Oil Extraction and Analysis最新文献

Effect of Moisture Content, Grinding, and Extraction Technologies on Crude Fat Assay 水分含量、研磨和提取技术对粗脂肪测定的影响

Oil Extraction and Analysis Pub Date : 2019-06-07 DOI: 10.1201/9781439822340.ch7

Devanand L. Luthria, Kirk Noel, D. Vinjamoori

{"title":"Effect of Moisture Content, Grinding, and Extraction Technologies on Crude Fat Assay","authors":"Devanand L. Luthria, Kirk Noel, D. Vinjamoori","doi":"10.1201/9781439822340.ch7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439822340.ch7","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional breeding as well as transgenic approaches constantly strives to make improvements to quality traits such as increasing the percentage of oil and/or modifying the oil composition. One of the key challenges faced by the industry is obtaining accurate, cost-effective, and rapid analysis of oilseeds/grains with enhanced quality traits such as total crude fat (oil) content or a modified oil composition. Reliable crude fat analysis is of paramount importance to oilseed businesses because monetary assessment in the trade of such seeds is based on total oil values. Although several different primary and secondary technologies are available to determine crude fat content in oilseeds, there are significant variations in the results reported by different procedures. A comparative evaluation of different grinders (Mega-grinder, Knifetec, Cyclotec, Cemotec, Mikro mill, UDY grinder, Brinkmann-Retsch grinding mill) and commonly performed crude fat extraction methodologies [accelerated solvent extractor (ASE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), Ankom batch extraction, automated Soxtec extraction and classical Butt-tube] on the determination of total crude fat content in soybean seeds is presented. The results clearly suggest a need for harmonization of official primary reference methods across different organizations (e.g., AOCS, AOAC, AACC, ISO, DGF). This is vital for the development of rugged calibrations for nondestructive, high-throughput secondary procedures involving near infrared transmittance, near infrared reflectance/imaging, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Strategies aimed at harmonization of methods will aid in the development of successful business opportunities and obtaining fair trade value for the quality-enhanced traits in the global market. Recommendations for developing secondary calibrations and performing interlaboratory studies are also presented.","PeriodicalId":350966,"journal":{"name":"Oil Extraction and Analysis","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133749668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Accelerated Solvent Extraction 加速溶剂萃取

Oil Extraction and Analysis Pub Date : 2019-06-07 DOI: 10.1201/9781439822340.ch3

D. Luthria, D. Vinjamoori, Kirk Noel, J. Ezzell, D. Luthria

{"title":"Accelerated Solvent Extraction","authors":"D. Luthria, D. Vinjamoori, Kirk Noel, J. Ezzell, D. Luthria","doi":"10.1201/9781439822340.ch3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439822340.ch3","url":null,"abstract":"Extraction of solid and semisolid samples using liquid solvents is a common practice in nearly every analytical laboratory. Years of empirical testing have resulted in rugged and reproducible methodologies for a wide range of analyte classes. However, recent concerns regarding the volumes of organic solvents used (with the associated human exposure), along with increased purchase and disposal costs, have emphasized the need for more efficient sample extraction methods. In response to these concerns, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE ® , Dionex Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT) was introduced. Since its introduction in 1995, ASE has grown rapidly as an accepted alternative to traditional extraction methods. Accelerated solvent extraction takes advantage of the enhanced solubilities that occur as the temperature of a liquid solvent is increased. Increasing the temperature of solvent results in a decrease in viscosity, allowing better penetration of the sample matrix. In addition, analyte diffusion from the sample matrix into the solvent and overall solvent capacity are increased. In traditional Soxhlet extraction, the solvent that comes into contact with the sample has passed through a cooling condenser, and is therefore close to room temperature at the point of contact. The time required to complete Soxhlet extractions ranges from 6 to 48 h. Semi-automated Soxhlet systems that immerse the sample into boiling solvent are available. This increase in the temperature of the contacting solvent shortens the required extraction time to ~2 h. Using these systems, a further increase in temperature beyond the boiling point of the solvent is not possible due to solvent loss because these systems operate at atmospheric pressure. However, a continued increase in the temperature should continue to enhance the extraction process. This can be accomplished by applying pressure, which maintains the solvent in its liquid state beyond its atmospheric boiling point. This is the theoretical basis for ASE technology and represents the next step in liquid solvent extraction of environmental samples. There are, of course, limits to which raising the temperature is feasible, due to thermal degradation concerns. However, as evidenced by data published to date, there is room to continue raising the temperature, thereby improving the extraction efficiency, without risking analyte degradation in environmental samples. As the extraction efficiency is","PeriodicalId":350966,"journal":{"name":"Oil Extraction and Analysis","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127167677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 29

