Human Evolution最新文献_第2页

The Unit of Time and the Mesoamerican Calendar 时间单位与中美洲历法

Human Evolution Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.14673/HE2020341076

F. Barbiero

{"title":"The Unit of Time and the Mesoamerican Calendar","authors":"F. Barbiero","doi":"10.14673/HE2020341076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14673/HE2020341076","url":null,"abstract":"A hypothetical rational process of establishing a unit of time with a meaningful connection to both, the length of the day and that of the tropic year, would lead to a natural candidate which represents the average error per year in a cycle of 365,2422 x 128 = 46751.0016 days, that is: 0.0016/128 = 1/80,000. However, if we multiply that unit by the number 1.08 we obtain: 80,000 x 1.08 = 86,400, that is the actual unit of time. \u0000The odds are that such a process was done by an ancient unknown civilisation which influenced on one side the Eurasian continent, where the second and a trigonometric system on base 60 were adopted and the number 108 and its multiples and submultiples (54, 108, 216, 432, 86400 etc) represent the scientific, mythological and sacred numerology of all ancient civilisations. On the other side central America, where a numerical system on base 20 was adopted and a calendar based on the cycle of 128 years. It can be demonstrated that it belongs to a family of 18 calendars, characterised by an ever rolling week and an auxiliary year which together with the solar year are submultiples of an auxiliary century. There are precise relations between all these units, allowing to design astronomical “clocks” with the same characteristics of the central American calendar for whatever length of the week.","PeriodicalId":35061,"journal":{"name":"Human Evolution","volume":"35 1","pages":"227-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47920751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stakeholder Evolution: describing humankind towards addressing global challenges 利益相关者进化:描述人类如何应对全球挑战

Human Evolution Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.14673/HE2020341072

L. Spini

{"title":"Stakeholder Evolution: describing humankind towards addressing global challenges","authors":"L. Spini","doi":"10.14673/HE2020341072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14673/HE2020341072","url":null,"abstract":"Classifying people into different categories on the basis of many different features (e.g., skulls, race, language, culture, race, genes, and most recently big-data) has been common practice in the anthropological sciences. Furthermore, human beings have also been placed into different categories through the application of boundary terms, such as the term “stakeholder”. This term is now widely used in several different sectors: from business, politics, environmental programmes, to sustainability initiatives and governance of the United Nations (UN). However, its current utilization and interpretations within the framework of ongoing global crises and challenges affecting humankind have not been extensively discussed within current transformations at the societal and individual levels. The paper aims at providing an overview of the different meanings attributed to the term, starting with its initial use (in the gambling realm), its consolidated application in the corporate/business world, and current widespread use in UN activities and governance frameworks addressing global challenges. Building on this background, the paper calls on anthropologists to define a more dynamic and adaptive meaning of the term “stakeholder” which will enable to identify the immense diversity of humankind so as not to leave anybody behind when addressing global challenges.","PeriodicalId":35061,"journal":{"name":"Human Evolution","volume":"35 1","pages":"159-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48947536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Concrete terms and generic names in the history of languages. Some parallels in ontogeny and history 语言历史上的具体术语和通用名称。个体发生和历史上的一些相似之处

Human Evolution Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.14673/HE2020341073

G. Oesterdiekhoff

引用次数: 0

Irrationality and insecurity in premodern societies. Living a life under the rule of preoperational stage structures 前现代社会的非理性和不安全感。在战前阶段结构的统治下生活

Human Evolution Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.14673/HE2020121067

G. Oesterdiekhoff, F. Fürstenberg

{"title":"Irrationality and insecurity in premodern societies. Living a life under the rule of preoperational stage structures","authors":"G. Oesterdiekhoff, F. Fürstenberg","doi":"10.14673/HE2020121067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14673/HE2020121067","url":null,"abstract":"Historians of mentality have described that ancient and medieval humans were characterized by different forms of mind and consciousness as modern humans are. They were more emotional, passionate, impulsive, irrational and superstitious. Therefore, their biographies include more chaos and disorder, turbulence and conflict than modern biographies usually do. Especially Huizinga and Febvre emphasize that the amount of absurdity and irrationality medieval biographies reveal is incredible, in comparison to modern life courses. The article shows that leading a life in a society wherein all members stay on preoperational and concrete operational stages is frequently very uncomfortable and dangerous. Only the exposure of people to magical accusations poisons life and security in a way modern social scientists have no idea of. Not only medieval descriptions but also ethnological ones (Evans-Pritchard 1978 and Fortune 1963) show that accusations over sorcery penetrate the everyday life of premodern people to a rate often underestimated by social scientists. Belief in sorcery is, however, only one manifestation of the preoperational stage. There are many forms of irrationality and absurdity originating in the preoperational stage, many forms of superstition, violence, and fanaticism that poison the life of people. Conversely, the steady rise of civilization during the past few centuries, having brought more security and order in the life of people, originates in the development of the adolescent stage of formal operations.","PeriodicalId":35061,"journal":{"name":"Human Evolution","volume":"35 1","pages":"83-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66817481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Myth of Race and Racism 种族与种族主义的神话

