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A legal review of sieges in modern war 现代战争中围攻的法律回顾
Journal of Slavic Military Studies Pub Date : 2022-07-27 DOI: 10.2478/jms-2022-0002
Amos C. Fox, Beau Watkins
{"title":"A legal review of sieges in modern war","authors":"Amos C. Fox, Beau Watkins","doi":"10.2478/jms-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the relationship between Western military doctrine, international law, and the impact of sieges in war. This paper examines three case studies – the battles of Mosul (2016–2017), the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport (2014–2015), and Ghouta – to analyze the effect of international law on the conduct of sieges and how that impacts the attacker, the besieged, and the innocent bystanders. In the end, we find that Western military doctrine is inadequate to address siege situations, which in turn can result in mishandling siege situations from an international law standpoint. Additionally, we find that international law, as well as applied law, provides the actors therein sufficient leeway to create the conditions for the siege to continue to be used well into the future.","PeriodicalId":35160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Slavic Military Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"8 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75685677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Supporting military maintenance and repair with additive manufacturing 用增材制造支持军事维修
Journal of Slavic Military Studies Pub Date : 2022-07-27 DOI: 10.2478/jms-2022-0003
Samu Rautio, Ilari Valtonen
{"title":"Supporting military maintenance and repair with additive manufacturing","authors":"Samu Rautio, Ilari Valtonen","doi":"10.2478/jms-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of the study is to explore whether Additive Manufacturing (AM) can support the military maintenance and repair of combat troops at isolated tactical level maintenance sites. The study also sought an explanation as to how AM could be organised in military logistics. The subject was approached from a systemic perspective. A system dynamics modelling was used as an impact assessment method. When selecting the parameters used in the model, the 3D printing data of the spare parts printed on the MTLB armoured personnel carrier (APC) were utilised. With simulation, we identified several key nodes for replacing or enhancing conventional military logistics with an AM added supply chain. As a result of the study, it was identified that by adding metal AM to the mechanised battalion organic maintenance and repair at the field level, it can produce spare parts whose use will improve APC recovery in the event of failure. We found that the relatively slow production speed of AM is the most influential factor in the use of the method. This study introduces a new perspective on reviewing the potential of AM in military logistics.","PeriodicalId":35160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Slavic Military Studies","volume":"44 1","pages":"23 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90713218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unifying loyalty: a grounded theory about tactical officers’ challenges when leading licensed medical personnel in combat zones 统一忠诚:关于战术军官在战区领导持证医务人员时所面临的挑战的扎根理论
Journal of Slavic Military Studies Pub Date : 2022-07-04 DOI: 10.2478/jms-2022-0001
Kristina Lundberg, S. Kjellström, A. Sandgren
{"title":"Unifying loyalty: a grounded theory about tactical officers’ challenges when leading licensed medical personnel in combat zones","authors":"Kristina Lundberg, S. Kjellström, A. Sandgren","doi":"10.2478/jms-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives The aim was to explore the tactical officers’ (TOs) main concerns when leading licensed medical personnel (LMP) in combat zones and how they resolved them. Methods A classic grounded theory was chosen in order to develop a theory, which explained and conceptualized the TOs behaviors. Ten individual interviews and five informal conversations were conducted with TOs with various ranks, experienced in leading LMPs on military operations in Afghanistan, Mali and/or Aden (outside the coast of Somalia). Results The theory unifying loyalty explains how TOs handle the challenges when leading LMP. To create loyalty TOs use four strategies: executing orders, clearing out roles, marking limits and clarifying rules and laws. These strategies can be used by two leadership styles, hierarchical and democratic. Conclusions In order to fulfill the military duties it is essential to unify LMP in the unit, which is a challenge since LMP experience dual loyalty. The main goal for TOs is to ensure and maintain stability and do the military duties when being in combat zones and that requires using both leadership styles, depending on what the conditions in combat zones requires.","PeriodicalId":35160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Slavic Military Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"1 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76059577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Predicting army cadets’ performance: The role of character strengths, GPA and GMA 对军校学员绩效的预测:性格优势、GPA和GMA的作用
Journal of Slavic Military Studies Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jms-2021-0016
Henning Bang, Fredrik A Nilsen, O. Boe, D. Eilertsen, O. C. Lang-Ree