Internet-Enabled Near-Infrared Analysis of Oilseeds 油籽的近红外分析

Oil Extraction and Analysis Pub Date : 2019-06-07 DOI: 10.1201/9780429104527-10

C. Tseng, Kangming Ma, Nan Wang

引用次数: 0

Simple Methods for Measuring Total Oil Content by Benchtop NMR 台式核磁共振测量总油含量的简单方法

Oil Extraction and Analysis Pub Date : 2019-06-07 DOI: 10.1201/9780429104527-9

P. Krygsman, A. E. Barrett

引用次数: 1

High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Near-Infrared Determination of Soybean Oil, Protein, and Amino Acid Residues in Soybean Seeds 高分辨率核磁共振和近红外测定大豆种子中的豆油、蛋白质和氨基酸残基

Oil Extraction and Analysis Pub Date : 2019-06-07 DOI: 10.1201/9780429104527-11

I. Băianu, T. You, D. Costescu, P. Lozano, V. Prisecaru, R. Nelson

引用次数: 1

The Rapid Determination of Fat and Moisture in Foods by Microwave Drying and NMR Analysis 微波干燥和核磁共振分析快速测定食品中的脂肪和水分

Oil Extraction and Analysis Pub Date : 2019-06-07 DOI: 10.1201/9780429104527-8

B. Mcmanus, M. Horn

引用次数: 0

Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction for Food Applications 食品应用的分析超临界流体萃取

Oil Extraction and Analysis Pub Date : 2019-06-07 DOI: 10.1201/9781439822340.ch5

T. Doane-Weideman, P. B. Liescheski, Devanand L. Luthria

引用次数: 4

Near-Infrared Microspectroscopy, Fluorescence Microspectroscopy, Infrared Chemical Imaging and High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Soybean Seeds, Somatic Embryos and Single Cells 大豆种子、体细胞和单细胞的近红外显微光谱、荧光显微光谱、红外化学成像和高分辨率核磁共振分析

Oil Extraction and Analysis Pub Date : 2011-08-05 DOI: 10.1038/NPRE.2011.6200.1

I. Băianu, S. S. Korban, T. You

引用次数: 2

Evaluation of the Rapid, High-Temperature Extraction of Feeds, Foods, and Oilseeds by the ANKOM XT20 Fat Analyzer to Determine Crude Fat Content 用ANKOM XT20脂肪分析仪测定粗脂肪含量对饲料、食品和油籽的快速高温提取进行评价

Oil Extraction and Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1201/9780429104527-4