Human Evolution Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.14673/HE2020121070

B. Chiarelli

{"title":"The Myth of Race and Racism","authors":"B. Chiarelli","doi":"10.14673/HE2020121070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14673/HE2020121070","url":null,"abstract":"Among the myths that have shaped our modern world, the myth of ‘race’, which lacks any rational foundation, is surely the most tragic. One need only think of the abuses experienced by many populations throughout history. Therefore, it is important to trace how this concept arose and to examine why it continues to exist today.The word ‘race’ first appeared in Europe during the XIV century. Possibly, it derived from the Latin word radix=root, or from the Arabic razza, or from generatio=generation, descent, or more simply from ratio=reason, which in the scholastic language of the XV century meant, amongst other things, the order of succession according to which a living being was placed on a date line of ascendants and descendants. Initially used in the field of animal breeding (probably originating from the ancient French ‘haraz’, horse breeder, which through common usage then became ‘race’). This term was first used and applied to Man by Bernier (1688) and entered into everyday speech following the philosophical works of Emanuel Kant (1775). Notwithstanding, the term is misleading and without sense, particularly when it tends to confuse the physical characteristics of Man with those of cultures, religions or economies, or rather, when the historical and cultural characteristics of ‘ethnic groups’ are confused with the biological characteristics of the diverse human populations.","PeriodicalId":35061,"journal":{"name":"Human Evolution","volume":"35 1","pages":"125-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46896697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bust of Mozart scribbled by Frédéric Chopin on the manuscript of the Variations on “Là ci darem la mano”, Op. 2. 肖邦在作品2《Làci darem la mano》变奏曲手稿上涂鸦的莫扎特半身像。

Human Evolution Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.14673//HE2020121068

P. Puech

引用次数: 0

Samurai and Bushidō. Japanese Warriors and Their Ethical Code: Keys to Understanding Modern Japan 武士和武士道。日本武士及其道德准则：理解现代日本的关键

Human Evolution Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.14673/HE2020121066

F. Civita

引用次数: 0

Participation of Symbolic Beliefs in the Water preservation: case of the Western High Atlas in Morocco 象征信仰在水保护中的参与:以摩洛哥西部高地图集为例

Human Evolution Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.14673/HE2020121065

A. Ahouach, M. Cherkaoui

{"title":"Participation of Symbolic Beliefs in the Water preservation: case of the Western High Atlas in Morocco","authors":"A. Ahouach, M. Cherkaoui","doi":"10.14673/HE2020121065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14673/HE2020121065","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to understand the role of symbolic beliefs related to water in shaping behaviors of individuals in a way that preserve this resource. Therefore, a survey is carried out among 246 resident of the Anougal valley where the population are still retaining a traditional lifestyle. During this investigation, the collected data relate to ethnographic knowledge about water such as proverbs, tales, stories and myths. Data also concern behaviors able to preserve this resource and characteristics of surveyed populations. Overall, four variables summarize the main beliefs related to water in the valley, three variables estimate the behaviors related to water and seven socio-economic and bio-demographic variables were formulated in order to carry out this study. Results show that the proportion of survey respondents with strong symbolic beliefs is still indeed very high at the valley. However, decline of symbolic beliefs noticed is more striking amongst young people, educated people and also large landowners who cultivate a crop aimed to the market essentially. Moreover, our study is highlighting the positive impact of symbolic beliefs on water preservation behavior among this population.","PeriodicalId":35061,"journal":{"name":"Human Evolution","volume":"35 1","pages":"17-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48520246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Duration of Life and its Biological Analogy: The Great Taboo 生命的持续时间及其生物学类比:大禁忌

Human Evolution Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.14673/HE2020121069

B. Chiarelli

引用次数: 0

Controversy in the content and action of human extrathyroidal iodine 人甲状腺外碘含量及作用的争议

Human Evolution Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.14673/HE2020121064

S. Venturi

引用次数: 1