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Foreign Direct Investment in India’s Retail Bazaar: Opportunities and Challenges 印度零售市场的外国直接投资:机遇与挑战
Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01386.x
Anusha Chari, T. C. A. Madhav Raghavan
{"title":"Foreign Direct Investment in India’s Retail Bazaar: Opportunities and Challenges","authors":"Anusha Chari, T. C. A. Madhav Raghavan","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01386.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01386.x","url":null,"abstract":"Despite encouraging signs, India’s retail market remains largely off‐limits to large international retailers like Wal‐Mart and Carrefour. Opposition to liberalising foreign direct investment in this sector raises concerns about employment losses, unfair competition resulting in large‐scale exit of incumbent domestic retailers and infant industry arguments to protect the organised domestic retail sector that is at a nascent stage. Based on international evidence, we suggest that allowing entry by large international retailers into the Indian market may help tackle inflation especially in food prices. Moreover, technical know‐how from foreign firms, such as warehousing technologies and distribution systems, can improve supply chain efficiency in India, in particular for agricultural produce. Better linkages between demand and supply have the potential to improve the price signals that farmers receive and also serve to enhance agricultural and other exports.","PeriodicalId":348861,"journal":{"name":"Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123272304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 36
Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries and Export Promotion Policies Under the WTO 发展中国家的特殊和差别待遇与WTO下的出口促进政策
Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy Pub Date : 2011-12-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01410.x
Jai S. Mah
{"title":"Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries and Export Promotion Policies Under the WTO","authors":"Jai S. Mah","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01410.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01410.x","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explains the export promotion measures that can be utilised by developing countries under the current World Trade Organization (WTO) system and compares the WTO Members’ proposals on modification of export promotion provisions in the Doha Development Agenda negotiations. Non‐reciprocity between developed countries and developing countries in favour of the latter needs to be strengthened in modifying the current WTO regulations, because of the very different levels of economic development between those two groups of countries. Therefore, from the viewpoint of ‘distributional fairness’, it suggests ways of modifying special and differential treatment provisions applied to export promotion policies of developing economies in the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures of the WTO.","PeriodicalId":348861,"journal":{"name":"Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114398272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Free Trade in Agriculture and Global Poverty 农业自由贸易与全球贫困
Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy Pub Date : 2011-12-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01405.x
M. Bussolo, Rafael E. De Hoyos Navarro, D. Medvedev
{"title":"Free Trade in Agriculture and Global Poverty","authors":"M. Bussolo, Rafael E. De Hoyos Navarro, D. Medvedev","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01405.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01405.x","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses the potential impacts of the removal of agriculture trade distortions using a newly developed data set and methodological approach for evaluating the global poverty and inequality effects of policy reforms. It finds that liberalisation of agriculture and food could increase global extreme poverty by 0.2 per cent and lower moderate poverty by 0.3 per cent. Beneath these small aggregate changes, most countries witness a substantial reduction in poverty, while South Asia – where half of the world’s poor reside – experiences an increase in extreme poverty incidence owing to high rates of protection afforded to unskilled‐intensive agricultural sectors. The distributional changes are likely to be mild but exhibit a strong regional pattern. Inequality is likely to fall in regions such as Latin America, which are characterised by high initial inequality, and rise in regions like South Asia, characterised by low initial inequality.","PeriodicalId":348861,"journal":{"name":"Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy","volume":"330 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127435390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Trade Policy Review – Malaysia 2010 贸易政策审查-马来西亚2010
Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy Pub Date : 2011-12-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01409.x
Camilla Jensen, N. Kara
{"title":"Trade Policy Review – Malaysia 2010","authors":"Camilla Jensen, N. Kara","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01409.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01409.x","url":null,"abstract":"The paper reviews the recently completed Trade Policy Review for Malaysia. We find that in the case of Malaysia trade has been liberalised and subjected to structural changes to a very high extent over the last three decades. However, reform has been less effective when it comes to trade-related policies such as investment policies and other national policies that de facto rather than de jure affect competition due to differential treatment of different firms, brands and individuals. This is also mirrored in the faltering levels of investment in Malaysia. An area where Malaysia has been successful is the reorientation towards services. A good example is the tourism industry which is mature and a major export industry in Malaysia today. Nascent service industries such as health, finance, ICT related services and education hold promise to become important export earners in the future. The paper shows that for this new phase of structural change to be truly successful Malaysia must prioritise trade negotiations and integration with her own region and especially ASEAN.","PeriodicalId":348861,"journal":{"name":"Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116770189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
China’S Economic and Trade Development: Imbalance to Equilibrium 中国经贸发展:从失衡走向平衡
Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy Pub Date : 2011-12-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01412.x
Xianguo Yao, Minghai Zhou
{"title":"China’S Economic and Trade Development: Imbalance to Equilibrium","authors":"Xianguo Yao, Minghai Zhou","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01412.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01412.x","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid pace of China’s economic and trade development has been considered as a great success since the entry of WTO in 2001. Most recently, China has succeeded in coping with the global financial crisis and achieved a rapid V‐shaped recovery which rebounded to two digit growth rate and lead to strengthening its international status. Nevertheless, China has exposed many potential problems in face of the financial crisis which due to international and domestic unbalanced features of China’s economic operation system. The pattern of ‘China Manufacturing and World Consuming’ is a game with no winners, while the investment leaded economic development mode achieves high growth rate but without enriches its own residents. The current imbalanced economic development mode cannot be sustained and shall be changed in the future which is not only the consensus of economists at home and abroad, but also a striving goal for the Chinese government for its ‘12th Five‐Year Plan’. However, China will face great and formidable challenges by changing the economic development mode to achieve an equilibrium state.","PeriodicalId":348861,"journal":{"name":"Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130330782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
