Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus isolates in Australia, 2005: report from the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance.","authors":"Keryn J Christiansen, John D Turnidge, Jan M Bell, Narelle M George, Julie C Pearson","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.42","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.42","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus species causing clinical disease was examined in a point-prevalence study in 2005. Twenty-two sites around Australia collected up to 100 consecutive isolates and tested them for susceptibility to ampicillin, vancomycin, high-level gentamicin and/or high-level streptomycin using standardised methods. Results were compared to similar surveys conducted in 1995, 1999 and 2003. In the 2005 survey, Enterococcus faecalis (1,987 strains) and E. faecium (180 strains) made up 98.6% of the 2,197 isolates tested. Ampicillin resistance was common (77%) in E. faecium, but rare still in E. faecalis (0.2%). Resistance to vancomycin was 7.2% in E. faecium and 0.2% in E. faecalis; the vanB gene was detected in all vancomycin-resistant isolates. High-level resistance to gentamicin was 35.8% in E. faecalis and 52.2% in E. faecium; the figures for high-level streptomycin resistance were 10.3% and 60.2% respectively. Compared to previous Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance surveys in 1995, 1999 and 2003, the proportions of vancomycin resistance and high-level gentamicin resistance in enterococci are increasing. It is important to have an understanding of the occurrence of vancomycin resistant enterococci and high level aminoglycoside resistance in Australia to guide infection control practices, antibiotic prescribing policies and drug regulatory decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"392-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27260246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program: annual report, 2006-07.","authors":"Carl D Kirkwood, David Cannan, Nada Bogdanovic-Sakran, Ruth F Bishop, Graeme L Barnes","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.39","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.39","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The National Rotavirus Reference Centre, together with collaborating laboratories Australia-wide, conducts a laboratory based rotavirus surveillance program. This report describes the serotypes of rotavirus strains responsible for the hospitalisation of children with acute gastroenteritis during the period 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2007. One thousand and two faecal samples from across Australia were examined using a combined approach of monoclonal antibody immunoassays, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and polyacrylamide gel analysis. Serotype G1 was the dominant serotype nationally, representing 36.7% of all strains, followed by serotype G9 (31.1%), and serotype G3 (23.3%). Serotype G2 represented less than 5% of strains, while no serotype G4 strains were identified. All G1, G3 and G9 strains assayed for P genotype contained the P[8] genotype, bar one G1 strain, which possessed a P[6]. Uncommon rotavirus genotypes, G8 (n = 1) and G12 (n = 2) were identified in children with acute gastroenteritis during this study period.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"375-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27259767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The epidemiology of pertussis in the Australian Capital Territory, 1999 to 2005--epidemics of testing, disease or false positives?","authors":"Clare E Wylks, Ben Ewald, Charles Guest","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.41","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.41","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increase in pertussis notifications since the 1990s in many countries, including Australia, has been attributed to improved diagnosis. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of pertussis in the Australian Capital Territory from 1999 to 2005, determine whether the apparent changes could be accounted for by greater recognition and testing, and explore the impact of false positive serology results associated with faulty test kits. The Australian Capital Territory resident notification, laboratory and separation data from 1999 to 2005 were examined and the proportions of positive tests across time periods and age groups compared. Notification rates increased in the years 2000, 2003 and 2005. There was a shift in the age distribution of cases, from children and teenagers in 2000, to teenagers in 2003 and adults in 2005. Testing activity and notification activity were closely related. Comparing the epidemic periods to the preceding inter-epidemic periods, the proportion of positive tests was maintained or increased for all age groups combined and for adults and children (e.g. statistically significant increase from 7.8% to 14.0% in the 2005 epidemic in adults). During each epidemic the proportion of positive tests was statistically significantly higher in the age group with the highest notification activity. Despite similar testing rates in adults in 2003 and 2005, greater disease activity was reported in 2005. Although the numbers were small, polymerase chain reaction and culture positive test results increased in 2003 but not in 2005. The proportion of positive polymerase chain reaction results increased in 2003, providing strong evidence that the apparent epidemic of 2003 was due to a true increase in underlying disease activity. Because of the uncertainty surrounding the timing of the false positive serology results, the study provides weaker support for a true epidemic of pertussis in 2005.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"383-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27259771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and outcomes for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Australian hospitals, 2005-06: report from the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance.","authors":"John D Turnidge, Graeme R Nimmo, Julie Pearson, Thomas Gottlieb, Peter J Collignon","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.43","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.43","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance studied the epidemiology and outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in selected Australian hospitals in 2005-06. Seventeen hospital-based laboratories collected basic demographic, susceptibility and patient outcome data on all cases of S. aureus bacteraemia for 5 to 24 months during the study period. There were 1,511 cases of bacteraemia documented, of which 66% occurred in males and 32% originated from vascular access devices. Bacteraemia had a community onset in 60% of cases, although 31% of these were health-care associated. Overall, 57% of episodes were health-care related. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the responsible pathogen in 24% of instances; of these 53% were of the typical multi-resistant hospital type, and 29% were of the community-associated type. Seven per cent of all staphylococcal bacteraemias were caused by community-associated MRSA strain types, attesting to the growing size of this problem in Australia. Outcomes were available for 51% of cases and in those the all-cause mortality at 7 days or discharge (whichever came earlier) was 11.2%. Age was strongly associated with mortality; the rate for patients aged more than 60 years was 18%. Sepsis originating from intravascular access devices had a lower mortality rate of 5%. S. aureus bacteraemia is a common community and hospital infection with a significant mortality. A nationally co-ordinated program documenting the incidence and outcomes of this disease would likely lead to measures designed to reduce the incidence and improve outcomes of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"398-403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27260247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations on managing an outbreak of influenza A infection in an aged care facility.","authors":"Bradley J McCall, Christine M Mohr, Kari A J Jarvinen","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.46","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.46","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza outbreaks in aged care facilities (ACFs) can be associated with high morbidity and mortality. National guidance includes the use of antiviral medication for residents and staff and other measures to prevent serious health outcomes. An outbreak of influenza in an ACF was reported to the Brisbane Southside Population Health Unit (BSPHU) on 10 August 2007. The BSPHU assisted the ACF and local general practitioners in the provision of oseltamivir to staff and residents on 11 August 2007. The onset of illness in the last case was 13 August 2007. Antiviral prophylaxis was ceased and the outbreak declared over on 22 August 2007. This paper describes some of the practical issues encountered in the public health response in this setting. Vaccination of ACF residents and staff remains the key preventive strategy for the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"410-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27260250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza surveillance within hospitals: what is the world doing?","authors":"Kylie S Carville, Heath A Kelly","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.47","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.47","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza within hospitals is receiving increasing attention as a result of planning for an influenza pandemic and the magnitude and severity of the 2007 influenza season in Australia. This article reviews current approaches to influenza surveillance of admitted patients, as opposed to surveillance of emergency departments, in hospitals internationally. Most examples came from the United States of America and Canada, although systems have been described in the United Kingdom and Japan. In-hospital surveillance of influenza occurs within broader surveillance systems established by national governments, and through other systems established by sub-national governments and individual hospitals. Systems vary in focus, i.e. laboratory confirmed influenza or influenza-like illness, and some are labour intensive while others incorporate differing degrees of automation. The approach to influenza surveillance within hospitals will depend on objectives and available resources, although an automated approach is likely to have greater longevity as labour requirements are reduced.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"413-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27260251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring the incidence and causes of diseases potentially transmitted by food in Australia: annual report of the Ozfoodnet Network, 2006.","authors":"","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.37","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2006, OzFoodNet sites reported 24,598 notifications of seven diseases or conditions that are commonly transmitted by food, representing an increase of 2.5% over the mean of the previous 5 years. The most frequently notified aetiological agents were Campylobacter (15,492 notifications) and Salmonella (8,331 notifications). Salmonella notifications increased in 2006 by 5.2% when compared to historical reports. The most common Salmonella serotype notified in Australia during 2006 was Salmonella Typhimurium, as in previous years. S. Saintpaul was the second most common serotype notified during 2006 as a result of a large multistate outbreak associated with rockmelons. During 2006, OzFoodNet sites reported 1,544 outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness including those transmitted by contaminated food. In total, these outbreaks affected 34,916 people and resulted in 769 people being admitted to hospital and 27 deaths. Food was suspected or confirmed as the primary cause for 115 of these outbreaks and affected 1,522 persons, hospitalised 146 persons but did not result in any deaths. S. Typhimurium was the most common aetiological agent in foodborne outbreaks and restaurants were the most common setting for foods implicated in foodborne outbreaks. Sixteen outbreaks were related to eggs during 2006 compared to five outbreaks in 2005. Eighty-one per cent (13/16) of these egg-associated outbreaks were due to various phage types of S. Typhimurium. Fresh fruits and vegetables, categorised as fresh produce were responsible for four outbreaks, all due to salmonellosis. Public health laboratories provided complete serotype and phage type information on more than 97% of all Salmonella notifications during 2006. Completeness of reporting for Salmonella was equivalent to 2005 and was essential to identifying and investigating outbreaks. This report demonstrates OzFoodNet's ability to detect and investigate the burden and causes of foodborne disease in Australia. OzFoodNet efforts assist agencies to develop food safety policy and prevent foodborne illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"345-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27259839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OzFoodNet quarterly report, 1 July to 30 September 2007.","authors":"","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.49","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.49","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"420-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27264401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual report of the Australian National Poliovirus Reference Laboratory, 2006.","authors":"Jason Roberts,&nbsp;Kerri Anne Brussen,&nbsp;Aishah Ibrahim,&nbsp;Bruce Thorley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Australian National Poliovirus Reference Laboratory (NPRL), located within the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, is the national laboratory for Australia, the Pacific Islands and Brunei Darussalam, and is accredited by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the Regional Reference Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region. The NPRL, in collaboration with the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, co-ordinates surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), the major clinical presentation of poliovirus infection. After classification of AFP cases by the Polio Expert Committee, the non-polio AFP rate for Australia in 2006 was 1.1, meeting the WHO surveillance requirement of detecting more than one AFP case per 100,000 children aged less than 15 years. During 2006, 80 specimens were referred to the NPRL, 59 from AFP cases and 21 from other sources. Poliovirus type 3 was isolated from two patients without AFP and the isolates were characterised as Sabin-like using WHO accredited methodologies. Echovirus 30 was isolated from two cases of AFP and coxsackievirus B5 and adenovirus were isolated from individual cases. During 2006, 1,998 cases of poliomyelitis due to wild poliovirus infection were reported world-wide, of which, only 6.8% (127) were due to importation of wild poliovirus.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"263-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41007728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current developments in varicella-zoster virus disease prevention. A report on the varicella-zoster virus workshop convened by the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases on 16-17 November 2006.","authors":"Anita E Heywood, Kristine K Macartney, C Raina MacIntyre, Peter B McIntyre","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.33","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2007.31.33","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"303-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41008135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}