{"title":"Predicting army cadets’ performance: The role of character strengths, GPA and GMA","authors":"Henning Bang, Fredrik A Nilsen, O. Boe, D. Eilertsen, O. C. Lang-Ree","doi":"10.2478/jms-2021-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2021-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how well a set of 12 character strengths (Leadership, Integrity, Open-Mindedness, Bravery, Teamwork, Persistence, Social Intelligence, Love of Learning, Fairness, Self-Regulation, Perspective and Creativity) will predict academic performance (AP) and military performance (MP), compared to high school grade point average (GPA) and general mental ability (GMA). The study sample comprised 123 army cadets of two cohorts from the three-year bachelor's degree programme at the Norwegian Military Academy (NMA). GPA predicted AP (r = 0.32, p ≤ 0.05), but not MP (r = 0.14, n.s.), while GMA correlated significantly with neither AP nor MP. All 12 character strengths correlated significantly with MP (rs ranging from 0.27 to 0.65), and all except for Fairness correlated significantly with AP (rs ranging from 0.18 to 0.58). An average score of the 12 character strengths showed incremental validity beyond GMA and GPA in predicting both AP and MP. Our results suggest that character strengths should be considered when selecting and training army cadets.","PeriodicalId":35160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Slavic Military Studies","volume":"78 1","pages":"139 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89389720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Siting military base camps through an MCDA framework 通过MCDA框架确定军事基地营地
Journal of Slavic Military Studies Pub Date : 2021-11-07 DOI: 10.2478/jms-2021-0014
J. Cegan, Maureen S. Golan
{"title":"Siting military base camps through an MCDA framework","authors":"J. Cegan, Maureen S. Golan","doi":"10.2478/jms-2021-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2021-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The process used to determine site suitability for military base camps lacks a formal framework for reducing relative risks to soldier safety and maximise mission effectiveness. Presently, military personnel responsible for determining site suitability of a base camp must assess large amounts of geographic, socioeconomic and logistical data, without a decision analysis framework to aid in the process. By adopting a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework to determine site suitability of base camps, battlespace commanders can make better, more defensible decisions. This paper surveys US Army officers with recent base camp experience to develop a set of initial criteria and weights relevant to base camp site selection. The developed decision framework is demonstrated using an MCDA methodology in an illustrative example to compare alternative base camp locations within a designated Area of Interest (AoI). Leveraging the site ranking output and/or criteria weights resulting from the methodology provides decision-making support that can be used in the field when time, resources and data may not be readily available.","PeriodicalId":35160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Slavic Military Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"10 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82570989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An examination of authentic leadership as an individual and social factor of resilience 作为个人和社会弹性因素的真实领导的检验
Journal of Slavic Military Studies Pub Date : 2021-11-07 DOI: 10.2478/jms-2021-0015
John W. Gaddy, S. Gonzalez
{"title":"An examination of authentic leadership as an individual and social factor of resilience","authors":"John W. Gaddy, S. Gonzalez","doi":"10.2478/jms-2021-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2021-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Resilient qualities, which derive from protective factors, enable an individual to balance exposure to vulnerabilities in military service and throughout life. Protective factors arise from within an individual, from social factors, and from an individual's environment. Research on social factors, such as strong leadership and peer relationships, continues to emerge and significantly relate to resilience. Of specific interest to organisations is how perceptions of leadership contribute to resilience as an individual and social protective factor. Knowing more about how soldiers perceive themselves on authentic leadership and resilience would better help researchers and practitioners understand the contribution of leadership on perceived resilience. The current study examined the perception of authentic leadership in self and first-line leaders with resilience in a population of 179 soldiers (N = 179; M = 26.86 years, SD = 6.42). The results noted a significant correlation between the perception of authentic leadership in oneself and resilience (r = 0.506, p < 0.001). A subsequent analysis examining the perception of authentic leadership in one's first-line leader and subordinate resilience was also significant (r = 0.394, p < 0.001), supporting previous findings. These results demonstrate that perceptions of leadership matter as an individual and social factor in military personnel.","PeriodicalId":35160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Slavic Military Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"38 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80537598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Nuclear warfare beyond counterforce 反作用力之外的核战争
Journal of Slavic Military Studies Pub Date : 2021-10-09 DOI: 10.2478/jms-2021-0012
Mark Gallagher, Michael Cevallos
{"title":"Nuclear warfare beyond counterforce","authors":"Mark Gallagher, Michael Cevallos","doi":"10.2478/jms-2021-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2021-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A counterforce attack intends to disable an opponent's nuclear arsenal to limit potential damage from that adversary. We postulate a future when hardening and deeply burying fixed sites, transition to mobile strategic systems, and improved defences make executing a counterforce strategy against an adversary's nuclear forces extremely difficult. Additionally, our postulated future has multiple nations possessing nuclear weapons. Consequently, each country needs to consider multiple actors when addressing the question of how to deter a potential adversary's nuclear attack. We examine six nuclear targeting alternatives and consider how to deter them. These strategies include nuclear demonstration, conventional military targets, and attacks consisting of communications/electronics, economic, infrastructure, and population centers that a nation might