KO samples was 29.5ᵒC, P1 29ᵒC, P2 and P3 28.5ᵒC. The highest organic-C content was owned by the knockout sample, which was 0.00297. All samples in this mini research are not included in liquid organic fertilizer (POC) but can be classified as nutrients for soil improvement.","PeriodicalId":351721,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130983192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pengaruh EM4 Terhadap Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Tahu Menjadi Pupuk Organik Cair EM4对工业废水处理的影响变成了液体有机肥料

Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) Pub Date : 2022-03-21 DOI: 10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1097

Nabilah Rizqi Qurrotu'aini, Mintan Mawarni, Yoshua Beay, Nurrochman Nurrochman

{"title":"Pengaruh EM4 Terhadap Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Tahu Menjadi Pupuk Organik Cair","authors":"Nabilah Rizqi Qurrotu'aini, Mintan Mawarni, Yoshua Beay, Nurrochman Nurrochman","doi":"10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1097","url":null,"abstract":"Household waste contains high enough organic pollutants which can be used as raw material for liquid organic fertilizer. The addition of EM4 (Effective Microorganisms) in the manufacture of fertilizers aims to accelerate the process of making organic fertilizers effectively and EM4 can also improve the quality of the fertilizer. The method used in the manufacture of this fertilizer is an anaerobic method. The tofu industry liquid waste is accommodated in tubs that have been labeled A and B. Then the same treatment is given, namely the addition of 750 mL of coconut water for every 3 liters of tofu industrial liquid waste and 90 grams of granulated sugar in each tub. In the tub labeled B, 90 mL of EM4 was added. The tub to which these ingredients have been added is then closed tightly and fermented for 14 days. Parameters tested include pH, temperature and also levels of C-Organic. After 14 days of fermentation, the pH obtained was 4. The pH of the liquid organic fertilizer decreased because the C-Organic decomposed in the fermentation of this liquid organic fertilizer into organic acids. C-Organic content after fermentation for sample A was 0.57% and C-Organic content for sample B was 0.42%. The low levels of C-Organic are due to the addition of EM4 during the fermentation process which can break down compounds such as carbohydrates and proteins into simpler compounds that can later be utilized by plants. This standard of liquid organic fertilizer is adjusted to the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture no. 70/Permentan/SR.140/10/2011. Liquid organic fertilizer with the addition of EM4 will affect the yield of C-Organic content.","PeriodicalId":351721,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117154376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Karakteristik Karbon Aktif Tempurung Kluwak (Pangium edule) Sebagai Adsorben Pada Penjerapan Methylene Blue 克鲁瓦克壳的活性碳特征是吸收蓝色甲基林的化合物

Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) Pub Date : 2022-03-21 DOI: 10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1091

Andi Musfirah Adhar, Isma Ayu Ningsih Putri Zainal, Farham Farham, Ida Adriani Idris, Haera Setiawati, Yuliani Hr

