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Virtual Groups and the Triggering of Armed Conflicts 虚拟团体与武装冲突的触发
Nordic Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1163/15718107-92030003
Marie Thøgersen
{"title":"Virtual Groups and the Triggering of Armed Conflicts","authors":"Marie Thøgersen","doi":"10.1163/15718107-92030003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-92030003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article examines how virtual groups can trigger an armed conflict, and thus, the application of international humanitarian law ( ihl ). The emergence of non-State actors as central players in cyberspace, together with the increasing use of cyber operations in conflicts, makes the regulation of non-State actors in armed conflicts a topical issue. The triggering provisions in ihl require a level of organization of non-State groups, which do not necessarily resonate with the realities among virtual groups. To determine if the triggering provisions allow for a reinterpretation to fit better the potentially differently structured virtual groups, the article scrutinizes the legal bases for the organization requirements in the respective provisions and identities the underlying rationales. The article concludes that the legal bases for the organization requirement in the three provisions are distinct, but that none of them currently allows for reinterpretation.","PeriodicalId":34997,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of International Law","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sweden’s Position Paper on the Application of International Law in Cyberspace 瑞典关于在网络空间应用国际法的立场文件
Nordic Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1163/15718107-20230004
Ola Engdahl
{"title":"Sweden’s Position Paper on the Application of International Law in Cyberspace","authors":"Ola Engdahl","doi":"10.1163/15718107-20230004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-20230004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34997,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44049934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Finland’s views on International Law and Cyberspace 芬兰对国际法和网络空间的看法
Nordic Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1163/15718107-20230002
M. Lehto
{"title":"Finland’s views on International Law and Cyberspace","authors":"M. Lehto","doi":"10.1163/15718107-20230002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-20230002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34997,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42173260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Denmark’s Position Paper on the Application of International Law in Cyberspace 丹麦关于在网络空间应用国际法的立场文件
Nordic Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1163/15718107-20230001
Jeppe Mejer Kjelgaard, Ulf Melgaard
{"title":"Denmark’s Position Paper on the Application of International Law in Cyberspace","authors":"Jeppe Mejer Kjelgaard, Ulf Melgaard","doi":"10.1163/15718107-20230001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-20230001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34997,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42963275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Norway’s Position Paper on International Law and Cyberspace 挪威关于国际法和网络空间的立场文件
Nordic Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1163/15718107-20230003
Vibeke Musæus
{"title":"Norway’s Position Paper on International Law and Cyberspace","authors":"Vibeke Musæus","doi":"10.1163/15718107-20230003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-20230003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34997,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48429093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is All Mental Harm Equal? The Importance of Discussing Civilian War Trauma from a Socio-Economic Legal Framework’s Perspective 所有的精神伤害都是平等的吗?从社会经济法律框架探讨平民战争创伤的重要性
Nordic Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1163/15718107-bja10061
Solon Solomon, Y. Bayer
{"title":"Is All Mental Harm Equal? The Importance of Discussing Civilian War Trauma from a Socio-Economic Legal Framework’s Perspective","authors":"Solon Solomon, Y. Bayer","doi":"10.1163/15718107-bja10061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-bja10061","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In recent years, international law scholars have discussed how civilian mental harm in warfare should also form part of the jus in bello proportionality principle and be balanced to the anticipated military advantage. Yet, these scholars have not proceeded one step further to examine whether socio-economic parameters shaping the individual’s personality, such as education, family ties or the level of income, should be also taken into account as varying variables in this balancing task. This is particularly important given that the particular parameters are tied to the socio-economics rights discourse and the relevant minimal living standards notion developed there. Based on a study we conducted, the article explores whether civilian mental harm should be affected by socio-economic parameters and what this means for the wider role socio-economic rights can play in armed conflicts as well as for the reading of jus in bello along Marxist terms.","PeriodicalId":34997,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49085793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
On the Path to Universalism? The Role of External Instruments in the European Court of Human Rights Jurisprudence 在通往普遍主义的道路上?外部文书在欧洲人权法院法学中的作用
Nordic Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1163/15718107-92020002
Isak Nilsson
