Tourism in Marine Environments最新文献

{"title":"Passenger Safety on Whale-Watching Vessels in Australia","authors":"J. Wilks, M. Lück, M. Orams","doi":"10.3727/154427319x15722432101718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427319x15722432101718","url":null,"abstract":"To date, the focus of research into risks and safety in whale watching has tended to be on the safety of the whales (or dolphins/porpoises). This article explores the issue from the human side of the interaction and considers boat-based whale-watching passenger safety by reviewing evidence\u0000 from available legal case records and legislation in Australia to better understand the risks and injuries that can occur to people in these marine wildlife tourism scenarios. A review of two legal cases and observations from media reports of whale-watching incidents in other jurisdictions\u0000 revealed that waves and associated violent vessel movement are responsible for serious injuries to passengers. Where there was a failure to keep a proper lookout for waves and safely adapt to changing sea conditions operators have been found negligent. Legal challenges have also been successful\u0000 in cases involving inaccurate and misleading promotion and communication about the nature of the tour and associated risks, and where passengers had not received adequate safety briefings. Furthermore, signed waivers that sought to protect the tour operator from responsibilities for injuries\u0000 sustained aboard were not sufficient to absolve operators from liability. Given the different cultures, languages, and physical capabilities of a diverse range of international tourists interested in whale watching it is recommended that promotional materials, safety briefings, and safety\u0000 communications (such as warning signs) be communicated by widely used and understood symbols and in multiple languages. In addition, some screening of passengers to ascertain preexisting medical conditions and to assess their ability to participate in the voyage safely, and with understanding\u0000 of safety instructions, should be undertaken prior to a vessel leaving the dock. Templates to assist operators with their responsibilities are now available from the Australian Maritime Safety Authority.","PeriodicalId":35146,"journal":{"name":"Tourism in Marine Environments","volume":"15 1","pages":"259-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48178626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine Wildlife Tourism and Safety","authors":"M. Lück, M. Orams","doi":"10.3727/154427320x15969302280250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320x15969302280250","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35146,"journal":{"name":"Tourism in Marine Environments","volume":"15 1","pages":"123-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41596461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommendations for Sustainable Cetacean-Based Tourism in French Territories: A Review on the Industry and Current Management Actions","authors":"J. Chazot, Ludovic Hoarau, Pamela Carzon, J. Wagner, S. Sorby, Morgane Ratel, A. Barcelo","doi":"10.3727/154427320x15943351217984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320x15943351217984","url":null,"abstract":"Whale-watching activities provide important socioeconomic benefits for local communities and constitute powerful platform incentives for marine mammals' protection or more broadly marine environments. However, these activities can cause adverse effects on targeted populations, with\u0000 considerable downside associated risks of injuries and fatality for whale watchers during inwater interactions. France with its overseas territories has the second largest exclusive economic zone (EEZ), in which more than half of existing cetacean species are encountered. In these territories,\u0000 recreational and commercial whale watching, including swim-with cetacean activities, have recently developed. Yet few studies focused on these activities and their associated impacts across French territories, leading to an unclear assessment of the situation. To address this issue, we reviewed\u0000 cetaceans' occurrence within the French EEZ, whale-watching industry, targeted species, local management of marine mammal-based tourism activities, and regulations in France mainland and some overseas territories (Reunion Island, Mayotte, and French Polynesia). Fortyeight species are encountered\u0000 in the French EEZ, and 15 are targeted by whale-watching activities. A total of 185 operators, including 34% offering swim-with-cetaceans tours, offered trips in France and overseas in 2019. While several more or less restrictive regulations exist locally, our results indicate that French's\u0000 national legal framework for marine mammals' protection remains inadequate and insufficient to cope with the recent development of this activity. As conservation biologists, managers, and stakeholders from these French territories, we cooperated to provide general guidelines for a sustainable\u0000 development of whale watching at