Crystal Growth & Design最新文献

{"title":"Predictability of Isostructurality within Monosubstituted Cinnamide Crystals","authors":"Colin C. Seaton*,&nbsp;Nathan W. Fenwick,&nbsp;Amie Saidykhan,&nbsp;Richard Telford and Richard D. Bowen,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.5c0033810.1021/acs.cgd.5c00338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00338https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00338","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The use of isostructural crystals as a crystal engineering design tool to identify potential mixed crystals is common for inorganic materials but has not been extensive in molecular crystal engineering due to their wider variety. Therefore, it is important to develop a greater understanding of the features that promote isostructural chemical families. A series of substituted cinnamides has been investigated, experimentally and computationally, identifying five isostructural sets, which are also predicted as low-energy structures. While <i>o</i>- and <i>p</i>-substituted compounds show groupings with multiple members, the <i>m</i>-substituted systems have fewer groups and show a higher level of disorder in the crystal structures. All the structures comprise consistent hydrogen-bonding motifs with only differences in the packing of these components; this suggests that further isostructural polymorphs may be possible by alteration of growth conditions or the use of other phases as hetero-seeds.</p><p >A series of substituted cinnamides shows six isostructural experimental sets, but a crystal structure predictions shows that several related structures are possible with a core of common hydrogen-bonding motifs.</p>","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"25 11","pages":"3928–3937 3928–3937"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Density-Controlled Self-Assembled Dodecagonal GaN Nanorods Grown on Plasma-Treated Sapphire for All-in-One Multicolor Emission","authors":"Hamza Thaalbi,&nbsp;Fawad Tariq,&nbsp;Ameer Abdullah,&nbsp;Mandar A. Kulkarni,&nbsp;Haseeb Ud Din,&nbsp;Khaled Abdelkarem and Sang-Wan Ryu*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.5c0038110.1021/acs.cgd.5c00381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00381https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00381","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study explores a novel method for the growth of self-assembled GaN nanorods (NRs) on sapphire substrates using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition, leveraging plasma treatment to simplify the process and eliminate the need for a separate nucleation step. Oxygen plasma treatment modifies the sapphire surface, introducing nanoscale features and enhancing its chemical reactivity. These surface changes directly influence the nucleation process, resulting in a systematic increase in NR density (up to ∼10 ⁸ cm ^–2) and a reduction in size with prolonged treatment durations. Interestingly, the NRs exhibit a distinct dodecagonal morphology, which is linked to the altered epitaxial relationship between GaN and the treated sapphire substrate. To demonstrate the applicability of this method, InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells were successfully regrown on the NRs, enabling precise control of emission wavelengths from violet to green. This streamlined approach not only offers a reliable pathway for tuning optical properties but also facilitates the simultaneous growth of multiwavelength-emitting devices on a single substrate. The findings highlight the potential of this technique for scalable, cost-effective fabrication of flexible optoelectronic devices, opening new possibilities in multicolor light-emitting diode technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"25 11","pages":"3980–3989 3980–3989"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alkyl Substitution on the Phase Transition and Optical Properties of Lead-Based Molecular Ferroelastic Materials","authors":"Leqi Chen,&nbsp;Yawen Yang,&nbsp;Zining Zhou,&nbsp;Zongwei Hu and Qiong Ye*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.5c0027610.1021/acs.cgd.5c00276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00276https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00276","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Organic–inorganic hybrid ferroelastic materials have attracted increasing attention due to their wide applications in sensing technologies, information storage, and flexible wearable devices. However, the complex relationship between the molecular structure and material performance requires further investigation. In this study, we synthesized two ferroelastic materials: (ETMP)PbBr₃ (<b>1</b>, ETMP = ethyl-trimethyl-phosphonium) and (PTMP)PbBr₃ (<b>2</b>, PTMP = propyl-trimethyl-phosphonium). Through systematic structural modulation, we successfully changed the molecular structures and tuned the properties. Both materials exhibit reversible ferroelastic phase transition behaviors with an Aizu notation of 6/mmmFmmm. By replacing the ethyl group with a propyl group, the phase transition temperature increased from 361 to 409 K (Δ<i>T</i> = 48 K). Meanwhile, the structural modification led to distinct optical and mechanical properties: <b>1</b> exhibits orange photoluminescence under UV irradiation, while <b>2</b> displays superior mechanical flexibility. This work provides an effective strategy for designing and developing multifunctional