R. J. Komarek, A. Komárek, B. Layton, Devanand L. Luthria

{"title":"Evaluation of the Rapid, High-Temperature Extraction of Feeds, Foods, and Oilseeds by the ANKOM XT20 Fat Analyzer to Determine Crude Fat Content","authors":"R. J. Komarek, A. Komárek, B. Layton, Devanand L. Luthria","doi":"10.1201/9780429104527-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429104527-4","url":null,"abstract":"The process of extraction for the quantitative separation of fat/oil is the basis for the majority of official methods. The extraction process, which separates the sample into two fractions, permits two approaches to quantitative measurement. The analysis can be performed by either weighing the fat/oil fraction directly, or indirectly by measuring the loss of weight due to extraction. Acceleration of the extraction process has been achieved by elevating the temperature of the solvent. This chapter discusses a recently developed primary method called the Filter Bag Technique (FBT). This technique utilizes temperatures of up to twice the boiling point of petroleum ether to accelerate extraction. High sample throughputs are accomplished by batch processing of samples encapsulated in filter media formed in the shape of a bag. The extraction is performed automatically in an ANKOMXT20 Fat Analyzer, an instrument that can process 20 samples in 20–60 min. The fat/oil percentage is calculated indirectly from the loss of weight from the sample in the filter bag. Various studies related to the extraction and gravimetric measurements of these fractions are discussed in this chapter for both the conventional method and the FBT. The accuracy of the FBT depends on effective predrying and proper weighing of the sample. Studies of the conventional method suggest that samples containing polyunsaturated fatty acids are sensitive to oxidation particularly during the solvent evaporation step when the oil is heated in the presence of oxygen. Various studies of the ruggedness of the FBT indicate that the method is not sensitive to small changes in analytical conditions. The ruggedness of the method was confirmed in an experiment utilizing Youden’s Ruggedness Test. When the accuracy of the FBT was compared to that of the conventional method with a wide variety of samples (n = 22) in a regression analysis, the two methods were highly correlated (R2 = 0.9996). There was essentially no bias (–0.046 intercept) and no distortion over the range of the samples (slope 1.001). Two collaborative studies with laboratories from five countries provided similar evidence of the accuracy of the FBT. The second collaborative study, designed to evaluate the FBT as an AOCS official method, was conducted with 28 samples presented as 56 blind Copyright © 2004 AOCS Press duplicates. Twelve international collaborating laboratories used the FBT for the analysis, whereas three AOCS certified laboratories utilized the official methods. This study resulted in a similar highly significant R2 of 0.9990 compared with the official methods, with an intercept of 0.046 and a slope of 1.005. The average repeatability within laboratories was Sr= 0.31 and reproducibility among laboratories was SR = 0.46. These studies indicate that the FBT is an accurate and precise method capable of analyzing large quantities of samples in an efficient and automated fashion.","PeriodicalId":350966,"journal":{"name":"Oil Extraction and Analysis","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114255499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Oil Content Analysis: Myths and Reality 含油量分析:神话与现实

Oil Extraction and Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1201/9780429104527-6

V. Barthet, J. Daun, Devanand L. Luthria

{"title":"Oil Content Analysis: Myths and Reality","authors":"V. Barthet, J. Daun, Devanand L. Luthria","doi":"10.1201/9780429104527-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429104527-6","url":null,"abstract":"The FOSFA (Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Associations Limited) extraction method (harmonized as AOCS Am 2-93 or ISO 659) is considered to be the reference method to measure the oil content of oilseeds. The method is based on the extraction of neutral lipids with hexane or petroleum ether, and the extracted components are estimated gravimetrically and defined as crude fat or oil content. The method requires a triplicate grind/extraction, making it lengthy and very detailed for the analyst. Compared with other official methods (AOAC 996.06), the FOSFA extraction method gave the highest oil recoveries in all oilseeds tested. Accelerating the extraction through the use of new instrumentation, which combines solvent extraction with a physical disruption such as pressure or microwave heating, has not been able to give oil recovery equal to the FOSFA extraction. Although the FOSFA method remains the reference method, both ISO and AOCS have identified a need to develop new rapid methods for oil extraction that yield oil equivalent to that from the FOSFA method and that can be used for determination of other factors such as methyl esters or free fatty acids. This study examined the lipid components extracted by each stage of the FOSFA method: First Extraction (FOSFA1), Second Extraction (FOSFA2), and Third Extraction (FOSFA3). In a typical analysis, FOSFA1 accounted for ~86%, FOSFA2 for ~13.5%, and FOSFA3 for as much as 0.5% of the total oil extracted. Although mainly triacylglycerols (TAG) were found, the extracts contained small amounts of other lipid components including nonesterified fatty acids, partial glycerides, fat-soluble vitamins, long-chain alcohols or aldehydes, and sterol or cholesterol esters. More nonpolar material was extracted in the first early stage of the extraction, whereas the later stages contained more polar material. The oil in FOSFA1 and FOSFA2 contained close to 98% TAG based on methyl ester determination. The analyses of the phosphorus content by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry showed that almost no phosphorus (below limit of detection) was found in FOSFA1 and FOSFA2 oils but small amounts of phosphorus were present in FOSFA3 oils. This indicates that only ~0.5% of phospholipids were present in the FOSFA3 oils, suggesting that only very small amounts (<0.005%) of phospholipids are extracted by the total method when the three extracts are comCopyright © 2004 AOCS Press bined. Moreover, during the extractions of canola by the FOSFA method, the proportion of triacylglycerol (TAG) with n-7 fatty acids increased with each step of the process. These fatty acids are associated with the seed coat in canola seeds, and the increase suggests that these structural lipids are the last lipids to be extracted.","PeriodicalId":350966,"journal":{"name":"Oil Extraction and Analysis","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131797582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11