{"title":"Karakteristik Karbon Aktif Tempurung Kluwak (Pangium edule) Sebagai Adsorben Pada Penjerapan Methylene Blue","authors":"Andi Musfirah Adhar, Isma Ayu Ningsih Putri Zainal, Farham Farham, Ida Adriani Idris, Haera Setiawati, Yuliani Hr","doi":"10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1091","url":null,"abstract":"Kluwak (Pangium edule) is a plant that the seeds are used as a seasoning, to produce waste in the form of kluwak shells that the application has not been widely used by the community. This study aims to utilize the carbonized kluwak shell waste as an adsorbent for the absorption of methylene blue, by activating them using potassium hydroxide (KOH) to increase the adsorption ability of the adsorbent. Variations in the concentrations of KOHused are 0, 1, 3, and 5 M and concentrations of methylene blue solution 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 ppm. The study reviewed how the characteristics of the kluwak shell as an adsorbent on the absorption of methylene blue, including absorption percentage, maximum adsorption capacity through Langmuir equation, adsorbent morphology through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis, and surface area. The adsorption process in this study took place in batches for 90 minutes using a shaker with speed of 300 rpm with volume methylene blue solution as much as 50 mL and the weight of the kluwak shell carbon without activation, and KOH 1, 3, and 5 M activated kluwak shell carbon as much as 0.15 g. The results showed that the higher the concentration of KOH, the higher the average adsorption percentage and maximum adsorption capacity. The amount of the average percent absorption, maximum adsorption capacity, and the largest surface area were on the kluwak shell carbon activated by KOH 5 M, were respectively 97.69%; 48.082mg/g; and 174.17 m2/g. The SEM results analysis showed that activated kluwak shell carbon of 5 M KOH had a larger particle size and pore shape, had a more unified shape, and a flake structure than without activation.","PeriodicalId":351721,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127985109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Efektifitas Reaktor Pengolahan Limbah Cair Laboratorium Menggunakan Arang Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao) 使用可可荚壳炭（可可豆）处理实验室液体废物反应器的效果

Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) Pub Date : 2020-10-31 DOI: 10.35970/jppl.v2i2.338

Pabbenteng Pabbenteng, Puspitasari Puspitasari

引用次数: 0

PENGARUH AMONIA DALAM LARUTAN TERHADAP KAPASITAS ADSORPSI UREA DENGAN KARBON BERPORI 氨在溶液中的作用对尿素的多孔碳吸收能力的影响

Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) Pub Date : 2019-09-26 DOI: 10.35970/jppl.v1i01.47

Imam Prasetyo, Theresia Evila, Teguh Ariyanto

{"title":"PENGARUH AMONIA DALAM LARUTAN TERHADAP KAPASITAS ADSORPSI UREA DENGAN KARBON BERPORI","authors":"Imam Prasetyo, Theresia Evila, Teguh Ariyanto","doi":"10.35970/jppl.v1i01.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35970/jppl.v1i01.47","url":null,"abstract":"Urea is a primary nitrogen source for plant. Conventional urea fertilizer is made from reaction between ammonia and carbon dioxide. Wastewater of urea manufacture usually contains urea ammonia in a high concentration. They can be as high as 650-4000 ppm urea and 100 – 1300 ppm ammonia/m3 wastewater. High concentrated urea and ammonia disposal to environment may lead to eutrophication in aquatic ecosystem which cause adverse impact to aquatic organism. Therefore, treatment to take urea up from urea manufacture wastewater is of interest that give double benefits : reduce urea from wastewater to meet an environmentally safe condition and obtain a low cost urea fertilizer for plant. The purpose of this study is to determine urea adsorption capacity of porous carbon in aqueous solution contains ammonia. The porous carbon as adsorbent was made from coconut shell by pyrolisis. Oxidation treatment of carbon surface was performed using sulfuric acid (50%w) at 90oC temperature for 2 hours. The adsorption was conducted at room temperature with initial urea concentration in the range of 500-8000 ppm using urea-ammonia solution as simulation liquid. Results reveal that urea adsorption capacity increase significantly 41%.in urea-ammonia solution compare to urea solution, that is in the range of 27-444 mg/g carbon.","PeriodicalId":351721,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115135930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

REVIEW POTENSI TANAMAN OBAT AKAR WANGI (Vetiveria Zizanioides) SEBAGAI TANAMAN HIPERAKUMULATOR DALAM FITOREMIDIASI PADA LAHAN TERCEMAR LOGAM. 对受金属污染土地的植物(学名Vetiveria zizaniodes)的潜在影响。

Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) Pub Date : 2019-09-26 DOI: 10.35970/jppl.v1i01.55

Rosita Dwityaningsih, Ayu Pramita, Sumayya Syarafina

引用次数: 2

SILIKA BEBAS NATRIUM DARI LIMBAH SEKAM PADI SEBAGAI BAHAN DASAR PEMBUATAN MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE

Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) Pub Date : 2019-09-26 DOI: 10.35970/jppl.v1i01.38

Leny Yuliatun, Anissa Riyawati, Nuryono Nuryono

{"title":"SILIKA BEBAS NATRIUM DARI LIMBAH SEKAM PADI SEBAGAI BAHAN DASAR PEMBUATAN MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE","authors":"Leny Yuliatun, Anissa Riyawati, Nuryono Nuryono","doi":"10.35970/jppl.v1i01.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35970/jppl.v1i01.38","url":null,"abstract":"One of the basic ingredients of making White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) was silica. The sources of silica was from white rice husk ash (RHA) and silica extracted from RHA. Silica could be extracted from natural ingredients in the form of rice husk ash. The purpose of this study were to extract silica from rice husk ash and purify the silica extracted by washing using distilled water to free sodium, so that it could be used as the basic ingredient in making MTA. Sodium was a hygroscopic metal that could cause the presence of pores in MTA material if applied to the teeth. The amount of washing volume varies to a certain volume which indicates that silica was free Na. Based on the results of the experiment it could be concluded that the washing of silica by stirring with distilled water would produce free Na silica by washing 450 mL. This wasnot proven at peak 2θ (30⁰), as well as proof of the presence of silanol and siloxane groups before and after washing with FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, the washing volume also affects the intensity of the –OH peak in wave numbers 1635,64 cm-1 the more volume used, the intensity of the –OH group increases, so that the water hydrated in silica also increases. Silica free Na would be used as the starting material for making MTA which was applied to teeth medicament or root canal treatment","PeriodicalId":351721,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132227815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

STUDI STABILITAS SISTEM SUB SURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND (SSF-CW) MENGGUNAKAN TANAMAN MELATI AIR DAN MEDIA TANAM ZEOLIT DALAM MENURUNKAN LOGAM Hg sf - cw利用茉莉花水和培养基种植ZEOLIT降低Hg金属

Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) Pub Date : 2019-09-26 DOI: 10.35970/jppl.v1i01.41

Angge Dhevi Warisaura, Ilma Fadlilah, Agus Prasetya, M. Fahrurrozi

{"title":"STUDI STABILITAS SISTEM SUB SURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND (SSF-CW) MENGGUNAKAN TANAMAN MELATI AIR DAN MEDIA TANAM ZEOLIT DALAM MENURUNKAN LOGAM Hg","authors":"Angge Dhevi Warisaura, Ilma Fadlilah, Agus Prasetya, M. Fahrurrozi","doi":"10.35970/jppl.v1i01.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35970/jppl.v1i01.41","url":null,"abstract":"Amalgamation to gold in artisanal small scale generally uses mercury (Hg) that decrease the quality of environment especially water. A study of mercury artisanal small scale gold mine waste water was conducted by utilizing simple technology using Sub Surface Flow - Constructed Wetland (SSF-CW) system. This system is a combination of phytoremediation methods using Echinodorus palaefolius plant with zeolite as growth media. The purpose of this study was to determine the stability of SSF-CW in reducing Hg concentration in water. This SSF-CW system model has dimensions of 820 mm x 320 mm x 585 mm consisting of 3 zones, namely the inlet zone, the reaction zone and the outlet zone. The study was conducted with an initial HgCl2 waste concentration of 14.94 mg / L which was carried out in two stages, continuous and batch for 12 hours and lasted for 3 days for each stage. Effluent samples were taken every 0 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, and 12 hours for mercury concentration analysis using Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA). The result showed that SSF-CW could support the process of reducing Hg concentration n wastewater with removal efficiency of 98.99%. Echinodorus had the ability to accumulate metals with a BCF value of 9,117. and the accumulation of Hg in the zeolite (as growth media) was still far from the saturated capacity to absorb mercury","PeriodicalId":351721,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL)","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132920635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0