molecular ferroelastic materials and deepens the understanding of the structural–performance relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"25 11","pages":"3864–3870 3864–3870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the Defect Structure of NaBa12(BO3)7F4 (NBBF) Crystals Using Raman Spectroscopy: Numerical and Experimental Study","authors":"Tatyana B. Bekker*,&nbsp;Nursultan E. Sagatov*,&nbsp;Sergey V. Goryainov,&nbsp;Anastasiya O. Mikhno,&nbsp;Alexey V. Davydov,&nbsp;Alexander P. Yelisseyev,&nbsp;Alexander V. Romanenko and Sergey V. Rashchenko,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.5c0051210.1021/acs.cgd.5c00512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00512https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00512","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In spite of the fact that the NaBa₁₂(BO₃)₇F₄ (NBBF) crystals do not contain any chromophore ions and should be nominally colorless, their color changes from dark purple to light pink depending on the ratio of BaO, BaF₂, B₂O₃, and Na₂O compounds in the initial high-temperature solutions. The study of optical transparency, electronic properties, and Raman spectra with 532 and 325 nm excitation of differently colored NaBa₁₂(BO₃)₇F₄ (NBBF) crystals has been conducted. All Raman-active modes determined for the pristine NBBF structure by <i>ab initio</i> density functional calculations coincide perfectly well with the observed modes in the experimental spectra. However, apart from the modes typical of orthoborates, additional strong modes and their overtones appear in the resonant Raman spectra of intensively colored crystals. These modes are accounted for by the presence of an additional borate group in the channels of the structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"25 11","pages":"4073–4081 4073–4081"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Resolution Effect of Chiral Separation of Finerenone Using Different d-Tartaric Acid Derivatives","authors":"Shuwang Ge,&nbsp;Mingwei Fu,&nbsp;Qilong Yang,&nbsp;Zhuoer Cai,&nbsp;Dihai Gu,&nbsp;Yan Ma,&nbsp;Huaiqiu Wang,&nbsp;Martha Kandawa-Schulz,&nbsp;Wei Song,&nbsp;Min Ge and Yihong Wang*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.5c0024110.1021/acs.cgd.5c00241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00241https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00241","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Chiral separation is critical in pharmaceutical quality control for its divergent pharmacological activities. Since Finerenone (<i>S</i>-Fin), the <i>S</i>-enantiomer exhibits its pharmacological efficacy, whereas the <i>R</i>-enantiomer (<i>R</i>-Fin) remains inactive, thereby necessitating the development of an efficient chiral separation strategy to isolate <i>S</i>-Fin. This study compared the chiral separation efficiency of three <span>d</span>-tartaric acid derivatives: dibenzoyl tartaric acid (D-DBTA), ditoluoyl tartaric acid (D-DTTA), and Di-<i>o</i>-toluoyl-<span>d</span>-tartaric acid (D-DOTA) and D-DOTA was the most effective chiral resolving agent. The enantiomeric excess (ee) achieved is approximately 10% higher using D-DOTA than that obtained using D-DBTA and D-DTTA. The solubilities of <i>S</i>-Fin and <i>R</i>-Fin with <span>d</span>-tartaric acid derivatives were measured in ethanol–water. The largest solubility difference was found between <i>S</i>/<i>R</i>-Fin-D-DOTA, reaching 96.68 mg/mL. The smallest difference, 1.25 mg/mL, was observed for the <i>S</i>/<i>R</i>-Fin-D-DTTA pair. <i>S</i>/<i>R</i>-Fin-D-DBTA showed a difference of 31.26 mg/mL. These results suggest that D-DOTA is the most effective resolving agent. Single-crystal analysis reveals that D-DBTA and D-DTTA form ethanol solvates upon salt formation, whereas D-DOTA results in the formation of a hydrated form. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) further indicated solvent loss at approximately 170 °C, highlighting the relatively strong hydrogen bonding interactions of the incorporated solvent. Notably, compared to D-DBTA and D-DTTA as chiral agents in the patents, the application of D-DOTA provides a novel approach to the successful separation of <i>S</i>-Fin. This study suggests the critical role of solvents in chiral resolution and presents an efficient and low-cost strategy for the chiral separation of structurally related compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"25 11","pages":"3813–3825 3813–3825"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cocrystallization-Induced Similar Red Emission in Pyrene Derivative: Unraveling the Underlying Mechanistic Divergence","authors":"Yue Shen*,&nbsp;Yun-ting Liu,&nbsp;Haichao Liu and Guocui Pan*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.4c0174810.1021/acs.cgd.4c01748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.4c01748https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.4c01748","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Cocrystal engineering, with a simple preparation process and easily regulated excited states, provides a favorable method to realize red-emissive materials. In this contribution, we successfully prepared two kinds of red-emissive cocrystal materials by different photoluminescence mechanisms upon 1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)pyrene (DMeOPPy) and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCNB)/1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene (TFTIB). In