a national scale. We urge (1) to legally acknowledge and regulate whale-watching commercial activities; (2) to create a national legal framework regarding whale watching and swim-with marine mammals practices, while accounting for local distinctiveness and\u0000 disparities across regions; (3) to conduct more research to evaluate local short- and long-term impacts on targeted marine mammal populations as well as the socioeconomic benefits; and (4) to reinforce synergetic relations between the different stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":35146,"journal":{"name":"Tourism in Marine Environments","volume":"15 1","pages":"211-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45574885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"#biteme: Considering the Potential Influence of Social Media on In-Water Encounters with Marine Wildlife","authors":"C. D. Pagel, M. Orams, M. Lück","doi":"10.3727/154427320x15754936027058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320x15754936027058","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past three decades, interacting with wildlife as a tourism activity has grown significantly and has transformed from a relatively rare experience into a mainstream tourism product. Tourism opportunities to watch, photograph, and otherwise interact with animals in their natural\u0000 environment have grown to include a range of species and settings, including in the sea. Close encounters with marine wildlife are facilitated by a wide range of commercial operators, and many include and promote a strong adventure component. This article provides a consideration of the issues\u0000 of risk and the emerging role of the use of social media in marine wildlife tourism experiences. While the concept of ecotourism has been widely explored in wildlife tourism research, the inherited risk involved in these activities has received little attention. This is particularly the case\u0000 regarding interactions with potentially dangerous wildlife in open-water environments. This aspect warrants exploration in the context of the growth of wildlife photography/videography and sharing via social media platforms, which frequently display close encounters with animals in dangerous\u0000 scenarios for both people and wildlife involved.","PeriodicalId":35146,"journal":{"name":"Tourism in Marine Environments","volume":"15 1","pages":"249-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42292369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"I Would Die to See One\": A Study to Evaluate Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior Among Shark Scuba Divers","authors":"S. Lucrezi, F. Bargnesi, F. Burman","doi":"10.3727/154427320x15779149069752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320x15779149069752","url":null,"abstract":"Shark diving tourism is an activity that can contribute significantly to coastal economies, while also offering tremendous help to shark conservation efforts. Nevertheless, like any form of wildlife-based tourism, shark diving poses management challenges revolving around ethical and\u0000 safety considerations. Safety in shark diving normally focuses on operational self-efficacy and adherence to shark diving codes of conduct to prevent incidents such as shark bites and to minimize ecological harm. However, safety issues in shark diving can arise from personal choices to exceed\u0000 standard certification limits. Any detrimental results are capable of casting doubts on the sustainability of shark diving, thus jeopardizing its future as well as shark conservation. This study addressed compliance with shark diving codes of conduct and standard diving safety by examining\u0000 the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of people who engage in free scuba diving with predatory sharks. The research made use of mixed methods of data collection, including interviews with shark divers at two popular shark diving destinations in Southeast Africa (n = 86) and an online\u0000 questionnaire survey among shark divers (n = 89). The results showed that divers had positive attitudes towards sharks and shark diving. However, a notable proportion declared that they had exceeded certification limits and broken codes of conduct during shark diving. In particular,\u0000 diving experience and being a professional diver were correlated significantly with poor safety attitudes and behavior. The results highlight the need to create an understanding among scuba divers of the connection between shark diving safety and conservation, including the negative implications\u0000 of safety breaches, whether big or small, for the future of shark diving tourism and of sharks.","PeriodicalId":35146,"journal":{"name":"Tourism in Marine Environments","volume":"15 1","pages":"127-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44199256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behaviors of Grey Seals (Halichoerus Grypus) Addressed Towards Human Swimmers During Experimental Open Water Encounters Off Heligoland (German Bight, North