consider striking with nuclear weapons. Since these alternative strikes require only a few nuclear weapons, executing one of them would not significantly shift the balance of nuclear forces. The attacking country's remaining nuclear forces may inhibit the attacked country or its allies from responding. How can nations deter these limited nuclear attacks? Potentially, threatening economic counter-strikes seems to be the best alternative. How might escalation be controlled in the event of a limited attack? Other instruments of power, such as political or economic, might be employed to bolster deterrence against these types of nuclear strikes.","PeriodicalId":35160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Slavic Military Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86044622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Siting military base camps through an MCDA framework 通过MCDA框架确定军事基地营地
Journal of Slavic Military Studies Pub Date : 2021-09-29 DOI: 10.2478/jms-2021-0011
J. Cegan, Maureen S. Golan
{"title":"Siting military base camps through an MCDA framework","authors":"J. Cegan, Maureen S. Golan","doi":"10.2478/jms-2021-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2021-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The process used to determine site suitability for military base camps lacks a formal framework for reducing relative risks to soldier safety and maximise mission effectiveness. Presently, military personnel responsible for determining site suitability of a base camp must assess large amounts of geographic, socioeconomic and logistical data, without a decision analysis framework to aid in the process. By adopting a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework to determine site suitability of base camps, battlespace commanders can make better, more defensible decisions. This paper surveys US Army officers with recent base camp experience to develop a set of initial criteria and weights relevant to base camp site selection. The developed decision framework is demonstrated using an MCDA methodology in an illustrative example to compare alternative base camp locations within a designated Area of Interest (AoI). Leveraging the site ranking output and/or criteria weights resulting from the methodology provides decision-making support that can be used in the field when time, resources and data may not be readily available.","PeriodicalId":35160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Slavic Military Studies","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83208023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Greece as a frontline state in the historical longue durée 希腊作为一个历史悠久的前线国家
Journal of Slavic Military Studies Pub Date : 2021-09-29 DOI: 10.2478/jms-2021-0010
I. Kotoulas
{"title":"Greece as a frontline state in the historical longue durée","authors":"I. Kotoulas","doi":"10.2478/jms-2021-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2021-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Greece as a state in South-eastern Europe and the Mediterranean has perceived itself as a frontline state, especially after it became a NATO member in 1952 along with Turkey. The two states formed the south-eastern flank of NATO and along with Iran constituted the Greece, Turkey, Iran (GTI) Corridor, part of Rimland. Greece’s strategic value stemmed from its frontline position in relation to the Eastern Bloc. After the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc, Greece has reinvented itself as a frontline state, this time in the Mediterranean Sea. We use the historical notion of longue durée and loci of Classical Geopolitics, such as Heartland and Rimland, to assess Greece’s strategic value in the long period. We also propose an additional spatial unity, the New Rimland.","PeriodicalId":35160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Slavic Military Studies","volume":"37 1","pages":"82 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85923838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Military thoracic gunshot wounds: A systematic review 军事胸部枪伤:系统回顾
Journal of Slavic Military Studies Pub Date : 2021-09-29 DOI: 10.2478/jms-2021-0009
A. Pullen, D. Kieser, G. Hooper
{"title":"Military thoracic gunshot wounds: A systematic review","authors":"A. Pullen, D. Kieser, G. Hooper","doi":"10.2478/jms-2021-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2021-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A systematic review of the literature was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method to investigate the frequency of military thoracic gunshot wounds (GSWs) and deaths in combat theatres since World War Two (WW2). An electronic database search of World of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed and Microsoft Academic was conducted using the keywords ‘combat, casualties, thorax, gunshot, and military’ to identify peer-reviewed journals and conference papers on the topic. Twenty-three sources relevant to this review were identified and covered multiple theatres of operation. While there is a downward trend in the frequency of thoracic GSWs and fatalities likely due to the improvement of body armour, the improvement in medical treatment and increased frequency of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), the review shows that the advancement has not removed the likelihood of thoracic GSWs, which still accounted for approximately 15% of all thoracic injuries in the most recent combat theatres. The systematic review identifies that GSWs of the thorax continue to be a risk in military theatres and therefore, medical personnel should be aware of the frequency and severity of thoracic GSWs and should be prepared to treat these life-threatening injuries, as timely intervention is essential.","PeriodicalId":35160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Slavic Military Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"118 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79125865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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