A New Measure of Trade Openness 贸易开放新举措
Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01404.x
J. Squalli, Kenneth G. Wilson
{"title":"A New Measure of Trade Openness","authors":"J. Squalli, Kenneth G. Wilson","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01404.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01404.x","url":null,"abstract":"Trade openness, popularly measured as (X + M)/GDP in the hundreds of studies published to date, consistently considers the world's biggest trading countries such as the USA, the UK, Japan and Germany to be closed economies, irrespective of the data set used. This study suggests a composite trade share measure that more completely reflects reality by combining two important dimensions of trade openness: trade share and the relative importance of a country's trade level to total world trade. Robustness tests support the new proposed measure in lieu of the conventional measure of openness and suggest that the latter may not only be incomplete but may also overstate the impact of trade on such things as income and the environment.","PeriodicalId":348861,"journal":{"name":"Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132259338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 176
The International Effects of China’s Growth, Trade and Education Booms 中国经济增长、贸易和教育繁荣的国际效应
Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01391.x
Richard Harris, Peter E. Robertson, Jessica Y. Xu
{"title":"The International Effects of China’s Growth, Trade and Education Booms","authors":"Richard Harris, Peter E. Robertson, Jessica Y. Xu","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01391.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01391.x","url":null,"abstract":"China’s international trade flows have increased by 500% since 1992, far outstripping GDP growth. Likewise tertiary education enrollments have increased by 300%. We simulate these changes using a multi-sector growth model of the Chinese and USA economies. A decade of trade biased growth in China is found to have a large effect on the USA economy – raising GDP approximately 3-4.5 percentage points. We also show that the trade bias in China’s growth accounts for more than half of the observed growth in tertiary enrolments in China. In contrast neutral growth has practically no effect on USA incomes or China’s stock of skilled labour. Finally the simulations reveal that China’s education boom per se has practically no long run impact on the USA economy. The results thus indicate that the pattern of productivity growth in exports sectors, as might be caused by falling trade costs, has been critical in transmitting benefits of Chinese growth to the world economy. They also point to an important link between falling trade costs and human capital formation.","PeriodicalId":348861,"journal":{"name":"Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116589992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
Does the Impact of Employment Protection Legislation on Foreign Direct Investment Differ by the Skill Intensity of Industries? An Empirical Note 就业保护立法对外国直接投资的影响是否因行业的技能强度而异?经验笔记
Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01394.x
C. Bellak, Markus Leibrecht
{"title":"Does the Impact of Employment Protection Legislation on Foreign Direct Investment Differ by the Skill Intensity of Industries? An Empirical Note","authors":"C. Bellak, Markus Leibrecht","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01394.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01394.x","url":null,"abstract":"In line with previous literature, we find that strict employment protection deters foreign direct investment. This finding is consistent with the view that rigid labour markets result in high adjustment and exit costs which discourage firm investment. Moreover, our results are consistent with the view that the deterrent effect of rigid labour markets depends on the skill intensity of an industry.","PeriodicalId":348861,"journal":{"name":"Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126031825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Tariff Liberalisation and the Growth of World Trade: A Comparative Historical Analysis of the Multilateral Trading System 关税自由化与世界贸易增长:多边贸易体制的比较历史分析
Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01401.x
S. Nenci
{"title":"Tariff Liberalisation and the Growth of World Trade: A Comparative Historical Analysis of the Multilateral Trading System","authors":"S. Nenci","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01401.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01401.x","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this study are to assess the relationship between tariff barriers and world trade growth from a comparative and historical perspective, and to derive some useful indications for evaluating the effectiveness of the current multilateral trading system for promoting world trade. The novelty of this work is the complex reconstruction of a historical tariffs and trade series for the period 1870–2000, for 23 countries; this constitutes a good proxy for world trade (accounting for over 60 per cent) in this period. The effect of tariff liberalisation on trade growth is analysed empirically using panel data and time series. The results, while confirming the existence of a world level long‐term relationship between tariff reductions and trade growth, demonstrate how this substantial and significant relationship pre‐World War II gradually diminished in importance and significance after 1950. This result does not conflict with the key role of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization system in trade liberalisation; however, it underlines the importance of a formalised multilateral trading system, not so much for tariff liberalisation, but for building a virtuous process of international coordination of trade policies and ensuring fuller participation in world trade.","PeriodicalId":348861,"journal":{"name":"Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy","volume":"137 S240","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132905829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
Is the Border Effect an Artefact of Geographical Aggregation? 边界效应是地理聚集的产物吗?
Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01398.x
Carlos Llano-Verduras, Asier Minondo, F. Requena‐Silvente
{"title":"Is the Border Effect an Artefact of Geographical Aggregation?","authors":"Carlos Llano-Verduras, Asier Minondo, F. Requena‐Silvente","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01398.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01398.x","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of a large border effect is considered as one of the main puzzles of international macroeconomics. We show that the border effect is, to a large extent, an artefact of geographic concentration. In order to do so we combine international flows with intranational flows data characterised by a high geographic grid. At this fine grid, intra-national flows are highly localised and dropping sharply with distance. The use of a small geographical unit of reference to measure intra-national bilateral trade flows allows to estimating correctly the negative impact of distance on shipments. When we use sector disaggregated export flows of 50 Spanish provinces in years 2000 and 2005 split into interprovincial and inter-national flows, we find that the border effect is reduced substantially and even becomes statistically not different from zero in some estimations.","PeriodicalId":348861,"journal":{"name":"Wiley-Blackwell: World Economy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128647224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 43
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