Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology最新文献

{"title":"The search for a marsupial XIC reveals a break with vertebrate synteny.","authors":"Lance S Davidow,&nbsp;Matthew Breen,&nbsp;Shannon E Duke,&nbsp;Paul B Samollow,&nbsp;John R McCarrey,&nbsp;Jeannie T Lee","doi":"10.1007/s10577-007-1121-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-007-1121-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) evolved in mammals to deal with X-chromosome dosage imbalance between the XX female and the XY male. In eutherian mammals, random XCI of the soma requires a master regulatory locus known as the 'X-inactivation center' (XIC/Xic), wherein lies the noncoding XIST/Xist silencer RNA and its regulatory antisense Tsix gene. By contrast, marsupial XCI is imprinted to occur on the paternal X chromosome. To determine whether marsupials and eutherians share the XIC-driven mechanism, we search for the sequence equivalents in the genome of the South American opossum, Monodelphis domestica. Positional cloning and bioinformatic analysis reveal several interesting findings. First, protein-coding genes that flank the eutherian XIC are well-conserved in M. domestica, as well as in chicken, frog, and pufferfish. However, in M. domestica we fail to identify any recognizable XIST or TSIX equivalents. Moreover, cytogenetic mapping shows a surprising break in synteny with eutherian mammals and other vertebrates. Therefore, during the evolution of the marsupial X chromosome, one or more rearrangements broke up an otherwise evolutionarily conserved block of vertebrate genes. The failure to find XIST/TSIX in M. domestica may suggest that the ancestral XIC is too divergent to allow for detection by current methods. Alternatively, the XIC may have arisen relatively late in mammalian evolution, possibly in eutherians with the emergence of random XCI. The latter argues that marsupial XCI does not require XIST and opens the search for alternative mechanisms of dosage compensation.</p>","PeriodicalId":347802,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology","volume":" ","pages":"137-46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10577-007-1121-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26581028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Karyotypic relationships among Equus grevyi, Equus burchelli and domestic horse defined using horse chromosome arm-specific probes.","authors":"P Musilova,&nbsp;S Kubickova,&nbsp;E Zrnova,&nbsp;P Horin,&nbsp;J Vahala,&nbsp;J Rubes","doi":"10.1007/s10577-007-1164-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-007-1164-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using laser microdissection we prepared a set of horse chromosome arm-specific probes. Most of the probes were generated from horse chromosomes, some of them were derived from Equus zebra hartmannae. The set of probes were hybridized onto E. grevyi chromosomes in order to establish a genome-wide chromosomal correspondence between this zebra and horse. The use of arm-specific probes provided us with more information on the mutual arrangement of the genomes than we could obtain by means of whole-chromosome paints generated by flow sorting, even if we used reciprocal painting with probe sets from both species. By comparison of our results and results of comparative mapping in E. burchelli, we also established the chromosomal correspondence between E. grevyi and E. burchelli, providing evidence for a very close karyotypic relationship between these two zebra species. Establishment of the comparative map for E. grevyi contributes to the knowledge of the karyotypic phylogeny in the Equidae family.</p>","PeriodicalId":347802,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology","volume":" ","pages":"807-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10577-007-1164-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40977728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromosomal evolution in tenrecs (Microgale and Oryzorictes, Tenrecidae) from the Central Highlands of Madagascar.","authors":"C Gilbert,&nbsp;S M Goodman,&nbsp;V Soarimalala,&nbsp;L E Olson,&nbsp;P C M O'Brien,&nbsp;F F B Elder,&nbsp;F Yang,&nbsp;M A Ferguson-Smith,&nbsp;T J Robinson","doi":"10.1007/s10577-007-1182-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-007-1182-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tenrecs (Tenrecidae) are a widely diversified assemblage of small eutherian mammals that occur in Madagascar and Western and Central Africa. With the exception of a few early karyotypic descriptions based on conventional staining, nothing is known about the chromosomal evolution of this family. We present a detailed analysis of G-banded and molecularly defined chromosomes based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) that allows a comprehensive comparison between the karyotypes of 11 species of two closely related Malagasy genera, Microgale (10 species) and Oryzorictes (one species), of the subfamily Oryzorictinae. The karyotypes of Microgale taiva and M. parvula (2n = 32) were found to be identical to that of O. hova (2n = 32) most likely reflecting the ancestral karyotypes of both genera, as well as that of the Oryzorictinae. Parsimony analysis of chromosomal rearrangements that could have arisen following Whole Arm Reciprocal Translocations (WARTs) showed, however, that these are more likely to be the result of Robertsonian translocations. A single most parsimonious tree was obtained that provides strong support for three species associations within Microgale, all of which are consistent with previous molecular and morphological investigations. By expanding on a recently published molecular clock for the Tenrecidae we were able to place our findings in a temporal framework that shows strong chromosomal rate heterogeneity within the Oryzorictinae. We use these data to critically examine the possible role of chromosomal rearrangements in speciation within Microgale.