Sea)","authors":"M. Scheer","doi":"10.3727/154427320x15945013137030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320x15945013137030","url":null,"abstract":"Risks arising for humans during swim encounters with seals are poorly understood. This study was initiated to examine behaviors of unhabituated grey seals addressed towards humans during experimental, noncommercial seal-swim activities off Heligoland. In total, 26 in-water encounters\u0000 were conducted. Behavioral classes and the number of seals simultaneously approaching swimmers were time sampled. A set of risky and nonrisky interactive behaviors was continuously sampled. Seals spent approximately the same amount of time interacting with swimmers (53%) as they did ignoring\u0000 them (47%). Seals displayed higher rates of nonrisky behaviors than risky ones, but risky behaviors occurred during 73% of all seal-swims. Seals remained ≤20 m near swimmers for 51% and ≤1 m for 13% of the time. A mean number of 0.65 and 0.18 seals approached swimmers per minute within\u0000 a range of ≤20 m and ≤1 m, respectively. Behavioral classes, interactive behaviors, and the number of seals approaching ≤20 m did not vary significantly throughout seal-swims but the number of seals approaching ≤1 m moderately decreased. Due to high rates of risky behaviors, it\u0000 is recommended to promote public awareness on site and to regulate seal-swims before commercial operations emerge.","PeriodicalId":35146,"journal":{"name":"Tourism in Marine Environments","volume":"15 1","pages":"159-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43224577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing and Mitigating Humpback Whale (Megaptera Novaeangliae) Disturbance of Whale-watching Activities in Reunion Island","authors":"Ludovic Hoarau, M. Dalleau, Sylvain Delaspre, Thibaut Barra, Anne-Emmanuelle Landes","doi":"10.3727/154427320x15943326793398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320x15943326793398","url":null,"abstract":"Whale watching, including swim-with-whales activities, is developing at an enormous rate in Reunion Island. This is raising concerns about its impacts on breeding humpback whales and challenging the sustainability of the activity. In 2017, a dedicated-at-sea patrol team, \"Quiétude,\"\u0000 was created to observe, monitor, and raise awareness to the whale watchers in order to improve compliance with local guidelines. In this context, the team assessed whale watching in Reunion Island during two humpback whale breeding seasons in 2017 and 2018, between June and October. Sighted\u0000 groups were mostly composed of mother/calf pairs spending most of their time resting near or at the surface. Whale-watching vessels were present in 85.1% of sightings, of which 68.4% were recreative. Swimwith-cetaceans activities were very frequently observed in 42% of sightings. Overall,\u0000 compliance with the charter was as high as 68% of whale sightings with vessels/swimmers were in line with the recommendations. However, low compliance (32.8%) was observed with the specific recommendations of swim-with-cetaceans activities. Swimmers were reported in surface active groups displaying\u0000 agonistic behaviors, which poses evident human safety concerns. Humpback whale resting behaviors were disrupted significantly by whale-watching activities. Humpback whales tended to avoid vessels and swimmers, especially when their behavior was intrusive or not compliant with the charter.\u0000 Positive humpback whale responses were more likely to occur if the charter's recommendations were not breached. Our results highlight how a nonbinding regulation, with recommendations scrupulously pursued, allows for a reduction in whale-watching disturbances and supports a better tourism\u0000 experience. Our results advocate for reinforcing tourism education, whale-watching adaptive management and regulations, specifically for vulnerable groups with a calf, and for the swim-with-whales activities. This could be efficiently achieved by engaging all stakeholders and the permanent\u0000 team on the field \"Quietude\" to enhance dissemination of best practices and sensitivity around sustainable values of implemented regulations.","PeriodicalId":35146,"journal":{"name":"Tourism in Marine Environments","volume":"15 1","pages":"173-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45636311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analytical Approach to Cruise Tourism As an Option For Development: a Case Study of the Sultanate of Oman","authors":"H. Aziz, O. El-Said, M. Bontenbal","doi":"10.3727/154427320x15828792518754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320x15828792518754","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to measure the level of cruise tourists' satisfaction as well as the relationship between satisfaction, recommendation, return intention, and expenditure. Also, the impact of factors such as nationality, length of the visit, and age on the level of expenditure\u0000 was measured. An empirical approach for data collection was followed and a total of 152 questionnaires