the case of DMeOPPy-TCNB, a strong charge transfer interaction is introduced, and the emission is from the newly formed low-energy lowest singlet excited state (S₁). In contrast, for DMeOPPy-TFTIB, because of the synergistic effects of the heavy atom effect and multiple intermolecular interactions, the luminescence arises from the lowest triplet excited state (T₁). Significantly, the proximity of the S₁ and T₁ energy levels endows the two cocrystals with a similar luminescence color (λ_max = 628 nm for DMeOPPy-TCNB, λ_max = 632 nm for DMeOPPy-TFTIB, respectively). The results not only provide design strategies for the development of red-emissive cocrystal materials but also help us to deepen the understanding of excited-state modulation in luminescent materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"25 11","pages":"3627–3633 3627–3633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Ag–AgBr Nuclei on Photoinduced Crystallization Mechanism in Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass","authors":"Qiuping Ren,&nbsp;Dashuang Ding,&nbsp;Leilei Ma,&nbsp;Zhixiang Li,&nbsp;Yinsheng Xu,&nbsp;Shaoqian Zhang*,&nbsp;Yuqi Jin and Xianghua Zhang,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.5c0028410.1021/acs.cgd.5c00284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00284https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00284","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass used for hologram writing is a photosensitive sodium–zinc–aluminum–silicate glass doped with cerium, silver, fluorine, and bromine. Photoinduced crystallization of NaF results in refractive index variations in UV exposed areas. It is considered that bromine, which probably forms AgBr, plays a key role during the precipitation of nuclei and the growth of subsequent NaF crystals. However, previous reports merely indicated the presence of AgBr through a red-shift in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band associated with Ag nanoparticles (NPs). They overlooked the fact that the size, shape, and distribution of Ag NPs can also tune the position of the SPR band. In this study, the optical, thermal, and microscopic properties of PTR glass were investigated by varying nucleation temperature/duration. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction patterns clearly identified AgBr nuclei in a well-controlled nucleated PTR glass sample. The results demonstrate that the formation of AgBr quenches the luminescence of Ag NPs or molecular clusters via nonradiative recombination, which introduced nuclei centers during photoinduced crystallization. This study elucidates the chemical composition and growth dynamics governing the nucleation and crystallization processes in PTR glass.</p>","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"25 11","pages":"3871–3879 3871–3879"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the Structure–Chiroptical Property in Families of Chiral Binuclear Lanthanide Clusters with Circularly Polarized Luminescence","authors":"Fang-Wen Lv,&nbsp;Xue-Ting Wang,&nbsp;Cheng Chen,&nbsp;Jun Zheng and Xiu-Ying Zheng*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.5c0047010.1021/acs.cgd.5c00470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00470https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00470","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The luminescence quantum yield (Φ_lum) and dissymmetry factor (<i>g</i>_lum) are two critical parameters for evaluating the performance of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials. In this work, three pairs of chiral lanthanide clusters <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-pH</b>, <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-BH</b>, and <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-B</b> exhibiting CPL properties were synthesized using <i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-HL (<i>R</i>-HL = <i>R</i>-(−)-2-phenylpropionic acid, <i>S</i>-HL = <i>S</i>-(+)-2-phenylpropionic acid) as the chiral ligand. Intermolecular interactions within these compounds were fine-tuned by varying the types and coordination numbers of auxiliary ligands (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, Hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone, and Bphen = bathophenanthroline). As a result, the three pairs of compounds exhibited slightly different Φ_lum values ((93.7 ± 0.8)% for <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-pH</b>, (83.8 ± 0.8)% for <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-BH</b>, and (87.5 ± 0.7)% for <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-B</b>). These variations are attributed to the difference in intermolecular interactions with both π–π and H−π stacking observed in <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-pH</b>, weak π–π stacking in <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-BH</b>, and moderate H−π stacking in <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-B</b>. Additionally, <i>g</i>_lum can be effectively controlled by modulating the chiral environment and the symmetry of the geometric coordination configuration of the Ln³⁺ ions. Among the three pairs of compounds, <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-B</b> displayed the largest <i>g</i>_lum values (−0.025/0.022), owing to the presence of more chiral ligands coordinated and a lower symmetry in the Eu³⁺ coordination environment, compared to <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-pH</b> (−0.0042/0.0043) and <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-BH</b> (−0.0058/0.0042). Consequently, <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-B</b> achieves improvement of <i>g</i>_lum while maintaining a high Φ_lum value. Additionally, <b><i>R</i>-/<i>S</i>-Eu</b>_<b>2</b><b>-B</b> showed excellent detection capability of DCN in pesticide optical recognition, with a detection limit as low as 0.37 μM. This study not only elucidates the regulatory effects of intermolecular interactions and chiral environments on the CPL performance of chiral lanthanide clusters but also provides new insights into their potential application in environmental detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"25 11","pages":"4026–4034 4026–4034"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the Crystal Orientation on the Dielectric Properties of SrTiO3 Single Crystals after Annealing in Carbon Powder","authors":"Yilin Wu,&nbsp;Lei Wang*,&nbsp;Manmen Liu,&nbsp;Fengxu Li,&nbsp;Xudong Liu,&nbsp;Mu Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaodong Li,&nbsp;Qi Zhu and Xudong Sun*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.5c0045210.1021/acs.cgd.5c00452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00452https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00452","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Strontium titanate (SrTiO₃) is an excellent dielectric material capable of enabling controllable structural and dielectric modifications through defect design; however, the effect of the crystallographic orientation on its structure and dielectric behavior remains underexplored. In this study, SrTiO₃ single crystals were grown by using the Verneuil method, and the dielectric properties were systematically evaluated across distinct crystallographic orientations following carbon powder annealing. The carbon-embedded annealed SrTiO₃ single crystals exhibited remarkable giant dielectric behavior with pronounced anisotropy across orientations. The ranking of dielectric constants in different crystal orientations from largest to smallest is [100] &gt; [110] &gt; [210] &gt; [310] &gt; [311] &gt; [111] &gt; [211]. Dielectric losses increase in high-frequency regions for [311], [310], [111], and [211] crystal orientations, while [110] and [210] crystal orientations exhibit losses exceeding 0.02 at 10³–10⁴ Hz. Notably, the [100] crystal orientations exhibited optimal dielectric properties demonstrating a colossal permittivity of 28,284 and a dielectric loss of 0.0113 at 1 kHz and maintains a colossal permittivity (∼1.7 × 10⁴) with a low dielectric loss (&lt;0.1) throughout a wide temperature (30 °C–300 °C) and frequency (10 Hz–100 kHz) range. The enhancement of the dielectric properties is closely related to the defective dipole clusters Ti³⁺-V_O^••-Ti³⁺ and V_Sr^″-V_O^••. The [100] and [110] crystal orientations displayed higher carrier concentrations and more defective dipole clusters V_Sr^″-V_O^••, where free electrons were effectively localized within these defect structures, thereby enhancing the dielectric performance. This study has elucidated the origin of the excellent dielectric properties of SrTiO₃-based materials by using single crystals as the object of study and has also provided new ideas for the design of SrTiO₃-based giant dielectric materials by combining defect engineering and orientation engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"25 11","pages":"4017–4025 4017–4025"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electron-Beam-Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Gallium Oxide Thin Films Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy","authors":"Kimitaka Higuchi*,&nbsp;Tomoharu Tokunaga*,&nbsp;Toshiki Sato and Takahisa Yamamoto,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.cgd.5c0014810.1021/acs.cgd.5c00148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00148https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00148","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Crystallization of amorphous materials using an electron beam is a promising technique for crystallizing minute regions. The crystallization behavior of amorphous gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃) thin films under electron-beam irradiation was investigated with a scanning transmission electron microscope, and patterned line drawing was performed using its line-scan mode. The Ga₂O₃ thin films exhibited crystallization at threshold electron-beam doses in the range of 53–144 C/cm². The γ- and β-Ga₂O₃ forms crystallized as grains with an average size of 7 nm. The crystallization volume increased with doses. Crystallized Ga₂O₃ polymorphs varied predominantly from γ- to β-Ga₂O₃ with increased doses. The dose dependence of Ga₂O₃ polymorphs was attributed to the variation in the coordination number of oxygen ions to gallium ions and the formation of oxygen vacancies caused by the electron-beam irradiation. The letter N predominantly composed of β-Ga₂O₃ single crystals could be drawn with an approximately 10 nm line width in an amorphous Ga₂O₃ thin film using the line-scan mode. Crystallized β-Ga₂O₃ at the onset of the line-scan was inferred to grow epitaxially with subsequent scanning, realizing a letter N predominantly composed of single-crystal β-Ga₂O₃.</p>","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"25 11","pages":"3749–3755 3749–3755"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}