</p>","PeriodicalId":347802,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology","volume":" ","pages":"1075-91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10577-007-1182-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41055376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of multiple sex chromosomes in the spider genus Malthonica (Araneae: Agelenidae) indicates unique structure of the spider sex chromosome systems.","authors":"Jirí Král","doi":"10.1007/s10577-007-1169-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-007-1169-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most spiders exhibit a multiple sex chromosome system, X(1)X(2)0, whose origin has not been satisfactorily explained. Examination of the sex chromosome systems in the spider genus Malthonica (Agelenidae) revealed considerable diversity in sex chromosome constitution within this group. Besides modes X(1)X(2)0 (M. silvestris) and X(1)X(2)X(3)0 (M. campestris), a neo-X(1)X(2)X(3)X(4)X(5)Y system in M. ferruginea was found. Ultrastructural analysis of spread pachytene spermatocytes revealed that the X(1)X(2)0 and X(1)X(2)X(3)0 systems include a pair of homomorphic sex chromosomes. Multiple X chromosomes and the pair exhibit an end-to-end pairing, being connected by attachment plaques. The X(1)X(2)X(3)X(4)X(5)Y system of M. ferruginea arose by rearrangement between the homomorphic sex chromosome pair and an autosome. Multiple X chromosomes and the sex chromosome pair do not differ from autosomes in a pattern of constitutive heterochromatin. Ultrastructural data on sex chromosome pairing in other spiders indicate that the homomorphic sex chromosome pair forms an integral part of the spider sex chromosome systems. It is suggested that this pair represents ancestral sex chromosomes of spiders, which generated multiple X chromosomes by non-disjunctions. Structural differentiation of newly formed X chromosomes has been facilitated by heterochromatinization of sex chromosome bivalents observed in prophase I of spider females.</p>","PeriodicalId":347802,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology","volume":" ","pages":"863-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10577-007-1169-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41065342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolution of sex chromosomes in the genus Rumex (Polygonaceae): Identification of a new species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes.","authors":"Nieves Cuñado,&nbsp;Rafael Navajas-Pérez,&nbsp;Roberto de la Herrán,&nbsp;Carmelo Ruiz Rejón,&nbsp;Manuel Ruiz Rejón,&nbsp;Juan Luis Santos,&nbsp;Manuel A Garrido-Ramos","doi":"10.1007/s10577-007-1166-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-007-1166-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The structural features and evolutionary state of the sex chromosomes of the XX/XY species of Rumex are unknown. Here, we report a study of the meiotic behaviour of the XY bivalent in Rumex acetosella and R. suffruticosus, a new species which we describe cytogenetically for the first time in this paper, and also that of the XY(1)Y(2) trivalent of R. acetosa by both conventional cytogenetic techniques and analysis of synaptonemal complex formation. Fluorescent in situ hybridization with satellite DNA and rDNA sequences as probes was used to analyse the degree of cytogenetic differentiation between the X and Y chromosomes in order to depict their evolutionary stage in the three species. Contrasting with the advanced state of genetic differentiation between the X and the Y chromosomes in R. acetosa, we have found that R. acetosella and R. suffruticosus represent an early stage of genetic differentiation between sex chromosomes. Our findings further demonstrate the usefulness of the genus Rumex as a model for analysing the evolution of sex chromosomes in plants, since within this genus it is now possible to study the different levels of genetic differentiation between the sex chromosomes and to analyse their evolutionary history from their origin.</p>","PeriodicalId":347802,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology","volume":" ","pages":"825-33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10577-007-1166-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41065345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exceptional minute sex-specific region in the X0 mammal, Ryukyu spiny rat.","authors":"Tsuyoshi Kobayashi,&nbsp;Fumio Yamada,&nbsp;Takuma Hashimoto,&nbsp;Shintaro Abe,&nbsp;Yoichi Matsuda,&nbsp;Asato Kuroiwa","doi":"10.1007/s10577-006-1093-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-006-1093-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Ryukyu spiny rats (genus Tokudaia) inhabit only three islands in the Nansei Shoto archipelago in Japan, and have the variations of karyotype among the islands. The chromosome number of T. osimensis in Amami-Oshima Island is 2n = 25, and T. tokunoshimensis in Tokunoshima Island is 2n = 45, and the two species have X0 sex chromosome constitution with no cytogenetically visible Y chromosome in both sexes. We constructed the standard ideograms for these species at the 100 and 200 band levels. Comparing the banding patterns between these species, it was suggested that at least 10 times the number of Robertsonian fusions occurred in T. osimensis chromosomes. However, no karyotypic differences were observed between sexes in each species. To detect the sex-specific chromosomal region of these X0 species we applied the comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) method. Although the male- and female-derived gains and losses were detected in several chromosome regions, all of them were located in the heterochromatic and/or telomeric regions. This result suggested that the differences detected by CGH might be caused by the polymorphism on the copy numbers of repeated sequences in the heterochromatic and telomeric regions. Our result indicated that the sex-specific region, where the key to sex determination lies, is very minute in X0 species of Tokudaia.