were collected from cruise tourists visiting the capital city of Oman, Muscat, as cruise liners anchor at Sultan Qaboos Port. Results of the regression analysis supported the existence of\u0000 a causal relationship between satisfaction with destination attributes, overall satisfaction, recommendation, return intention, and expenditure. It was found that the average expenditure varies according to age and length of the visit. Recommendations for policy makers were suggested on how\u0000 to increase the role of cruise tourism in strengthening the economy.","PeriodicalId":35146,"journal":{"name":"Tourism in Marine Environments","volume":"15 1","pages":"95-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43025370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual Harassment During Tourism and Cruise Internships: Exploring Situational Factors, Causes, and Their Implications","authors":"S. Winter, Alexis Papathanassis","doi":"10.3727/154427320x15833223601611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320x15833223601611","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this study is to determine the factors influencing students' perception of sexual harassment during their tourism and/or cruise internship. Particular focus was placed on the role of organizational culture and work environment, as well on the effectiveness of anti-harassment\u0000 company policies. For this purpose, a self-administered survey was distributed online, yielding 135 completed questionnaires. The analysis results underlined aspects of organizational culture/work environment as a reliable predictor of sexual harassment occurrences. More specifically, the\u0000 degree of direct customer contact and the fluidity between private and public space, both foster sexual harassment occurrences. In this context, the particularities of the work environment and conditions on board cruise ships would be expected to result to relatively higher frequencies of\u0000 sexual harassment incidents. Indeed, compared to the rest of the sample, the cruise interns reported higher frequencies of sexual harassment and were also less likely to receive support from their employers. Despite the small sample size, the study produced statistically significant results\u0000 for tourism internships in general. Yet, the small proportion of cruise interns in the sample only allowed a nonrepresentative comparison (i.e., descriptive comparison of sample means). Nonetheless, our preliminary findings encourage a more in-depth investigation in the cruise domain, underlining\u0000 the relevance of this research note.","PeriodicalId":35146,"journal":{"name":"Tourism in Marine Environments","volume":"15 1","pages":"85-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3727/154427320x15833223601611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43993635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nakreu: Evaluations of Cruise Passengers' Attitudes Towards Sustainability in Cruise Contexts","authors":"Julia E. Peters","doi":"10.3727/154427320x15833193080731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427320x15833193080731","url":null,"abstract":"In the pursuit of sustainability in tourism, a rethink is necessary. The individual decision-making process merits more attention, because it is decisive for sustainable behavior both in a regulated environment as in noncodified contexts. This is particularly true in those areas that\u0000 are experiencing high growth rates and are thus developing rapidly—partly controlled, partly uncontrolled—as can currently be observed in the cruise segment. Attitudes are to be understood as the basis for decisions. Once one has gained an understanding of these, one knows starting\u0000 points for tapping sustainability potentials. Because little attention has been paid to this connection so far, this research note is primarily intended to present the theoretical background considerations of the \"NaKreu\" study, which was carried out in cooperation with TUI Cruises in 2019\u0000 in order to explore the attitudes of cruise passengers towards sustainability. In this, sustainability potentials in the segment are attributed to an interest in change, an ability to change, and structural factors. Additionally, sustainability is discussed as a quality facet of cruises. The\u0000 present contribution introduces the methodical procedure of the project and gives an insight into its first results: By applying a mixed-methods approach, it can be shown that the attitudes of cruise passengers are generally neutral positive, but at the same time are permeated by strong skepticism.\u0000 It is concluded that customers face the dilemma of a double claim. The results are to be interpreted as representative for the concrete project context; a transfer from the German-centered perspective of the project is still pending.","PeriodicalId":35146,"journal":{"name":"Tourism in Marine Environments","volume":"15 1","pages":"111-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46429812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}