{"title":"On the Path to Universalism? The Role of External Instruments in the European Court of Human Rights Jurisprudence","authors":"Isak Nilsson","doi":"10.1163/15718107-92020002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-92020002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In the multi-layered system of international human rights law, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) uses not only its own case-law but also external instruments (ei s) when interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights (echr). This article explores the horizontal judicial borrowing practice of the Court until 2020. The landscape includes a wide range of different sources, but with a clear preference for Council of Europe instruments and secondly United Nations sources. Bridging what ei s are cited with how they are used, a case-study is performed investigating the functions that the ei s serve under Article 3 echr. Although it is uncommon, explicitly relying on ei s suggests that the Court views it to be legitimate. Yet, it is not uncontroversial. The Court’s motivations in citing ei s can be understood as justified from a universal human rights perspective, and susceptible to criticism from the perspective that it could undermine State sovereignty.","PeriodicalId":34997,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45404385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Danish Rigsfællesskab 丹麦的Rigsfællesskab
Nordic Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1163/15718107-bja10065
José María Lorenzo Villaverde
{"title":"The Danish Rigsfællesskab","authors":"José María Lorenzo Villaverde","doi":"10.1163/15718107-bja10065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-bja10065","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Danish Realm or Rigsfællesskab is a decentralised state in which the Faroe Islands and Greenland each count with a home-rule, holding the executive and legislative power over transferred matters. The paper discusses several issues concerning this decentralised legal framework and its functioning. In spite of what is stated in the home-rule arrangements about equality between parties, there is a dominant position of Danish authorities and Danish law. ‘Danish central authorities’ (Rigsmyndigheder) do not exist strictly speaking since the Danish authorities act as authorities for both Denmark proper and the Danish Realm. The mechanism for solving conflicts of competences is also questioned as non-functional, potentially reinforcing inequality and uncertainty. A territorial limit to Greenlandic/Faroese laws is of little use when the criterion for application of the laws is personal, not territorial. Finally, it is argued that the bilateral nature of the home-rule arrangements is not suitable for a three-part decentralised state in which all involved laws are lex fori.","PeriodicalId":34997,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45805089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Norwegian Law and the Swedish Sami 挪威法律和瑞典萨米人
Nordic Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1163/15718107-bja10066
T. Allen, Jan Mikael Lundmark
{"title":"Norwegian Law and the Swedish Sami","authors":"T. Allen, Jan Mikael Lundmark","doi":"10.1163/15718107-bja10066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-bja10066","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Modern state boundaries often cut through territories currently or formerly occupied by indigenous peoples. In many cases, the unmitigated application of laws on movement across the border can interfere with the rights and way of life of an indigenous group. This paper considers recent legal developments in Canada and Norway concerning cross-border rights and claims. It highlights conflicts that have emerged between constitutional principles that are regarded as fundamental within the state and norms drawn from international law, and in particular the norms set by United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. We focus on the constitutional jurisprudence on cross-border rights of indigenous peoples in Norway, and draw on the Canadian law as a means of demonstrating that the Norwegian approach is unduly restrictive. This, we argue, is primarily due to the preference of the Norwegian court for a paternalistic model of indigenous claims. We contrast this with the recent jurisprudence from the Canadian Supreme Court on cross-border claims, where the reasoning is closer to a model that gives priority to the recognition of indigenous rights, as required under the UN Declaration. The final section returns to Norway, to consider the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘echr’) to Sami rights. The leading case is under review by the European Court of Human Rights, and accordingly the article asks whether the paternalist model will withstand the closer scrutiny against human rights standards.","PeriodicalId":34997,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45985703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Beate Sjåfjell, Carol Liao and Aikaternini Argyrou, Innovating Business for Sustainability, Regulatory Approaches in the Anthropocene Beate sj<s:1> fjell, Carol Liao, Aikaternini Argyrou，创新商业可持续发展，人类世的监管方法
Nordic Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1163/15718107-92020001
Cecilia M. Bailliet
{"title":"Beate Sjåfjell, Carol Liao and Aikaternini Argyrou, Innovating Business for Sustainability, Regulatory Approaches in the Anthropocene","authors":"Cecilia M. Bailliet","doi":"10.1163/15718107-92020001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-92020001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34997,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46452947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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