</p>","PeriodicalId":347802,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology","volume":" ","pages":"175-87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10577-006-1093-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26603357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low rates of homogenization of the DBC-150 satellite DNA family restricted to a single pair of microchromosomes in species from the Drosophila buzzatii cluster.","authors":"Gustavo C S Kuhn,&nbsp;Fernando F Franco,&nbsp;Maura H Manfrin,&nbsp;Orlando Moreira-Filho,&nbsp;Fabio M Sene","doi":"10.1007/s10577-007-1138-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-007-1138-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A satellite DNA family, termed DBC-150, comprises slightly GC-rich repeat units of approximately 150 bp that were isolated (by DNA digestions or PCR) from the genome of all seven Drosophila species from the buzzatii cluster (repleta group). The presence of subrepeats suggests that part of the extant DBC-150 monomer originated by the duplication of small sequence motifs. The DBC-150 family is compared to the previously described pBuM satDNA family, an abundant component of the genome of five species of the cluster. The two families are different in several aspects, including primary structure, A + T content, intraspecific and interspecific variability and rates of homogenization (or nucleotide spread). The data indicate a lower rate of homogenization (and absence of complete concerted evolution) of the DBC-150 compared to the pBuM family. FISH on metaphase chromosomes revealed that the DBC-150 family is located exclusively in the microchromosomes. To our knowledge this is the first record of a complex Drosophila satDNA restricted to a single pair of microchromosomes. The observed low rates of homogenization of the DBC-150 family might be related to a presumed reduction or suppression of meiotic recombination in the microchromosomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":347802,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology","volume":" ","pages":"457-69"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10577-007-1138-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26762651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-species chromosome painting among camel, cattle, pig and human: further insights into the putative Cetartiodactyla ancestral karyotype.","authors":"Gabriel Balmus,&nbsp;Vladimir A Trifonov,&nbsp;Larisa S Biltueva,&nbsp;Patricia C M O'Brien,&nbsp;Elena S Alkalaeva,&nbsp;Beiyuan Fu,&nbsp;Julian A Skidmore,&nbsp;Twink Allen,&nbsp;Alexander S Graphodatsky,&nbsp;Fengtang Yang,&nbsp;Malcolm A Ferguson-Smith","doi":"10.1007/s10577-007-1154-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-007-1154-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The great karyotypic differences between camel, cattle and pig, three important domestic animals, have been a challenge for comparative cytogenetic studies based on conventional cytogenetic approaches. To construct a genome-wide comparative chromosome map among these artiodactyls, we made a set of chromosome painting probes from the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) by flow sorting and degenerate oligonucleotide primed-PCR. The painting probes were first used to characterize the karyotypes of the dromedary camel (C. dromedarius), the Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus), the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), the alpaca (L. pacos) and dromedary x guanaco hybrid karyotypes (all with 2n = 74). These FISH experiments enabled the establishment of a high-resolution GTG-banded karyotype, together with chromosome nomenclature and idiogram for C. dromedarius, and revealed that these camelid species have almost identical karyotypes, with only slight variations in the amount and distribution patterns of heterochromatin. Further cross-species chromosome painting between camel, cattle, pig and human with painting probes from the camel and human led to the establishment of genome-wide comparative maps. Between human and camel, pig and camel, and cattle and camel 47, 53 and 53 autosomal conserved segments were detected, respectively. Integrated analysis with previously published comparative maps of human/pig/cattle enabled us to propose a Cetartiodactyla ancestral karyotype and to discuss the early karyotype evolution of Cetartiodactyla. Furthermore, these maps will facilitate the positional cloning of genes by aiding the cross-species transfer of mapping information.</p>","PeriodicalId":347802,"journal":{"name":"Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology","volume":" ","pages":"499-515"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10577-007-1154-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26866981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}